R. Siegel, D. Naishadham, and A. , Cancer statistics, 2012, Cancer statistics, pp.10-29, 2012.
DOI : 10.3322/caac.20138

C. M. Balch, Final version of 2009 AJCC melanoma staging and 20 Murine cutaneous melanoma models. Importance of the genetic background Beta-catenin induces immortalization of melanocytes by suppressing p16INK4a expression and cooperates with N-Ras in melanoma development, Ann Pathol Genes Dev, issue.522, pp.31-52, 2007.

T. Ikeda, Anticorresponding mutations of the KRAS and PTEN genes in human endometrial cancer., Oncology Reports, vol.7, issue.3, pp.567-70, 2000.
DOI : 10.3892/or.7.3.567

K. M. Vasudevan, Suppression of PTEN Expression Is Essential for Antiapoptosis and Cellular Transformation by Oncogenic Ras, Cancer Research, vol.67, issue.21, pp.67-10343, 2007.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1827

L. C. Vredeveld, Abrogation of BRAFV600E-induced senescence by PI3K pathway activation contributes to melanomagenesis Activation of the PIK3CA/AKT pathway suppresses senescence induced by an activated RAS oncogene to promote tumorigenesis, Genes Dev Mol Cell, vol.25, issue.1, pp.42-78, 2011.

X. Ye, Downregulation of Wnt signaling is a trigger for formation of facultative heterochromatin and onset of cell senescence in primary human cells Melanomas acquire resistance to B-RAF(V600E) inhibition by RTK or N-RAS upregulation PTEN loss confers BRAF inhibitor resistance to melanoma cells through the suppression of BIM expression, Mol Cell Nature Cancer Res, vol.27, issue.287, pp.183-96, 2007.

J. A. Curtin, Distinct Sets of Genetic Alterations in Melanoma, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.353, issue.20, pp.2135-2182, 2005.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa050092

B. Linard, A ras-Mutated Peptide Targeted by CTL Infiltrating a Human Melanoma Lesion, The Journal of Immunology, vol.168, issue.9, pp.4802-4810, 2002.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4802

C. L. Benjamin, V. O. Melnikova, and H. N. Ananthaswamy, Models and mechanisms in malignant melanoma, Molecular Carcinogenesis, vol.12, issue.8, pp.46-671, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/mc.20353

K. S. Smalley, Increased cyclin D1 expression can mediate BRAF inhibitor resistance in BRAF V600E-mutated melanomas, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, vol.7, issue.9, pp.2876-83, 2008.
DOI : 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0431

A. Hamai, ICAM-1 Has a Critical Role in the Regulation of Metastatic Melanoma Tumor Susceptibility to CTL Lysis by Interfering with PI3K/AKT Pathway, Cancer Research, vol.68, issue.23, pp.68-9854, 2008.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0719

R. Halaban, PLX4032, a selective BRAFV600E kinase inhibitor, activates the ERK pathway and enhances cell migration and proliferation of BRAFWT melanoma cells, Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, vol.68, issue.2, pp.190-200, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00685.x

C. Gaggioli, Tumor-Derived Fibronectin Is Involved in Melanoma Cell Invasion and Regulated by V600E B-Raf Signaling Pathway, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.127, issue.2, pp.400-410, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jid.5700524

J. Ackermann, Metastasizing Melanoma Formation Caused by Expression of Activated N-RasQ61K on an INK4a-Deficient Background, Cancer Research, vol.65, issue.10, pp.65-4005, 2005.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2970

M. Groszer, Negative Regulation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Proliferation by the Pten Tumor Suppressor Gene in Vivo, Science, vol.294, issue.5549, pp.294-2186, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1065518

V. Delmas, Cre-mediated recombination in the skin melanocyte lineage, genesis, vol.8, issue.2, pp.73-80, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/gene.10197

I. Puig, The tyrosinase promoter is active in a subset of vagal neural crest cells during early development in mice, Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, vol.44, issue.3, pp.331-335, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2009.00546.x

I. Yajima, Spatiotemporal gene control by the Cre-ERT2 system in melanocytes, genesis, vol.42, issue.1, pp.34-43, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/gene.20182

J. Ackermann, M. Frutschi, K. Kaloulis, T. Mckee, A. Trumpp et al., Metastasizing Melanoma Formation Caused by Expression of Activated N-RasQ61K on an INK4a-Deficient Background, Cancer Research, vol.65, issue.10, pp.4005-4011, 2005.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-2970

S. R. Alonso, L. Tracey, P. Ortiz, B. Perez-gomez, J. Palacios et al., A High-Throughput Study in Melanoma Identifies Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition as a Major Determinant of Metastasis, Cancer Research, vol.67, issue.7, pp.3450-3460, 2007.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3481

P. A. Ascierto, C. Berking, and S. A. Agarwala, Efficacy and safety of oral MEK162 in patients with locally advanced and unresectable or metastatic cutaneous melanoma harboring BRAFV600 or NRAS mutations, J Clin Oncol Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, vol.30, 2012.

M. L. Bafounta, A. Beauchet, P. Aegerter, and P. Saiag, Is dermoscopy (epiluminescence microscopy) useful for the diagnosis of melanoma? Results of a meta-analysis using techniques adapted to the evaluation of diagnostic tests, Arch Dermatol, vol.137, issue.10, pp.1343-1350, 2001.

C. M. Balch, A. C. Buzaid, S. J. Soong, M. B. Atkins, N. Cascinelli et al., Final Version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging System for Cutaneous Melanoma, Final version of the American Joint Committee on Cancer staging system for cutaneous melanoma, pp.3635-3648, 2001.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.16.3635

C. M. Balch, J. E. Gershenwald, S. J. Soong, J. F. Thompson, M. B. Atkins et al., Final Version of 2009 AJCC Melanoma Staging and Classification, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.27, issue.36, pp.6199-6206, 2009.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2009.23.4799

J. Bauer, P. Buttner, T. S. Wiecker, H. Luther, and C. Garbe, Risk factors of incident melanocytic nevi: A longitudinal study in a cohort of 1,232 young German children, International Journal of Cancer, vol.4, issue.1, pp.121-126, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.20812

J. Bauer, J. A. Curtin, D. Pinkel, and B. C. Bastian, Congenital Melanocytic Nevi Frequently Harbor NRAS Mutations but no BRAF Mutations, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.127, issue.1, pp.179-182, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jid.5700490

A. Belot, P. Grosclaude, N. Bossard, E. Jougla, E. Benhamou et al., Cancer incidence and mortality in France over the period 1980???2005, Cancer incidence and mortality in France over the period, pp.159-175, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/j.respe.2008.03.117
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00538673

C. L. Benjamin, V. O. Melnikova, and H. N. Ananthaswamy, Models and mechanisms in malignant melanoma, Molecular Carcinogenesis, vol.12, issue.8, pp.671-678, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/mc.20353

D. C. Bennett, REVIEW ARTICLE: How to make a melanoma: what do we know of the primary clonal events?, Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, vol.67, issue.1, pp.27-38, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2007.00433.x

M. Bibikova, D. Talantov, E. Chudin, J. M. Yeakley, J. Chen et al., Quantitative Gene Expression Profiling in Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissues Using Universal Bead Arrays, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.165, issue.5, pp.1799-1807, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)63435-9

M. Boniol, F. Coignard, B. Vacquier, T. Benmarhnia, J. Gaillot-de-saintignon et al., Evaluation de l'impact sanitaire de l'exposition aux ultraviolets délivrés par les appareils de bronzage artificiel sur le mélanome cutané en France, pp.210-214, 2012.

J. L. Bos, ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review, Cancer Res, vol.49, issue.17, pp.4682-4689, 1989.

K. A. Bowen, H. Q. Doan, B. P. Zhou, Q. Wang, Y. Zhou et al., PTEN loss induces epithelial--mesenchymal transition in human colon cancer cells, Anticancer Res, vol.29, issue.11, pp.4439-4449, 2009.

P. T. Bradford, A. M. Goldstein, D. Tamura, S. G. Khan, T. Ueda et al., Cancer and neurologic degeneration in xeroderma pigmentosum: long term follow-up characterises the role of DNA repair, Journal of Medical Genetics, vol.48, issue.3, pp.168-176, 2011.
DOI : 10.1136/jmg.2010.083022

J. R. Brahmer, S. S. Tykodi, L. Q. Chow, W. J. Hwu, S. L. Topalian et al., Safety and Activity of Anti???PD-L1 Antibody in Patients with Advanced Cancer, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.366, issue.26, pp.2455-2465, 2012.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1200694

S. M. Broekaert, R. Roy, I. Okamoto, J. Van-den-oord, J. Bauer et al., Genetic and morphologic features for melanoma classification, Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, vol.98, issue.6, pp.763-770, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00778.x

P. M. Campbell and C. J. Der, Oncogenic Ras and its role in tumor cell invasion and metastasis, Seminars in Cancer Biology, vol.14, issue.2, pp.105-114, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.semcancer.2003.09.015

A. Carracedo and P. P. Pandolfi, The PTEN???PI3K pathway: of feedbacks and cross-talks, Oncogene, vol.286, issue.41, pp.5527-5541, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/onc.2008.247

S. Carreira, J. Goodall, L. Denat, M. Rodriguez, P. Nuciforo et al., Mitf regulation of Dia1 controls melanoma proliferation and invasiveness, Genes & Development, vol.20, issue.24, pp.3426-3439, 2006.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.406406

C. J. Chang, D. J. Freeman, and H. Wu, PTEN Regulates Mdm2 Expression through the P1 Promoter, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.28, pp.29841-29848, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M401488200

P. B. Chapman, A. Hauschild, C. Robert, J. B. Haanen, P. Ascierto et al., Improved Survival with Vemurafenib in Melanoma with BRAF V600E Mutation, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.364, issue.26, pp.2507-2516, 2011.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1103782

Q. M. Chen, Replicative Senescence and Oxidant-Induced Premature Senescence: Beyond the Control of Cell Cycle Checkpoints, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.199, issue.1, pp.111-125, 2000.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06640.x

Z. Chen, L. C. Trotman, D. Shaffer, H. K. Lin, Z. A. Dotan et al., Crucial role of p53-dependent cellular senescence in suppression of Pten-deficient tumorigenesis, Nature, vol.436, issue.7051, pp.725-730, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/nature03918

W. H. Clark, . Jr, D. E. Elder, D. T. Guerry, M. N. Epstein et al., A study of tumor progression: The precursor lesions of superficial spreading and nodular melanoma, Human Pathology, vol.15, issue.12, pp.1147-1165, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/S0046-8177(84)80310-X

S. J. Cohen, L. Ho, S. Ranganathan, J. L. Abbruzzese, R. K. Alpaugh et al., Phase II and Pharmacodynamic Study of the Farnesyltransferase Inhibitor R115777 as Initial Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.21, issue.7, pp.1301-1306, 2003.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2003.08.040

C. Conway, A. Mitra, R. Jewell, J. Randerson-moor, S. Lobo et al., Gene Expression Profiling of Paraffin-Embedded Primary Melanoma Using the DASL Assay Identifies Increased Osteopontin Expression as Predictive of Reduced Relapse-Free Survival, Clinical Cancer Research, vol.15, issue.22, pp.6939-6946, 2009.
DOI : 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1631

J. A. Curtin, K. Busam, D. Pinkel, and B. C. Bastian, Somatic Activation of KIT in Distinct Subtypes of Melanoma, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.24, issue.26, pp.4340-4346, 2006.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.2984

J. A. Curtin, J. Fridlyand, T. Kageshita, H. N. Patel, K. J. Busam et al., Distinct Sets of Genetic Alterations in Melanoma, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.353, issue.20, pp.2135-2147, 2005.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa050092

J. A. Curtin, M. S. Stark, D. Pinkel, N. K. Hayward, and B. C. Bastian, PI3-Kinase Subunits Are Infrequent Somatic Targets in Melanoma, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.126, issue.7, pp.1660-1663, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jid.5700311

D. L. Dai, M. Martinka, L. , and G. , Prognostic Significance of Activated Akt Expression in Melanoma: A Clinicopathologic Study of 292 Cases, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.23, issue.7, pp.1473-1482, 2005.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2005.07.168

D. Dankort, D. P. Curley, R. A. Cartlidge, B. Nelson, A. N. Karnezis et al., BrafV600E cooperates with Pten loss to induce metastatic melanoma, Nature Genetics, vol.17, issue.5, pp.544-552, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/75973

H. Davies, G. R. Bignell, C. Cox, P. Stephens, S. Edkins et al., Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer, Nature, vol.7, issue.6892, pp.949-954, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/geno.2000.6354

M. A. Davies, K. Stemke-hale, E. Lin, C. Tellez, W. Deng et al., Integrated Molecular and Clinical Analysis of AKT Activation in Metastatic Melanoma, Clinical Cancer Research, vol.15, issue.24, pp.7538-7546, 2009.
DOI : 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-1985

M. A. Davies, K. Stemke-hale, C. Tellez, T. L. Calderone, W. Deng et al., A novel AKT3 mutation in melanoma tumours and cell lines, British Journal of Cancer, vol.157, issue.8, pp.1265-1268, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/00008390-200202000-00007

F. A. De-snoo and N. K. Hayward, Cutaneous melanoma susceptibility and progression genes, Cancer Letters, vol.230, issue.2, pp.153-186, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.12.033

V. Delmas, F. Beermann, S. Martinozzi, S. Carreira, J. Ackermann et al., beta-Catenin induces immortalization of melanocytes by suppressing p16INK4a expression and cooperates with N-Ras in melanoma development, Genes & Development, vol.21, issue.22, pp.2923-2935, 2007.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.450107

V. Delmas, S. Martinozzi, Y. Bourgeois, M. Holzenberger, L. et al., Cre-mediated recombination in the skin melanocyte lineage, genesis, vol.8, issue.2, pp.73-80, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/gene.10197

A. Demunter, M. Stas, H. Degreef, D. Wolf-peeters, C. Van-den-oord et al., Analysis of N-and K-ras mutations in the distinctive tumor progression phases of melanoma, J Invest Dermatol, vol.117, issue.6, pp.1483-1489, 2001.

L. K. Dennis, M. J. Vanbeek, L. E. Beane-freeman, B. J. Smith, D. V. Dawson et al., Sunburns and Risk of Cutaneous Melanoma: Does Age Matter? A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, Annals of Epidemiology, vol.18, issue.8, pp.614-627, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.04.006

B. Dessars, L. E. De-raeve, R. Morandini, A. Lefort, H. Housni et al., Genotypic and Gene Expression Studies in Congenital Melanocytic Nevi: Insight into Initial Steps of Melanotumorigenesis, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.129, issue.1, pp.139-147, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/jid.2008.203

N. Dhomen, J. S. Reis-filho, S. Da-rocha-dias, R. Hayward, K. Savage et al., Oncogenic Braf Induces Melanocyte Senescence and Melanoma in Mice, Cancer Cell, vol.15, issue.4, pp.294-303, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ccr.2009.02.022

N. Dumaz, R. Hayward, J. Martin, L. Ogilvie, D. Hedley et al., In Melanoma, RAS Mutations Are Accompanied by Switching Signaling from BRAF to CRAF and Disrupted Cyclic AMP Signaling, Cancer Research, vol.66, issue.19, pp.9483-9491, 2006.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4227

A. M. Eggermont and J. M. Kirkwood, Re-evaluating the role of dacarbazine in metastatic melanoma: what have we learned in 30 years?, European Journal of Cancer, vol.40, issue.12, pp.1825-1836, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.04.030

E. Ghissassi, F. Baan, R. Straif, K. Grosse, Y. Secretan et al., A review of human carcinogens???Part D: radiation, The Lancet Oncology, vol.10, issue.8, pp.751-752, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S1470-2045(09)70213-X

M. Eskandarpour, J. Hashemi, L. Kanter, U. Ringborg, A. Platz et al., Frequency of UV-Inducible NRAS Mutations in Melanomas of Patients With Germline CDKN2A Mutations, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.95, issue.11, pp.790-798, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/95.11.790

L. A. Fecher, R. K. Amaravadi, and K. T. Flaherty, The MAPK pathway in melanoma, Current Opinion in Oncology, vol.20, issue.2, pp.183-189, 2008.
DOI : 10.1097/CCO.0b013e3282f5271c

T. B. Fitzpatrick, The Validity and Practicality of Sun-Reactive Skin Types I Through VI, Archives of Dermatology, vol.124, issue.6, pp.869-871, 1988.
DOI : 10.1001/archderm.1988.01670060015008

K. T. Flaherty, I. Puzanov, K. B. Kim, A. Ribas, G. A. Mcarthur et al., Inhibition of Mutated, Activated BRAF in Metastatic Melanoma, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.363, issue.9, pp.809-819, 2010.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1002011

K. T. Flaherty, C. Robert, P. Hersey, P. Nathan, C. Garbe et al., Improved Survival with MEK Inhibition in BRAF-Mutated Melanoma, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.367, issue.2, pp.107-114, 2012.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1203421

S. A. Forbes, G. Bhamra, S. Bamford, E. Dawson, C. Kok et al., The Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC), Curr Protoc Hum Genet Chapter, vol.274, issue.10, p.11, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/0471142905.hg1011s57

D. J. Freeman, A. G. Li, G. Wei, H. H. Li, N. Kertesz et al., PTEN tumor suppressor regulates p53 protein levels and activity through phosphatase-dependent and -independent mechanisms, Cancer Cell, vol.3, issue.2, pp.117-130, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1535-6108(03)00021-7
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/s1535-6108(03)00021-7

C. Gaggioli, G. Robert, C. Bertolotto, O. Bailet, P. Abbe et al., Tumor-Derived Fibronectin Is Involved in Melanoma Cell Invasion and Regulated by V600E B-Raf Signaling Pathway, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.127, issue.2, pp.400-410, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jid.5700524

S. Gandini, P. Autier, and M. Boniol, Reviews on sun exposure and artificial light and melanoma, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, vol.107, issue.3, pp.362-366, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2011.09.011

S. Gandini, F. Sera, M. S. Cattaruzza, P. Pasquini, D. Abeni et al., Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: I. Common and atypical naevi, European Journal of Cancer, vol.41, issue.1, pp.28-44, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.10.015

S. Gandini, F. Sera, M. S. Cattaruzza, P. Pasquini, O. Picconi et al., Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: II. Sun exposure, European Journal of Cancer, vol.41, issue.1, pp.45-60, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejca.2004.10.016

S. Gandini, F. Sera, M. S. Cattaruzza, P. Pasquini, R. Zanetti et al., Meta-analysis of risk factors for cutaneous melanoma: III. Family history, actinic damage and phenotypic factors, European Journal of Cancer, vol.41, issue.14, pp.2040-2059, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.03.034

L. A. Garraway, H. R. Widlund, M. A. Rubin, G. Getz, A. J. Berger et al., Integrative genomic analyses identify MITF as a lineage survival oncogene amplified in malignant melanoma, Nature, vol.64, issue.7047, pp.117-122, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/nature03664

V. K. Goel, N. Ibrahim, G. Jiang, M. Singhal, S. Fee et al., Melanocytic nevus-like hyperplasia and melanoma in transgenic BRAFV600E mice, Oncogene, vol.94, issue.23, pp.2289-2298, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81401-4

V. K. Goel, A. J. Lazar, C. L. Warneke, M. S. Redston, and F. G. Haluska, Examination of Mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and PTEN in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.126, issue.1, pp.154-160, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jid.5700026

A. M. Goldstein, M. Chan, M. Harland, E. M. Gillanders, N. K. Hayward et al., High-risk Melanoma Susceptibility Genes and Pancreatic Cancer, Neural System Tumors, and Uveal Melanoma across GenoMEL, High-risk melanoma susceptibility genes and pancreatic cancer, neural system tumors, and uveal melanoma across GenoMEL, pp.9818-9828, 2006.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0494

V. C. Gray-schopfer, S. C. Cheong, H. Chong, J. Chow, T. Moss et al., Cellular senescence in naevi and immortalisation in melanoma: a role for p16?, British Journal of Cancer, vol.187, issue.4, pp.496-505, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603283

M. Groszer, R. Erickson, D. D. Scripture-adams, R. Lesche, A. Trumpp et al., Negative Regulation of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cell Proliferation by the Pten Tumor Suppressor Gene in Vivo, Science, vol.294, issue.5549, pp.2186-2189, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1065518

J. Gu, M. Tamura, and K. M. Yamada, Tumor Suppressor PTEN Inhibits Integrin- and Growth Factor???mediated Mitogen-activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Signaling Pathways, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.17, issue.5, pp.1375-1383, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/0955-0674(95)80110-3

K. L. Guan, C. Figueroa, T. R. Brtva, T. Zhu, J. Taylor et al., Negative regulation of the serine/threonine kinase B-Raf by Akt, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.275, issue.35, pp.27354-27359, 2000.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M004371200

P. Guldberg, P. Thor-straten, A. Birck, V. Ahrenkiel, A. F. Kirkin et al., Disruption of the MMAC1/PTEN gene by deletion or mutation is a frequent event in malignant melanoma, Cancer Res, vol.57, issue.17, pp.3660-3663, 1997.

S. Haferkamp, L. L. Scurr, T. M. Becker, M. Frausto, R. F. Kefford et al., Oncogene-Induced Senescence Does Not Require the p16INK4a or p14ARF Melanoma Tumor Suppressors, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.129, issue.8, pp.1983-1991, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/jid.2009.5

S. Haferkamp, S. L. Tran, T. M. Becker, L. L. Scurr, R. F. Kefford et al., The relative contributions of the p53 and pRb pathways in oncogene-induced melanocyte senescence, Aging, vol.1, issue.6, pp.542-556, 2009.
DOI : 10.18632/aging.100051

R. Halaban, W. Zhang, A. Bacchiocchi, E. Cheng, F. Parisi et al., PLX4032, a selective BRAFV600E kinase inhibitor, activates the ERK pathway and enhances cell migration and proliferation of BRAFWT melanoma cells, Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, vol.68, issue.2, pp.190-200, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2010.00685.x

A. Hamai, F. Meslin, H. Benlalam, A. Jalil, M. Mehrpour et al., ICAM-1 Has a Critical Role in the Regulation of Metastatic Melanoma Tumor Susceptibility to CTL Lysis by Interfering with PI3K/AKT Pathway, Cancer Research, vol.68, issue.23, pp.9854-9864, 2008.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-0719

D. Hanahan and R. A. Weinberg, Hallmarks of Cancer: The Next Generation, Cell, vol.144, issue.5, pp.646-674, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013

L. Hao, J. R. Ha, P. Kuzel, E. Garcia, and S. Persad, Cadherin switch from E- to N-cadherin in melanoma progression is regulated by the PI3K/PTEN pathway through Twist and Snail, British Journal of Dermatology, vol.117, issue.6, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10824.x

K. Harbst, J. Staaf, M. Lauss, A. Karlsson, A. Masback et al., Molecular Profiling Reveals Low- and High-Grade Forms of Primary Melanoma, Clinical Cancer Research, vol.18, issue.15, pp.4026-4036, 2012.
DOI : 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-0343

G. Hatzivassiliou, K. Song, I. Yen, B. J. Brandhuber, D. J. Anderson et al., RAF inhibitors prime wild-type RAF to activate the MAPK pathway and enhance growth, Nature, vol.50, issue.7287, pp.431-435, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nature08833

S. J. Heidorn, C. Milagre, S. Whittaker, A. Nourry, I. Niculescu-duvas et al., Kinase-Dead BRAF and Oncogenic RAS Cooperate to Drive Tumor Progression through CRAF, Cell, vol.140, issue.2, pp.209-221
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2009.12.040

R. Hill, J. H. Calvopina, C. Kim, Y. Wang, D. W. Dawson et al., PTEN Loss Accelerates KrasG12D-Induced Pancreatic Cancer Development, PTEN loss accelerates KrasG12D-induced pancreatic cancer development, pp.7114-7124, 2010.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1649

T. Hocker and H. Tsao, Ultraviolet radiation and melanoma: a systematic review and analysis of reported sequence variants, Human Mutation, vol.351, issue.6, pp.578-588, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/humu.20481

F. S. Hodi, S. J. O-'day, D. F. Mcdermott, R. W. Weber, J. A. Sosman et al., Improved Survival with Ipilimumab in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.363, issue.8, pp.711-723, 2010.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1003466

R. Houben, S. Hesbacher, C. P. Schmid, C. S. Kauczok, U. Flohr et al., High-Level Expression of Wild-Type p53 in Melanoma Cells is Frequently Associated with Inactivity in p53 Reporter Gene Assays, PLoS ONE, vol.22, issue.7, p.22096, 2011.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0022096.g005

C. J. Hussussian, J. P. Struewing, A. M. Goldstein, P. A. Higgins, D. S. Ally et al., Germline p16 mutations in familial melanoma, Nature Genetics, vol.2, issue.1, pp.15-21, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)92097-7

N. Ichii-nakato, M. Takata, S. Takayanagi, S. Takashima, J. Lin et al., High Frequency of BRAFV600E Mutation in Acquired Nevi and Small Congenital Nevi, but Low Frequency of Mutation in Medium-Sized Congenital Nevi, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.126, issue.9, pp.2111-2118, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jid.5700366

T. Ikeda, K. Yoshinaga, A. Suzuki, A. Sakurada, H. Ohmori et al., Anticorresponding mutations of the KRAS and PTEN genes in human endometrial cancer., Oncology Reports, vol.7, issue.3, pp.567-570, 2000.
DOI : 10.3892/or.7.3.567

K. Iwanaga, Y. Yang, M. G. Raso, L. Ma, A. E. Hanna et al., Pten Inactivation Accelerates Oncogenic K-ras-Initiated Tumorigenesis in a Mouse Model of Lung Cancer, Cancer Research, vol.68, issue.4, pp.1119-1127, 2008.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-3117

A. Jemal, R. Siegel, E. Ward, Y. Hao, J. Xu et al., Cancer Statistics, 2009, Cancer statistics, pp.225-249, 2009.
DOI : 10.3322/caac.20006

C. M. Johannessen, J. S. Boehm, S. Y. Kim, S. R. Thomas, L. Wardwell et al., COT drives resistance to RAF inhibition through MAP kinase pathway reactivation, Nature, vol.21, issue.7326, pp.968-972
DOI : 10.1038/nature09627

T. Joneson and D. Bar-sagi, Ras effectors and their role in mitogenesis and oncogenesis, Journal of Molecular Medicine, vol.75, issue.8, pp.587-593, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s001090050143

A. L. Kennedy, J. P. Morton, I. Manoharan, D. M. Nelson, N. B. Jamieson et al., Activation of the PIK3CA/AKT Pathway Suppresses Senescence Induced by an Activated RAS Oncogene to Promote Tumorigenesis, Molecular Cell, vol.42, issue.1, pp.36-49, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molcel.2011.02.020

J. S. Kim, C. Lee, C. L. Bonifant, H. Ressom, and T. Waldman, Activation of p53-Dependent Growth Suppression in Human Cells by Mutations in PTEN or PIK3CA, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.27, issue.2, pp.662-677, 2007.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.00537-06

T. H. Kim, J. Wang, K. Y. Lee, H. L. Franco, R. R. Broaddus et al., The Synergistic Effect of Conditional Pten Loss and Oncogenic K-ras Mutation on Endometrial Cancer Development Occurs via Decreased Progesterone Receptor Action, J Oncol, p.139087, 2010.

V. A. Kinsler, J. Birley, and D. J. Atherton, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children Registry for Congenital Melanocytic Naevi: prospective study 1988-2007. Part 1-epidemiology, phenotype and outcomes, British Journal of Dermatology, vol.6, issue.1, pp.143-150, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08849.x

H. Kittler, H. Pehamberger, K. Wolff, and M. Binder, Diagnostic accuracy of dermoscopy, The Lancet Oncology, vol.3, issue.3, pp.159-165, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1470-2045(02)00679-4

E. L. Korn, P. Y. Liu, S. J. Lee, J. A. Chapman, D. Niedzwiecki et al., Meta-Analysis of Phase II Cooperative Group Trials in Metastatic Stage IV Melanoma to Determine Progression-Free and Overall Survival Benchmarks for Future Phase II Trials, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.26, issue.4, pp.527-534, 2008.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2007.12.7837

R. Kumar, S. Angelini, E. Snellman, and K. Hemminki, BRAF Mutations Are Common Somatic Events in Melanocytic Nevi11Tables 2 and 3 can be found at http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/products/journals/suppmat/jid/jid22225/jid22225sm.htm, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.122, issue.2, pp.342-348, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.0022-202X.2004.22225.x

S. Kuphal and A. Bosserhoff, Recent progress in understanding the pathology of malignant melanoma, The Journal of Pathology, vol.27, issue.4, pp.400-409, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/path.2617

K. Kurose, K. Gilley, S. Matsumoto, P. H. Watson, X. P. Zhou et al., Frequent somatic mutations in PTEN and TP53 are mutually exclusive in the stroma of breast carcinomas, Nature Genetics, vol.155, issue.3, pp.355-357, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/ng1013

K. G. Lasithiotakis, T. W. Sinnberg, B. Schittek, K. T. Flaherty, D. Kulms et al., Combined Inhibition of MAPK and mTOR Signaling Inhibits Growth, Induces Cell Death, and Abrogates Invasive Growth of Melanoma Cells, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.128, issue.8, pp.2013-2023, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/jid.2008.44

D. Lazovich, R. I. Vogel, M. Berwick, M. A. Weinstock, K. E. Anderson et al., Indoor Tanning and Risk of Melanoma: A Case-Control Study in a Highly Exposed Population, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, vol.19, issue.6, pp.1557-1568, 2010.
DOI : 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-1249

J. H. Lee, J. W. Choi, K. , and Y. S. , Frequencies of BRAF and NRAS mutations are different in histological types and sites of origin of cutaneous melanoma: a meta-analysis, British Journal of Dermatology, vol.158, issue.4, pp.776-784, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.10185.x

R. Lesche, M. Groszer, J. Gao, Y. Wang, A. Messing et al., Cre/loxP-mediated inactivation of the murinePten tumor suppressor gene, genesis, vol.31, issue.2, pp.148-149, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/gene.10036

J. Lin, M. Takata, H. Murata, Y. Goto, K. Kido et al., Polyclonality of BRAF Mutations in Acquired Melanocytic Nevi, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.101, issue.20, pp.1423-1427, 2009.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/djp309

B. Linard, S. Bezieau, H. Benlalam, N. Labarriere, Y. Guilloux et al., A ras-Mutated Peptide Targeted by CTL Infiltrating a Human Melanoma Lesion, The Journal of Immunology, vol.168, issue.9, pp.4802-4808, 2002.
DOI : 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4802

J. Liu, K. G. Suresh-kumar, D. Yu, S. A. Molton, M. Mcmahon et al., Oncogenic BRAF regulates ??-Trcp expression and NF-??B activity in human melanoma cells, Oncogene, vol.91, issue.13, pp.1954-1958, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1209994

S. Liu, X. Fang, H. Hall, S. Yu, D. Smith et al., Homozygous deletion of glycogen synthase kinase 3?? bypasses senescence allowing Ras transformation of primary murine fibroblasts, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.13, pp.5248-5253, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0704242105

R. Loewe, H. Kittler, G. Fischer, I. Fae, K. Wolff et al., BRAF Kinase Gene V599E Mutation in Growing Melanocytic Lesions, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.123, issue.4, pp.733-736, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23402.x

G. V. Long, A. M. Menzies, A. M. Nagrial, L. E. Haydu, A. L. Hamilton et al., in Metastatic Melanoma, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.29, issue.10, pp.1239-1246, 2011.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2010.32.4327

C. Longvert, G. Gros, F. Beermann, R. Marais, V. Delmas et al., Mod??les murins de m??lanomes cutan??s. Importance du fond g??n??tique, Annales de Pathologie, vol.31, issue.5, pp.70-73, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.annpat.2011.09.002

V. B. Lyon, Congenital Melanocytic Nevi, Pediatric Clinics of North America, vol.57, issue.5, pp.1155-1176, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pcl.2010.07.005

A. A. Marghoob, A. L. Agero, C. Benvenuto-andrade, and S. W. Dusza, Large congenital melanocytic nevi, risk of cutaneous melanoma, and prophylactic surgery, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol.54, issue.5, pp.868-870, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaad.2006.03.008

L. D. Mayo and D. B. Donner, A phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway promotes translocation of Mdm2 from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.20, pp.98-11598, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.181181198

V. O. Melnikova and H. N. Ananthaswamy, Cellular and molecular events leading to the development of skin cancer, Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, vol.571, issue.1-2, pp.91-106, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.11.015

C. Michaloglou, L. C. Vredeveld, W. J. Mooi, and D. S. Peeper, BRAFE600 in benign and malignant human tumours, Oncogene, vol.12, issue.7, pp.877-895, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ng0196-97

C. Michaloglou, L. C. Vredeveld, M. S. Soengas, C. Denoyelle, T. Kuilman et al., BRAFE600-associated senescence-like cell cycle arrest of human naevi, Nature, vol.436, issue.7051, pp.720-724, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/nature03890

K. A. Miller, N. Yeager, K. Baker, X. H. Liao, S. Refetoff et al., Oncogenic Kras Requires Simultaneous PI3K Signaling to Induce ERK Activation and Transform Thyroid Epithelial Cells In vivo, Cancer Research, vol.69, issue.8, pp.3689-3694, 2009.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-0024

A. Mirmohammadsadegh, A. Marini, S. Nambiar, M. Hassan, A. Tannapfel et al., Epigenetic Silencing of the PTEN Gene in Melanoma, Cancer Research, vol.66, issue.13, pp.6546-6552, 2006.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0384

R. Nazarian, H. Shi, Q. Wang, X. Kong, R. C. Koya et al., Melanomas acquire resistance to B-RAF(V600E) inhibition by RTK or N-RAS upregulation, Nature, vol.66, issue.7326, pp.973-977, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nature09626

C. Nogueira, K. H. Kim, H. Sung, K. H. Paraiso, J. H. Dannenberg et al., Cooperative interactions of PTEN deficiency and RAS activation in melanoma metastasis, Oncogene, vol.60, issue.47, pp.6222-6232, 2010.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M302674200

K. Omholt, S. Karsberg, A. Platz, L. Kanter, U. Ringborg et al., Screening of N-ras codon 61 mutations in paired primary and metastatic cutaneous melanomas: mutations occur early and persist throughout tumor progression, Clin Cancer Res, vol.8, issue.11, pp.3468-3474, 2002.

K. Omholt, D. Krockel, U. Ringborg, and J. Hansson, Mutations of PIK3CA are rare in cutaneous melanoma, Melanoma Research, vol.16, issue.2, pp.197-200, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.cmr.0000200488.77970.e3

K. Omholt, A. Platz, L. Kanter, U. Ringborg, and J. Hansson, NRAS and BRAF mutations arise early during melanoma pathogenesis and are preserved throughout tumor progression, Clin Cancer Res, vol.9, issue.17, pp.6483-6488, 2003.

K. H. Paraiso, Y. Xiang, V. W. Rebecca, E. V. Abel, Y. A. Chen et al., PTEN Loss Confers BRAF Inhibitor Resistance to Melanoma Cells through the Suppression of BIM Expression, Cancer Research, vol.71, issue.7, pp.2750-2760, 2011.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-2954

E. E. Patton, H. R. Widlund, J. L. Kutok, K. R. Kopani, J. F. Amatruda et al., BRAF Mutations Are Sufficient to Promote Nevi Formation and Cooperate with p53 in the Genesis of Melanoma, Current Biology, vol.15, issue.3, pp.249-254, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.031

A. Platz, S. Egyhazi, U. Ringborg, and J. Hansson, mutation frequencies in relation to histogenetic subclass and body site, Molecular Oncology, vol.19, issue.4, pp.395-405, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molonc.2007.12.003

E. D. Pleasance, R. K. Cheetham, P. J. Stephens, D. J. Mcbride, S. J. Humphray et al., A comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations from a human cancer genome, Nature, vol.19, issue.7278, pp.191-196, 2010.
DOI : 10.1038/nature08658

P. M. Pollock, U. L. Harper, K. S. Hansen, L. M. Yudt, M. Stark et al., High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi, Nature Genetics, vol.33, issue.1, pp.19-20, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nm0798-844

P. I. Poulikakos, Y. Persaud, M. Janakiraman, X. Kong, C. Ng et al., RAF inhibitor resistance is mediated by dimerization of aberrantly spliced BRAF(V600E), Nature, vol.11, issue.7377, pp.387-390, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nature10662

P. I. Poulikakos, C. Zhang, G. Bollag, K. M. Shokat, and N. Rosen, RAF inhibitors transactivate RAF dimers and ERK signalling in cells with wild-type BRAF, Nature, vol.6, issue.7287, pp.427-430
DOI : 10.1038/nature08902

J. N. Poynter, J. T. Elder, D. R. Fullen, R. P. Nair, M. S. Soengas et al., BRAF and NRAS mutations in melanoma and melanocytic nevi, Melanoma Research, vol.16, issue.4, pp.267-273, 2006.
DOI : 10.1097/01.cmr.0000222600.73179.f3

I. Puig, I. Yajima, J. Bonaventure, V. Delmas, L. et al., The tyrosinase promoter is active in a subset of vagal neural crest cells during early development in mice, Pigment Cell & Melanoma Research, vol.44, issue.3, pp.331-334, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1755-148X.2009.00546.x

M. P. Purdue, L. From, B. K. Armstrong, A. Kricker, R. P. Gallagher et al., Etiologic and Other Factors Predicting Nevus-Associated Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, vol.14, issue.8, pp.2015-2022, 2005.
DOI : 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0097

S. Raimondi, F. Sera, S. Gandini, S. Iodice, S. Caini et al., MC1R variants, melanoma and red hair color phenotype: A meta-analysis, International Journal of Cancer, vol.137, issue.12, pp.2753-2760, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.23396

J. K. Rivers, Is there more than one road to melanoma?, The Lancet, vol.363, issue.9410, pp.728-730, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15649-3

C. Robert, L. Thomas, I. Bondarenko, S. O-'day, M. et al., Ipilimumab plus Dacarbazine for Previously Untreated Metastatic Melanoma, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.364, issue.26, pp.2517-2526, 2011.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1104621

P. Rodriguez-viciana, O. Tetsu, W. E. Tidyman, A. L. Estep, B. A. Conger et al., Germline Mutations in Genes Within the MAPK Pathway Cause Cardio-facio-cutaneous Syndrome, Science, vol.311, issue.5765, pp.1287-1290, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1124642

M. Serrano, A. W. Lin, M. E. Mccurrach, D. Beach, and S. W. Lowe, Oncogenic ras Provokes Premature Cell Senescence Associated with Accumulation of p53 and p16INK4a, Cell, vol.88, issue.5, pp.593-602, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81902-9

O. Shakhova, D. Zingg, S. M. Schaefer, L. Hari, G. Civenni et al., Sox10 promotes the formation and maintenance of giant congenital naevi and melanoma, Nature Cell Biology, vol.9, issue.8, 2012.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00322.x

S. V. Sharma and J. Settleman, Oncogene addiction: setting the stage for molecularly targeted cancer therapy, Genes & Development, vol.21, issue.24, pp.3214-3231, 2007.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.1609907

E. Sharpless and L. Chin, The INK4a/ARF locus and melanoma, Oncogene, vol.22, issue.20, pp.3092-3098, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1206461

S. N. Shekar, D. L. Duffy, P. Youl, A. J. Baxter, M. Kvaskoff et al., A Population-Based Study of Australian Twins with Melanoma Suggests a Strong Genetic Contribution to Liability, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.129, issue.9, pp.2211-2219, 2009.
DOI : 10.1038/jid.2009.48

T. Shimizu, A. W. Tolcher, K. P. Papadopoulos, M. Beeram, D. W. Rasco et al., The Clinical Effect of the Dual-Targeting Strategy Involving PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/MEK/ERK Pathways in Patients with Advanced Cancer, Clinical Cancer Research, vol.18, issue.8, pp.2316-2325, 2012.
DOI : 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-2381

R. Siegel, D. Naishadham, and A. Jemal, Cancer statistics, 2012, Cancer statistics, pp.10-29, 2012.
DOI : 10.3322/caac.20138

K. S. Smalley, M. Lioni, D. Palma, M. Xiao, M. Desai et al., Increased cyclin D1 expression can mediate BRAF inhibitor resistance in BRAF V600E-mutated melanomas, Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, vol.7, issue.9, pp.2876-2883, 2008.
DOI : 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0431

J. N. Sondergaard, R. Nazarian, Q. Wang, D. Guo, T. Hsueh et al., Differential sensitivity of melanoma cell lines with BRAFV600E mutation to the specific Raf inhibitor PLX4032, Journal of Translational Medicine, vol.8, issue.1, p.39, 2010.
DOI : 10.1186/1479-5876-8-39

A. Spatz, G. Giglia-mari, S. Benhamou, and A. Sarasin, Association between DNA repair-deficiency and high level of p53 mutations in melanoma of Xeroderma pigmentosum, Cancer Res, vol.61, issue.6, pp.2480-2486, 2001.

J. M. Stahl, M. Cheung, A. Sharma, N. R. Trivedi, S. Shanmugam et al., Loss of PTEN promotes tumor development in malignant melanoma, Cancer Res, vol.63, issue.11, pp.2881-2890, 2003.

J. M. Stahl, A. Sharma, M. Cheung, M. Zimmerman, J. Q. Cheng et al., Deregulated Akt3 Activity Promotes Development of Malignant Melanoma, Cancer Research, vol.64, issue.19, pp.7002-7010, 2004.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-1399

Z. S. Tannous, M. C. Mihm, . Jr, A. J. Sober, D. et al., Congenital melanocytic nevi: Clinical and histopathologic features, risk of melanoma, and clinical management, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol.52, issue.2, pp.197-203, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.07.020

S. L. Topalian, F. S. Hodi, J. R. Brahmer, S. N. Gettinger, D. C. Smith et al., Safety, Activity, and Immune Correlates of Anti???PD-1 Antibody in Cancer, .M., and Sznol, M. 2012. Safety, activity, and immune correlates of anti-PD-1 antibody in cancer, pp.2443-2454
DOI : 10.1056/NEJMoa1200690

J. Tsai, J. T. Lee, W. Wang, J. Zhang, H. Cho et al., Discovery of a selective inhibitor of oncogenic B-Raf kinase with potent antimelanoma activity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.8, pp.3041-3046, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0711741105

H. Tsao, V. Goel, H. Wu, G. Yang, and F. G. Haluska, Genetic Interaction Between NRAS and BRAF Mutations and PTEN/MMAC1 Inactivation in Melanoma, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.122, issue.2, pp.337-341, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.0022-202X.2004.22243.x

H. Tsao, M. C. Mihm, . Jr, and C. Sheehan, PTEN expression in normal skin, acquired melanocytic nevi, and cutaneous melanoma, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, vol.49, issue.5, pp.865-872, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0190-9622(03)02473-3

H. Tsao, X. Zhang, E. Benoit, and F. G. Haluska, Identification of PTEN/MMAC1 alterations in uncultured melanomas and melanoma cell lines, Oncogene, vol.16, issue.26, pp.3397-3402, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1201881

H. Tsao, X. Zhang, K. Fowlkes, and F. G. Haluska, Relative reciprocity of NRAS and PTEN/MMAC1 alterations in cutaneous melanoma cell lines, Cancer Res, vol.60, issue.7, pp.1800-1804, 2000.

S. Ugurel, R. K. Thirumaran, S. Bloethner, A. Gast, A. Sucker et al., B-RAF and N-RAS Mutations Are Preserved during Short Time In Vitro Propagation and Differentially Impact Prognosis, PLoS ONE, vol.105, issue.2, p.236, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0000236.t004

P. Uribe, I. Wistuba, and S. Gonzalez, BRAF Mutation, The American Journal of Dermatopathology, vol.25, issue.5, pp.365-370, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00000372-200310000-00001

K. M. Vasudevan, R. Burikhanov, A. Goswami, and V. M. Rangnekar, Suppression of PTEN Expression Is Essential for Antiapoptosis and Cellular Transformation by Oncogenic Ras, Cancer Research, vol.67, issue.21, pp.10343-10350, 2007.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1827

M. E. Vestergaard, P. Macaskill, P. E. Holt, and S. W. Menzies, Dermoscopy compared with naked eye examination for the diagnosis of primary melanoma: a meta-analysis of studies performed in a clinical setting, British Journal of Dermatology, vol.141, issue.3, pp.669-676, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2008.08713.x

L. C. Vredeveld, P. A. Possik, M. A. Smit, K. Meissl, C. Michaloglou et al., Abrogation of BRAFV600E-induced senescence by PI3K pathway activation contributes to melanomagenesis, Genes & Development, vol.26, issue.10, 2012.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.187252.112

R. C. Wachsmuth, R. M. Gaut, J. H. Barrett, C. L. Saunders, J. A. Randerson-moor et al., Heritability and Gene???Environment Interactions for Melanocytic Nevus Density Examined in a U.K. Adolescent Twin Study, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.117, issue.2, pp.348-352, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01415.x

R. C. Wachsmuth, F. Turner, J. H. Barrett, R. Gaut, J. A. Randerson-moor et al., The Effect of Sun Exposure in Determining Nevus Density in UK Adolescent Twins, Journal of Investigative Dermatology, vol.124, issue.1, pp.56-62, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2004.23548.x

N. Wagle, C. Emery, M. F. Berger, M. J. Davis, A. Sawyer et al., Dissecting Therapeutic Resistance to RAF Inhibition in Melanoma by Tumor Genomic Profiling, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.29, issue.22, pp.3085-3096, 2011.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2010.33.2312

P. T. Wan, M. J. Garnett, S. M. Roe, S. Lee, D. Niculescu-duvaz et al., Mechanism of Activation of the RAF-ERK Signaling Pathway by Oncogenic Mutations of B-RAF, Cell, vol.116, issue.6, pp.855-867, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00215-6

Q. Wang, Y. Zhou, and B. M. Evers, Neurotensin Phosphorylates GSK-3??/?? through the Activation of PKC in Human Colon Cancer Cells, Neoplasia, vol.8, issue.9, pp.781-787, 2006.
DOI : 10.1593/neo.06259

Y. Wang, J. J. Digiovanna, J. B. Stern, T. J. Hornyak, M. Raffeld et al., Evidence of ultraviolet type mutations in xeroderma pigmentosum melanomas, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.106, issue.15, pp.6279-6284, 2009.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0812401106

J. Weber, K. T. Flaherty, and J. R. Infante, Updated safety and efficacy results from a phase I/II study of the oral BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib (GSK2118436) combined with the oral MEK 1/2 inhibitor trametinib (GSK1120212) in patients with BRAFi-naive metastatic melanoma, J Clin Oncol Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol, vol.30, 2012.

X. Wei, V. Walia, J. C. Lin, J. K. Teer, T. D. Prickett et al., Exome sequencing identifies GRIN2A as frequently mutated in melanoma, Nature Genetics, vol.19, issue.5, pp.442-446, 2011.
DOI : 10.1101/gr.092841.109

C. Wellbrock and R. Marais, Elevated expression of MITF counteracts B-RAF???stimulated melanocyte and melanoma cell proliferation, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.14, issue.5, pp.703-708, 2005.
DOI : 10.1006/excr.2000.4803

C. Wellbrock, L. Ogilvie, D. Hedley, M. Karasarides, J. Martin et al., V599EB-RAF is an Oncogene in Melanocytes, Cancer Research, vol.64, issue.7, pp.2338-2342, 2004.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-3433

D. C. Whiteman, M. Stickley, P. Watt, M. C. Hughes, M. B. Davis et al., Anatomic Site, Sun Exposure, and Risk of Cutaneous Melanoma, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.24, issue.19, pp.3172-3177, 2006.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2006.06.1325

D. C. Whiteman, P. Watt, D. M. Purdie, M. C. Hughes, N. K. Hayward et al., Melanocytic Nevi, Solar Keratoses, and Divergent Pathways to Cutaneous Melanoma, JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute, vol.95, issue.11, pp.806-812, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/jnci/95.11.806

D. C. Whiteman, X. P. Zhou, M. C. Cummings, S. Pavey, N. K. Hayward et al., Nuclear PTEN expression and clinicopathologic features in a population-based series of primary cutaneous melanoma, International Journal of Cancer, vol.61, issue.1, pp.63-67, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.10294

T. Whitwam, M. W. Vanbrocklin, M. E. Russo, P. T. Haak, D. Bilgili et al., Differential oncogenic potential of activated RAS isoforms in melanocytes, Oncogene, vol.273, issue.31, pp.4563-4570, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1210239

H. Wu, V. Goel, and F. G. Haluska, PTEN signaling pathways in melanoma, Oncogene, vol.22, issue.20, pp.3113-3122, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1206451

X. C. Wu, M. J. Eide, J. King, M. Saraiya, Y. Huang et al., Racial and ethnic variations in incidence and survival of cutaneous melanoma in the United States, J Am Acad Dermatol, vol.655, pp.26-37, 1999.

I. Yajima, E. Belloir, Y. Bourgeois, M. Kumasaka, V. Delmas et al., Spatiotemporal gene control by the Cre-ERT2 system in melanocytes, genesis, vol.42, issue.1, pp.34-43, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/gene.20182

A. Yart, S. Roche, R. Wetzker, M. Laffargue, N. Tonks et al., A Function for Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase beta Lipid Products in Coupling beta gamma to Ras Activation in Response to Lysophosphatidic Acid, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.24, pp.21167-21178, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M110411200

X. Ye, B. Zerlanko, A. Kennedy, G. Banumathy, R. Zhang et al., Downregulation of Wnt Signaling Is a Trigger for Formation of Facultative Heterochromatin and Onset of Cell Senescence in Primary Human Cells, Molecular Cell, vol.27, issue.2, pp.183-196, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molcel.2007.05.034

M. Zhang, A. A. Qureshi, A. C. Geller, L. Frazier, D. J. Hunter et al., Use of Tanning Beds and Incidence of Skin Cancer, Journal of Clinical Oncology, vol.30, issue.14, pp.1588-1593, 2012.
DOI : 10.1200/JCO.2011.39.3652

X. P. Zhou, O. Gimm, H. Hampel, T. Niemann, M. J. Walker et al., Epigenetic PTEN Silencing in Malignant Melanomas without PTEN Mutation, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.157, issue.4, pp.1123-1128, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)64627-5

L. Zuo, J. Weger, Q. Yang, A. M. Goldstein, M. A. Tucker et al., Germline mutations in the p16INK4a binding domain of CDK4 in familial melanoma, Nature Genetics, vol.54, issue.1, pp.97-99, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/ng0196-97