J. Adamo-villani-adamo-villani, Z. Doublestein, and . Martin, The MathSigner: an interactive learning tool for American sign language, Information Visualisation Proceedings. Eighth International Conference on, pp.713-716, 2004.

. Adamo-villani, Adamo-Villani. 3D rendering of american sign language finger- Spelling: a comparative study of two animation techniques, International Journal of Human and Social Sciences, vol.3, issue.4, pp.24-73, 2008.

S. Aerts, B. Braem, K. Van-mulders, and L. Weerdt, Searching SignWriting signs, LREC 2004: 4th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp.79-81, 2004.

]. T. Ahmad, A. Taylor, T. Lanitis, and . Cootes, Tracking and recognising hand gestures, using statistical shape models, Image and Vision Computing, vol.15, issue.5, pp.345-352, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0262-8856(96)01136-5
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.141.4827

. Al-rousan, Video-based signer-independent Arabic sign language recognition using hidden Markov models, Applied Soft Computing, vol.9, issue.3, pp.990-999, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.asoc.2009.01.002

]. J. Alon, Spatiotemporal gesture segmentation, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/tpami.2008.203
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.144.2515

]. M. Assan-1998, K. Assan, and . Grobel, Video-based sign language recognition using hidden markov models. Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction, pp.97-109, 1998.

]. G. Awad, J. Han, and A. Sutherland, A Unified System for Segmentation and Tracking of Face and Hands in Sign Language Recognition, 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06), pp.239-242, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/ICPR.2006.194

]. R. Battison, Lexical Borrowing in American Sign Language, 1978.

]. B. Bauer and K. Karl-friedrich, Towards an automatic sign language recognition system using subunits. Gesture and Sign Language in Human-Computer Interaction, pp.123-173, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-47873-6_7

]. A. Bébian, Mimographie, ou essai d'écriture mimique propre à régulariser le langage des sourds-muets. L. Colas, p.1825, 1825.

]. O. Bernier, P. Cheung-mon-chan, and A. Bouguet, Fast nonparametric belief propagation for real-time stereo articulated body tracking, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol.113, issue.1, pp.29-47, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cviu.2008.07.001

P. Dimitri, J. N. Bertsekas, and . Tsitsiklis, Introduction to probability, Athena Scientific, 2002.

]. S. Birchfield, Elliptical head tracking using intensity gradients and color histograms, Proceedings. 1998 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (Cat. No.98CB36231), pp.232-237, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.1998.698614

]. L. Boutora, Fondements historiques et implications théoriques d'une phonologie en langue des signes: étude de la perception catégorielle des configurations manuelles en LSF et réflexion sur la transcription des langues des signes, 2008.

]. L. Boutora and A. Braffort, DEfi Geste Langue des Signes. Corpus DEGELS1. Corpus ID oai:crdo.fr:crdo000767 : Video en LSF, informateur A, pp.27-137, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00959246

]. R. Bowden, D. Windridge, T. Kadir, A. Zisserman, and M. Brady, A linguistic feature vector for the visual interpretation of sign language. Computer Vision-ECCV, pp.390-401, 2004.

]. K. Bowyer, C. Kranenburg, and S. Dougherty, Edge detector evaluation using empirical ROC curves, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 1999.

G. R. Bradski, Real time face and object tracking as a component of a perceptual user interface, Proceedings Fourth IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision. WACV'98 (Cat. No.98EX201), pp.214-219, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/ACV.1998.732882

]. A. Braffort, C. Cuxac, A. Choisier, C. Collet, P. Dalle et al., Quel outil de notation pour quelle analyse de la LS. Journées Recherches sur la langue des signes, p.27, 2001.

A. Braffort, A. Choisier, C. Collet, P. Dalle, F. Gianni et al., Toward an annotation software for video of Sign Language, including image processing tools and signing space modelling, Proc. of 4 th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation -LREC 2004, pp.201-203, 2004.

]. A. Braffort, B. Bossard, J. Segouat, L. Bolot, and F. Lejeune, Modélisation des relations spatiales en langue des signes française, Proceedings of traitement Automatique de la Langue des Signes. CNRS, ATALA, 2005.

]. A. Braffort and P. Dalle, Sign language applications: preliminary modeling . Universal access in the information society, pp.393-404, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10209-007-0103-y

]. A. Braffort, L. Bolot, E. Chételat-pelé, A. Choisier, M. Delorme et al., Sign Language corpora for analysis, processing and evaluation, Seventh conference on International Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC10), pp.2010-73, 2010.

]. A. Braffort, L. Bolot, and J. Segouat, Virtual signer coarticulation in Octopus , a Sign Language generation platform, GW 2011: The 9th International Gesture Workshop, p.74, 2011.

]. H. Brashear, T. Starner, P. Lukowicz, and H. Junker, Using multiple sensors for mobile sign language recognition, Seventh IEEE International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 2003. Proceedings., pp.45-52, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/ISWC.2003.1241392

]. D. Brentari, A prosodic model of sign language phonology, 1998.

]. D. Brentari, Effects of language modality on word segmentation: An experimental study of phonological factors in a sign language, Papers in laboratory phonology, vol.8, pp.155-164, 2006.

]. D. Brentari, Handshape in sign language phonology. Companion to phonology, pp.195-222, 2011.

]. R. Brooks, The Intelligent Room project, Proceedings Second International Conference on Cognitive Technology Humanizing the Information Age, pp.271-278, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/CT.1997.617707

J. Jl-brugeille, M. Dalle, and . Kellerhals, «Une expérience d'utilisation de forme graphique dans la scolarité des enfants sourds: Méthodes de travail et premières observations», colloque Syntaxe, interprétation, lexique des langues signées, 2006.

]. J. Bungerot, D. Stein, P. Dreuw, H. Ney, S. Morrissey et al., The ATIS sign language corpus, 2008.

W. Chen, Z. Gao, C. Wang, D. Yang, and . Jiang, Text to avatar in multimodal human computer interface, Asia-Pacific Human Computer Interface (APCHI2002), pp.636-643, 2002.

]. F. Chen, C. M. Fu, and C. L. Huang, Hand gesture recognition using a real-time tracking method and hidden Markov models, Image and Vision Computing, vol.21, issue.8, pp.745-758, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0262-8856(03)00070-2

A. Pelé, J. Braffort, and . Véronis, Sign Language Corpus Annotation: Toward a New Methodology, 6th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation. Marrakech. Morocco, 2008.

A. Pelé, J. Braffort, and . Véronis, Annotation of Non Manual Gestures: Eyebrow movement description, 3rd Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages, pp.28-32, 2008.

]. K. Cheung, S. Baker, and T. Kanade, Shape-From-Silhouette Across Time Part II: Applications to Human Modeling and Markerless Motion Tracking, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.19, issue.7, pp.225-245, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s11263-005-6879-4

]. C. Collet, M. Gonzalez, and F. Milachon, Distributed System Architecture for Assisted Annotation of Video Corpora. International workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies (LREC), pp.49-52, 2010.

]. T. Coogan and A. Sutherland, Transformation Invariance in Hand Shape Recognition, 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06), pp.485-488, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/ICPR.2006.1134

]. H. Cooper and R. Bowden, Large lexicon detection of sign language. Human?Computer Interaction, pp.88-97, 2007.

]. H. Cooper, B. Holt, and R. Bowden, Sign Language Recognition. Visual Analysis of Humans, pp.539-562, 2011.

]. D. Corina, TO BRANCH OR NOT TO BRANCH: UNDERSPECIFICATION IN ASL HANDSHAPE CONTOURS, Current issues in ASL phonology, vol.3, pp.63-95, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-193270-1.50008-X

]. A. Costa and G. P. Dimuro, SignWriting and SWML: Paving the way to sign language processing, 2003.

]. S. Cox, M. Lincoln, J. Tryggvason, M. Nakisa, M. Wells et al., Tessa, a system to aid communication with deaf people, Proceedings of the fifth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies , Assets '02, pp.205-212, 2002.
DOI : 10.1145/638249.638287

Y. Cui, D. L. Swets, and J. J. Weng, Learning-based hand sign recognition using SHOSLIF-M, Computer Vision, 1995. Proceedings., Fifth International Conference on, pp.631-636, 1995.

]. Y. Cui and J. Weng, Appearance-Based Hand Sign Recognition from Intensity Image Sequences, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol.78, issue.2, pp.157-176, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/cviu.2000.0837

]. C. Cuxac, Langue des signes française, les voies de l'iconicité, volume 15? 16, Ophrys, issue.11 13, pp.10-15, 2000.
DOI : 10.3406/lfr.2003.1054

]. T. Darrell and A. Pentland, Space-time gestures, Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.335-340, 1993.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.1993.341109

S. Nguyen and . Ranganath, Facial expressions in American sign language: Tracking and recognition, Pattern Recognition, vol.45, issue.5, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patcog.2011.10.026

]. J. Davis and M. Shah, Recognizing hand gestures Computer Vi- sionÂ?ECCV'94, pp.331-340, 1994.

]. M. Delorme, M. Filhol, and A. Braffort, Animation Generation Process for Sign Language Synthesis, 2009 Second International Conferences on Advances in Computer-Human Interactions, pp.386-390, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/ACHI.2009.29

]. J. Deutscher, A. Blake, and I. Reid, Articulated body motion capture by annealed particle filtering, Proceedings IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2000 (Cat. No.PR00662), pp.126-133, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.2000.854758

]. O. Diamanti and P. Maragos, Geodesic active regions for segmentation and tracking of human gestures in sign language videos, 2008 15th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing, pp.1096-1099, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/ICIP.2008.4711950

]. L. Ding and A. M. Martinez, Modelling and recognition of the linguistic components in American Sign Language, Image and Vision Computing, vol.27, issue.12, pp.1826-1844, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.imavis.2009.02.005

]. A. Downton and H. Drouet, Model-based image analysis for unconstrained human upper-body motion, Image Processing and its Applications International Conference on, pp.274-277, 1992.

]. P. Dreuw, D. Rybach, T. Deselaers, M. Zahedi, and H. Ney, Speech recognition techniques for a sign language recognition system, Eighth Annual Conference of the International Speech Communication Association, p.28, 2007.

]. P. Dreuw, C. Neidle, V. Athitsos, S. Sclaroff, and H. Ney, Benchmark databases for video-based automatic sign language recognition, International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp.1115-1121, 2008.

]. P. Dreuw and H. Ney, Towards Automatic Sign Language Annotation for the ELAN Tool, LREC Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Construction and Exploitation of Sign Language Corpora, p.33, 2008.

]. P. Dreuw, D. Stein, T. Deselaers, D. Rybach, M. Zahedi et al., Spoken language processing techniques for sign language recognition and translation, Technology and Disability, vol.20, issue.2, pp.121-133, 2008.

]. T. Drummond and R. Cipolla, Real-time tracking of highly articulated structures in the presence of noisy measurements, Proceedings Eighth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. ICCV 2001, pp.315-320, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.2001.937642

L. Sheng and . Zheng-kai, A survey of skin color detection, J]. Chinese Journal of Computers, vol.29, issue.2, pp.194-207, 2006.

]. K. Duarte-2010, S. Duarte, and . Gibet, Heterogeneous data sources for signed language analysis and synthesis, Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp.19-21, 2010.

]. J. Duetscher, A. Blake, and I. Reid, Articulated body motion capture by annealed particle filtering, Proceedings IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2000 (Cat. No.PR00662), pp.2126-52, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.2000.854758

]. E. Efthimiou and S. E. Fotinea, GSLC: creation and annotation of a Greek sign language corpus for HCI. Universal Acess in Human Computer Interaction . Coping with Diversity, pp.657-666, 2007.

]. E. Efthimiou, S. E. Fotinea, C. Vogler, T. Hanke, J. Glauert et al., Sign Language Recognition, Generation, and Modelling: A Research Effort with Applications in Deaf Communication, pp.21-30, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-02707-9_3

E. Efthimiou, DICTA-SIGN: Sign Language Recognition, Generation and Modelling with application in Deaf Communication, International workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies (LREC), pp.80-83, 2010.

]. R. Elliott, J. R. Glauert, J. R. Kennaway, and I. Marshall, The development of language processing support for the ViSiCAST project, Proceedings of the fourth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies , Assets '00, pp.101-108, 2000.
DOI : 10.1145/354324.354349

]. R. Elliott, V. Glauert, J. Jennings, and . Kennaway, An overview of the SiGML notation and SiGMLSigning software system, 2004.

]. R. Elliott, J. Bueno, R. Kennaway, and J. Glauert, Towards the integrationn of synthetic sl annimation with avatars into corpus annotation tools, 4th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies, p.2010, 2010.

M. Elmezain, A. Al-hamadi, S. S. Pathan, and B. Michaelis, Spatiotemporal feature extraction-based hand gesture recognition for isolated American Sign Language and Arabic numbers, Image and Signal Processing and Analysis Proceedings of 6th International Symposium on, pp.254-259, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/ispa.2009.5297719

]. U. Erdem and S. Sclaroff, Automatic detection of relevant head gestures in American Sign Language communication, Object recognition supported by user interaction for service robots, pp.460-463, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/ICPR.2002.1044759

G. Fang, W. Gao, X. Chen, C. Wang, and J. Ma, Signer-independent continuous sign language recognition based on SRN/HMM. Gesture and sign language in human-computer interaction, pp.163-197, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-47873-6_8
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.16.1470

G. Fang, X. Gao, W. Gao, and Y. Chen, A novel approach to automatically extracting basic units from Chinese sign language, Pattern Recognition Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on, pp.454-457, 2004.

]. M. Filhol, A. Braffort, and L. Bolot, Signing avatar: Say hello to Elsi, International Workshop on Gesture in Human-Computer Interaction and Simulation (GW), 2007.

H. Fillbrandt, S. Akyol, and K. F. Kraiss, Extraction of 3D hand shape and posture from image sequences for sign language recognition, 2003 IEEE International SOI Conference. Proceedings (Cat. No.03CH37443), pp.181-186, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/AMFG.2003.1240841

]. S. Fischer and Q. Gong, Marked Hand Configurations in Asian Sign Languages, Formational Units in Sign Languages, vol.3, p.19, 2011.
DOI : 10.1515/9781614510680.19

]. M. Fleischer, Method of producing moving-picture cartoons, US Patent, vol.1242, p.674, 1917.

S. Fotinea, E. Efthimiou, G. Caridakis, and K. Karpouzis, A knowledge-based sign synthesis architecture, Universal Access in the Information Society, pp.405-418, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10209-007-0094-8

]. H. Francke, J. Ruiz-del-solar, and R. Verschae, Real-time hand gesture detection and recognition using boosted classifiers and active learning Advances in Image and Video Technology, pp.533-547, 2007.

]. W. Freeman and M. Roth, Orientation histograms for hand gesture recognition, International Workshop on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp.296-301, 1995.

]. W. Frey, M. Zyda, R. Mcghee, and B. Cockayne, Off-the-shelf, real-time, human body motion capture for synthetic environments, Computer Science Department , Naval Postgraduate School, 1996.

]. J. Fritsch, S. Lang, A. Kleinehagenbrock, G. Fink, and . Sagerer, Improving adaptive skin color segmentation by incorporating results from face detection, Proceedings. 11th IEEE International Workshop on Robot and Human Interactive Communication, pp.337-343, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/ROMAN.2002.1045645

]. J. Gall, J. Potthoff, C. Schnörr, B. Rosenhahn, and H. P. Seidel, Interacting and Annealing Particle Filters: Mathematics??and??a??Recipe for Applications, Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, vol.11, issue.2, pp.1-18, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10851-007-0007-8

]. J. Gall, C. Stoll, E. De-aguiar, C. Theobalt, B. Rosenhahn et al., Motion capture using joint skeleton tracking and surface estimation, 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.1746-1753, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206755
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.167.8342

W. Gao, G. Fang, D. Zhao, and Y. Chen, Transition movement models for large vocabulary continuous sign language recognition, Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition Proceedings. Sixth IEEE International Conference on, pp.553-558, 2004.

F. Gianni, C. Collet, and P. Dalle, Robust tracking for processing of videos of communicationÂ?s gestures, pp.93-101, 2009.

]. S. Gibet and P. F. Marteau, Approximation of curvature and velocity using adaptive sampling representations-Application to hand gesture analysis, Gesture workshop, 2007.

S. Gibet and A. Héloir, Formalisme de description des gestes de la langue des signes française pour la génération du mouvement de signeurs virtuels. TAL, Special issue on Modeling and processing of sign languages, pp.111-145, 2008.

]. Gillot, Le droit des Sourds, 1998.

]. M. Gleicher, Retargeting motion to new characters, ACM SIGGRAPH 98, 1998.

]. M. Gonzalez and C. Collet, Head Tracking and Hand Segmentation during Hand over Face Occlusion in Sign Language, Int. Workshop on Sign, Gesture, and Activity (ECCV), 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-35749-7_18

]. M. Gonzalez and C. Collet, Segmentation semi-automatique de corpus vidéo en Langue des Signes, 2012.
DOI : 10.3166/ts.29.333-358

]. Gonzalez, Un système de segmentation automatique de gestes appliqué à la Langue des Signes, DEfi Geste Langue des Signes, JEP-TALN- RECITAL 2012, pp.93-98, 2012.
DOI : 10.3166/ts.29.333-358

]. K. Grobel and M. Assan, Isolated sign language recognition using hidden Markov models, 1997 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Computational Cybernetics and Simulation, pp.162-167, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/ICSMC.1997.625742

N. Habili, C. C. Lim, and A. Moini, Segmentation of the Face and Hands in Sign Language Video Sequences Using Color and Motion Cues, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, pp.1086-1097, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/TCSVT.2004.831970

]. G. Hager and P. N. Belhumeur, Efficient region tracking with parametric models of geometry and illumination. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on, vol.20, issue.10, pp.1025-1039, 2002.

N. Hamada, Y. Shimada, and . Shirai, Hand shape estimation using sequence of multi-ocular images based on transition network, Proceedings of the International Conference on Vision Interface, 2002.

N. Hamada, Y. Shimada, and . Shirai, Hand shape estimation under complex backgrounds for sign language recognition, Sixth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, 2004. Proceedings., pp.589-594, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/AFGR.2004.1301597

]. J. Han, G. Awad, and A. Sutherland, Modelling and segmenting subunits for sign language recognition based on hand motion analysis, Pattern Recognition Letters, vol.30, issue.6, pp.623-633, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patrec.2008.12.010

]. T. Hanke, Hamnosys in a sign language generation context. In Progress in sign language research (International Studies on Sign Language and Communication of the Deaf, editeurs, Rolf Schulmeister and Heimo Reinitzer, pp.249-264, 2002.

]. T. Hanke and J. Storz, iLex -A Database Tool for Integrating Sign Language Corpus Linguistics and Sign Language Lexicography, Proc. of 6 th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, LREC 2008, pp.25-64, 2008.

]. T. Hanke, L. König, S. Wagner, and S. Matthes, DGS Corpus & Dicta- Sign: The Hamburg Studio Setup, 4th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies, pp.106-110, 2010.

M. Hasanuzzaman, V. Ampornaramveth, T. Zhang, Y. Ma-bhuiyan, H. Shirai et al., Real-time Vision-based Gesture Recognition for Human Robot Interaction, 2004 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics, pp.413-418, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/ROBIO.2004.1521814

]. L. Havasi and H. M. Szabó, A motion capture system for sign language synthesis: overview and related issues, Computer as a Tool, 2005. EUROCON 2005. The International Conference on, pp.445-448, 2005.

F. Samaria, Real-time hand tracking and gesture recognition using smart snakes, Proc. Interface to Human and Virtual Worlds, 1995.

]. A. Heloir, S. Gibet, N. Courty, and F. Multon, Alignement temporel de séquences gestuelles communicatives. Groupe de Travail Animation et Simulation, 2006.

]. Heloir, S. Gibet, F. Multon, and N. Courty, Captured Motion Data Processing for Real Time Synthesis of Sign Language, Gesture in Human Computer Interaction and Simulation, 2006.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1013254724861
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00515185

R. W. Hernandez-rebollar, N. Lindeman, and . Kyriakopoulos, A multi-class pattern recognition system for practical finger spelling translation, Proceedings. Fourth IEEE International Conference on Multimodal Interfaces, pp.185-190, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/ICMI.2002.1166990

]. H. Hienz, B. Bauer, and K. F. Kraiss, HMM-based continuous sign language recognition using stochastic grammars. Gesture-Based Communication in Human- Computer Interaction, pp.185-196, 1999.

]. E. Holden and R. Owens, Visual sign language recognition. Multi-Image Analysis, pp.270-287, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45134-x_20
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.41.7002

]. E. Holden, G. Lee, and R. Owens, Australian sign language recognition, Machine Vision and Applications, pp.312-320, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00138-005-0003-1

]. N. Howe, M. Leventon, and W. Freeman, Bayesian reconstruction of 3d human motion from single-camera video, Neural Information Processing Systems, p.53, 1999.

]. L. Howe, F. Wong, and A. Chekima, Comparison of hand segmentation methodologies for Hand gesture recognition, Information Technology IT- Sim 2008. International Symposium on, pp.1-7, 2008.

M. Hrúz, P. Campr, and M. ?elezn, ?elezn`y. Semi-automatic annotation of sign language corpora, LREC 3rd Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages Construction and Exploitation of Sign Language Corpora, numéro 3, pp.78-81, 2008.

]. C. Huang and W. Y. Huang, Sign language recognition using model-based tracking and a 3D Hopfield neural network, Machine vision and applications, pp.292-307, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s001380050080

]. C. Huang and S. H. Jeng, A model-based hand gesture recognition system, Machine vision and applications, pp.243-258, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s001380050144

]. K. Imagawa, S. Lu, and S. Igi, Color-based hands tracking system for sign language recognition, Proceedings Third IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp.462-467, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/AFGR.1998.670991

]. M. Isard and A. Blake, Condensation-conditional density propagation for visual tracking, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.29, issue.1, pp.5-28, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008078328650

]. D. Jang, S. W. Jang, and H. I. Choi, 2D human body tracking with Structural Kalman filter, Pattern Recognition, vol.35, issue.10, pp.2041-2049, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-3203(01)00201-1

]. R. Johnson and S. K. Liddell, Toward a Phonetic Representation of Signs: Sequentiality and Contrast, Sign Language Studies, vol.11, issue.2, pp.241-274, 2010.
DOI : 10.1353/sls.2010.0008

]. R. Johnson and S. K. Liddell, A Segmental Framework for Representing Signs Phonetically, Sign Language Studies, vol.11, issue.3, pp.408-463, 2011.
DOI : 10.1353/sls.2011.0002

]. S. Ju, M. J. Black, and Y. Yacoob, Cardboard people: a parameterized model of articulated image motion, Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, pp.38-44, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/AFGR.1996.557241

]. T. Kadir, R. Bowden, E. J. Ong, and A. Zisserman, Minimal Training, Large Lexicon, Unconstrained Sign Language Recognition, Procedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2004, pp.47-70, 2004.
DOI : 10.5244/C.18.96
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.331.740

]. P. Kakumanu, S. Makrogiannis, and N. Bourbakis, A survey of skin-color modeling and detection methods, Pattern Recognition, vol.40, issue.3, pp.1106-1122, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.patcog.2006.06.010

]. K. Karpouzis, G. Caridakis, S. Fotinea, and E. Efthimiou, Educational resources and implementation of a Greek sign language synthesis architecture, Computers & Education, vol.49, issue.1, pp.54-74, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.compedu.2005.06.004

]. D. Kelly, J. Mcdonald, and C. Markham, Recognizing Spatiotemporal Gestures and Movement Epenthesis in Sign Language, 2009 13th International Machine Vision and Image Processing Conference, pp.145-150, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/IMVIP.2009.33

]. R. Kennaway, Experience with and Requirements for a Gesture Description Language for Synthetic Animation, Gesture Workshop, pp.300-311, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-24598-8_28

J. R. Kennaway, J. R. Glauert, and I. Zwitserlood, Providing signed content on the Internet by synthesized animation, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, vol.14, issue.3, 2007.
DOI : 10.1145/1279700.1279705

]. C. Keskin, F. Kirac, Y. E. Kara, and L. Akarun, Real time hand pose estimation using depth sensors, Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops), 2011 IEEE International Conference on, pp.1228-1234, 2011.

S. Khan, D. Bailey, and G. S. Gupta, Delayed absolute difference (DAD) signatures of dynamic features for sign language segmentation, The 5th International Conference on Automation, Robotics and Applications, pp.109-114, 2011.
DOI : 10.1109/ICARA.2011.6144866

]. J. Kim, W. Jang, and Z. Bien, A dynamic gesture recognition system for the Korean sign language (KSL). Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics IEEE Transactions on, vol.26, issue.2, pp.354-359, 1996.

]. J. Kim, D. G. Kim, J. H. Shin, S. W. Lee, and K. S. Hong, Hand gesture recognition system using fuzzy algorithm and RDBMS for post PC. Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, pp.487-487, 2005.

]. S. Kim, H. J. Yang, and K. S. Ng, Temporal sign language analysis based on DTW and incremental model, Communications (MICC), 2009 IEEE 9th Malaysia International Conference on, pp.586-591, 2009.

M. Kipp, A. Heloir, and Q. Nguyen, Sign Language Avatars: Animation and Comprehensibility, Intelligent Virtual Agents, pp.113-126, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-23974-8_13

]. A. Kiruluta, M. Eizenman, and S. Pasupathy, Predictive head movement tracking using a Kalman filter, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, Part B (Cybernetics), vol.27, issue.2, pp.326-331, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/3477.558841

]. G. Kitagawa, Monte Carlo filter and smoother for non-Gaussian nonlinear state space models, Journal of computational and graphical statistics, pp.1-25, 1996.
DOI : 10.1080/10618600.1996.10474692

]. E. Klima and U. Bellugi, The sign of language. The Sign of Language, 1980.

]. A. Koizumi, H. Sagawa, and M. Takeuchi, An annotated japanese sign language corpus, Proc. IntÂ?l Conf. Language Resources and Evaluation, pp.927-930, 2002.

S. Kong and . Ranganath, Automatic hand trajectory segmentation and phoneme transcription for sign language, 2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition, pp.1-6, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/AFGR.2008.4813462
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.653.7228

]. J. Kovac, P. Peer, and F. Solina, Human skin color clustering for face detection, The IEEE Region 8 EUROCON 2003. Computer as a Tool., pp.144-148, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/EURCON.2003.1248169
URL : http://eprints.fri.uni-lj.si/2113/1/Human_Skin_Colour_Clustering_for_Face_Detection.pdf

]. V. Kulkarni and S. Lokhande, Appearance Based Recognition of American Sign Language Using Gesture Segmentation, International Journal on Computer Science and Engineering, vol.2, issue.03, pp.560-565, 2010.

]. H. Lee and J. H. Chung, Hand gesture recognition using orientation histogram, TENCON 99. Proceedings of the IEEE Region 10 Conference, pp.1355-1358, 1999.

I. Lee, S. K. Cohen, and . Jung, Particle filter with analytical inference for human body tracking Taiwan sign language (TSL) recognition based on 3D data and neural networks, Motion and Video Computing Proceedings. Workshop on, pp.159-165, 2002.

P. Albaret and . Dalle, Une approche de segmentation de la Langue des Signes Française, Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles, pp.33-62, 2008.

P. Albaret and . Dalle, Body posture estimation in a sign language video, Proc of The 8th International Gesture Workshop, p.28, 2009.

. Lefebvre-albaret-2012-]-f, J. Lefebvre-albaret, and . Segouat, Influence de la segmentation temporelle sur la caractérisation de signes, DEfi Geste Langue des Signes, JEP- TALN-RECITAL, pp.73-83, 2012.

]. B. Lenseigne and P. Dalle, Modélisation de l'espace discursif pour l'analyse de la langue des signes, orkshop on Traitement Automatique des Langues des Signes, TALN, pp.14-15, 2005.

]. R. Liang and M. Ouhyoung, A real-time continuous gesture recognition system for sign language, Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition Proceedings. Third IEEE International Conference on, pp.558-567, 1998.

]. J. Lichtenauer, E. Hendriks, and M. Reinders, Learning to recognize a sign from a single example, 2008 8th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition, pp.1-6, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/AFGR.2008.4813450

]. J. Lichtenauer, E. A. Hendriks, and M. Reinders, Sign language recognition by combining statistical DTW and independent classification. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on, vol.30, issue.11, pp.2040-2046, 2008.

]. S. Liddell, Think and Believe: Sequentiality in American Sign Language, Language, vol.60, issue.2, pp.372-399, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/413645

]. S. Liddell and R. E. Johnson, American Sign Language: The Phonological Base, Linguistics of American Sign Language, pp.195-277, 1989.
DOI : 10.1353/sls.1989.0027

]. R. Lippmann, An introduction to computing with neural nets, IEEE ASSP Magazine, vol.4, issue.2, pp.4-22, 1987.
DOI : 10.1109/MASSP.1987.1165576

]. V. Lombardo, F. Nunnari, and R. Damiano, A Virtual Interpreter for the Italian Sign, Intelligent Virtual Agents: 10th International Conference, p.201, 2010.

]. V. Lombardo, F. Nunnari, and R. Damiano, The ATLAS Interpreter of the Italian Sign Language, International Workshop on Sign Language Translation and Avatar Technology (SLTAT) International Workshop on Sign Language Translation and Avatar Technology (SLTAT) International Workshop on Sign Language Translation and Avatar Technology (SLTAT), 2011.

]. O. Losson, Modélisation de geste communicatif et réalisation d'un signeur virtuel de phases en langue des signes française, 2000.

]. Lu, D. Metaxas, D. Samaras, and J. Oliensis, Using multiple cues for hand tracking and model refinement, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Proceedings. 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on, pp.443-50, 2003.

]. P. Lu and M. Huenerfauth, Accessible motion-capture glove calibration protocol for recording sign language data from deaf subjects, Proceeding of the eleventh international ACM SIGACCESS conference on Computers and accessibility, ASSETS '09, pp.83-90, 2009.
DOI : 10.1145/1639642.1639658

]. P. Lu, Modeling animations of American Sign Language verbs through motioncapture of native ASL signers, ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing, issue.96, pp.41-45, 2010.

]. P. Lu and M. Huenerfauth, Collecting a motion-capture corpus of American Sign Language for data-driven generation research, Proceedings of the NAACL HLT 2010 Workshop on Speech and Language Processing for Assistive Technologies, pp.89-97, 2010.

]. J. Maccormick, Probabilistic models and stochastic algorithms for visual tracking, 2000.

]. J. Maccormick and A. Blake, A probabilistic exclusion principle for tracking multiple objects, Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp.57-71, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.1999.791275

]. J. Maccormick and M. Isard, Partitioned Sampling, Articulated Objects, and Interface-Quality Hand Tracking, Computer VisionÂ?ECCV, pp.3-19, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45053-X_1

]. D. Maclaughlin, The structure of determiner phrases: Evidence from American Sign Language, 1997.

J. Mak and T. Gladys, Movement types, repetition, and feature organization in hong kong sign language. formational units in sign language, Sign Language Topology. Nijlegen, vol.3, 2011.

]. M. Mandel, Phonotactics and morphophonology in american sign language , volume 1981, 1981.

I. Marshall and É. Sáfár, A prototype text to British Sign Language (BSL) translation system, Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , ACL '03, pp.113-116, 2003.
DOI : 10.3115/1075178.1075194

D. R. Martin, C. C. Fowlkes, and J. Malik, Learning to detect natural image boundaries using local brightness, color, and texture cues. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on, vol.26, issue.5, pp.530-549, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/tpami.2004.1273918
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.118.2575

S. Matthes, T. Hanke, J. Storz, and E. Efthimiou, Annick Choisier, Julia Pelhate and Eva Safar. Elicitation Tasks and Materials designed for Dicta-Sign's Multilingual Corpus, International workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies (LREC), pp.158-163, 2010.

]. T. Maung, Real-time hand tracking and gesture recognition system using neural networks, World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol.50, pp.466-470, 2009.

]. K. Meyer, H. L. Applewhite, and F. A. Biocca, A Survey of Position Trackers, Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, pp.173-200, 1992.
DOI : 10.1162/pres.1992.1.2.173

A. Micilotta and R. Bowden, View-based Location and Tracking of Body Parts for Visual Interaction, Procedings of the British Machine Vision Conference 2004, pp.849-858, 2004.
DOI : 10.5244/C.18.87

]. I. Mikic, M. Trivedi, E. Hunter, and P. Cosman, Articulated body posture estimation from multi-camera voxel data, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001, p.455, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.2001.990510

]. M. Mlouka, J. Dalle, and P. Dalle, DEGELS2011: Analyses dÂ?annotations pour la reconnaissance, 2011.

]. T. Moeslund, A Survey of Computer Vision-Based Human Motion Capture, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol.81, issue.3, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/cviu.2000.0897

B. Habeeb, H. A. Takruri, and . Malik, American sign language (ASL) recognition based on Hough transform and neural networks, Expert Systems with Applications, vol.32, issue.1, pp.24-37, 2007.

]. C. Myers, L. Rabiner, and A. Rosenberg, Performance tradeoffs in dynamic time warping algorithms for isolated word recognition. Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on, vol.28, issue.6, pp.623-635, 1980.

]. S. Nayak, S. Sarkar, and B. Loeding, Automated extraction of signs from continuous sign language sentences using Iterated Conditional Modes, 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.2583-2590, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.2009.5206599

]. C. Neidle, S. Sclaroff, and V. Athitsos, SignStream: A tool for linguistic and computer vision research on visual-gestural language data, Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, vol.8, issue.3, pp.311-320, 2001.
DOI : 10.3758/BF03195384

]. D. Newkirk, On the Temporal Segmentation of Movement in American Sign Language, Sign Language and Linguistics, vol.1, issue.2, pp.173-211, 1998.
DOI : 10.1075/sll.1.2.08new

]. E. Ong and R. Bowden, A boosted classifier tree for hand shape detection, Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition Proceedings. Sixth IEEE International Conference on, pp.889-894, 2004.

]. S. Ong and S. Ranganath, Automatic Sign Language Analysis: A Survey and the Future beyond Lexical Meaning, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.27, issue.6, pp.873-891, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/TPAMI.2005.112

]. S. Ong and S. Ranganath, Automatic sign language analysis: A survey and the future beyond lexical meaning. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on, vol.27, issue.23, pp.873-891, 2005.

]. J. O-'rourke, N. I. O-'rourke, and . Badler, Model-based image analysis of human motion using constraint propagation, IEEE TRANS. PATTERN ANALY. AND MACH. INTELLIG, vol.2, issue.6, pp.522-536, 1980.

]. M. Paulraj, S. Yaacob, M. S. Bin-zanar-azalan, and R. Palaniappan, A phoneme based sign language recognition system using skin color segmentation, 2010 6th International Colloquium on Signal Processing & its Applications, pp.1-5, 2010.
DOI : 10.1109/CSPA.2010.5545253

]. D. Perlmutter, Sonority and syllable structure in American Sign Language, Linguistic Inquiry, vol.23, issue.3, pp.407-442, 1992.

F. Pezeshkpour, I. Marshall, R. Elliott, and J. Bangham, Development of a legible deaf-signing virtual human, Proceedings IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems, pp.333-338, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/MMCS.1999.779226

]. D. Phan, T. Nguyen, and T. Bui, A 3D Conversational Agent for Presenting Digital Information for Deaf People, Agent Computing and Multi-Agent Systems, pp.319-328, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-01639-4_28

]. S. Phung, A. Sr, and D. Sr, Skin segmentation using color pixel classification: analysis and comparison. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on, vol.27, issue.1, pp.148-154, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/tpami.2005.17
URL : http://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1254&context=infopapers

]. J. Piater, T. Hoyoux, and W. Du, Video analysis for continuous sign language recognition, Proceedings of 4th Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies, pp.22-23, 2010.

]. V. Pitsikalis, S. Theodorakis, and P. Maragos, Data-driven sub-units and modeling structure for continuous sign language recognition with multiple cues, LREC Workshop on the Representation and Processing of Sign Languages: Corpora and Sign Language Technologies, 2010.

]. V. Pitsikalis, S. Theodorakis, C. Vogler, and P. Maragos, Advances in phonetics-based sub-unit modeling for transcription alignment and sign language recognition, CVPR 2011 WORKSHOPS, pp.1-6, 2011.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPRW.2011.5981681

S. Prillwitz, R. Leven, H. Zienert, T. Hamke, and J. Henning, HamNoSys Version 2.0: Hamburg Notation System for Sign Languages: An Introductory Guide, International Studies on Sign Language and Communication of the Deaf. Sigmun, pp.40-69, 1989.

]. L. Rabiner and R. Schafer, Theory and applications of digital speech processing, 2010.

]. B. Raducanu and Y. Vitrià, A Robust Particle Filter-Based Face Tracker Using Combination of Color and Geometric Information, Image Analysis and Recognition, pp.922-933, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/11867586_83

]. A. Ramamoorthy, N. Vaswani, S. Chaudhury, and S. Banerjee, Recognition of dynamic hand gestures, Pattern Recognition, vol.36, issue.9, pp.2069-2081, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-3203(03)00042-6

]. T. Roberts, S. Mckenna, and I. Ricketts, Human Pose Estimation Using Learnt Probabilistic Region Similarities and Partial Configurations, Computer Vision- ECCV, pp.291-303, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-24673-2_24
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.58.5236

]. H. Sagawa and M. Takeuchi, A method for recognizing a sequence of sign language words represented in a Japanese sign language sentence, Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580), pp.434-439, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/AFGR.2000.840671

]. H. Sagawa and M. Takeuchi, A method for recognizing a sequence of sign language words represented in a Japanese sign language sentence, Proceedings Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition (Cat. No. PR00580), pp.434-439, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/AFGR.2000.840671

]. W. Sandler, Phonological representation of the sign: Linearity and nonlinearity in american sign language, 1989.
DOI : 10.1515/9783110250473

]. W. Sandler, The Phonological Organization of Sign Languages, Language and Linguistics Compass, vol.42, issue.2&3, pp.162-182, 2012.
DOI : 10.1002/lnc3.326

]. J. Segouat and A. Braffort, Toward Modeling Sign Language Coarticulation . volume Gesture in Embodied Communication and Human-Computer Interaction, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-12553-9_29
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.211.6489

]. G. Shakhnarovich, P. Viola, and T. Darrell, Fast pose estimation with parameter-sensitive hashing, Proceedings Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp.750-757, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.2003.1238424

]. J. Shi and C. Tomasi, Good features to track, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Proceedings CVPR'94. IEEE Computer Society Conference on, pp.593-600, 1994.

]. T. Shiosaki, T. Matsuo, Y. Shirai, and N. Shimada, Motion Segmentation using Hand Movement and Hand Shape for Sign Language Recognition, 2008.

]. H. Sidenbladh, M. Black, and D. Fleet, Stochastic Tracking of 3D Human Figures Using 2D Image Motion, Computer VisionÂ?ECCV, pp.702-718, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45053-X_45

. Th, A. Simon, and . Binet, Étude sur l'art d'enseigner la parole aux sourdsmuets . L'année psychologique, pp.373-396, 1908.

P. Smith, N. Da, V. Lobo, and M. Shah, Resolving hand over face occlusion, Image and Vision Computing, vol.25, issue.9, pp.1432-1448, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.imavis.2006.12.012
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.64.6855

]. N. Soontranon, S. Aramvith, and T. Chalidabhongse, Improved face and hand tracking for sign language recognition, International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC'05), Volume II, pp.141-146, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/ITCC.2005.172

]. T. Starner and A. Pentland, Real-time american sign language recognition from video using hidden markov models, Computer Vision, 1995. Proceedings ., International Symposium on, pp.265-270, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/iscv.1995.477012
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.153.6485

]. T. Starner, Visual Recognition of American Sign Language Using Hidden Markov Models. Rapport technique, DTIC Document, 1995.

]. D. Stein, J. Bungeroth, and H. Ney, Morpho-syntax based statistical methods for sign language translation, 11th Annual conference of the European Association for Machine Translation, pp.223-231, 2006.

]. B. Stenger, P. R. Mendonça, and R. Cipolla, Model-based 3D tracking of an articulated hand, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001, pp.310-51, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.2001.990976

]. W. Stokoe-1960 and . Stokoe, Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf, Studies in linguistics, occasional papers, pp.39-41, 1960.
DOI : 10.1093/deafed/eni001

C. William, D. C. Stokoe, C. G. Casterline, and . Croneberg, A dictionary of american sign language on linguistic principles, pp.15-41, 1976.

. Stokoe, Sign Language Structure, Annual Review of Anthropology, vol.9, issue.1, pp.365-390, 1980.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.002053

]. N. Suszcza?ska, P. Szmal, and J. Francik, Translating Polish Texts into Sign Language in the TGT System, 20th IASTED International Multi- Conference. Applied Informatics AI, pp.282-287, 2002.

]. A. Sutherland, Real-time Video-based Recognition of Sign Language Gestures using Guided Template Matching, Proceedings of Gesture Workshop on Progress in Gestural Interaction, pp.31-38, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4471-0943-3_4

]. V. Sutton, Lessons in sign writing. Center Sutton Movement Writing, 1995.

]. N. Tanibata, N. Shimada, and Y. Shirai, Extraction of hand features for recognition of sign language words, The 15th International Conference on Vision Interface, pp.391-398, 2002.

S. Theodorakis, A. Katsamanis, and P. Maragos, Product-HMMs for automatic sign language recognition, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, pp.1601-1604, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/ICASSP.2009.4959905

]. R. Thompson, K. Emmorey, and R. Kluender, The Relationship between Eye Gaze and Verb Agreement in American Sign Language: An Eye-tracking Study, Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, vol.19, issue.2, pp.571-604, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s11049-005-1829-y

]. P. Vamplew and A. Adams, Recognition of sign language gestures using neural networks, Australian Journal of Intelligent Information Processing Systems, vol.5, issue.2, pp.94-102, 1998.

]. V. Vezhnevets, V. Sazonov, and A. Andreeva, A survey on pixel-based skin color detection techniques, Proc. Graphicon, 2003.

M. Jones, Robust real-time object detection, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.57, issue.51, pp.137-154, 2002.

]. D. Vlasic, R. Adelsberger, G. Vannucci, J. Barnwell, M. Gross et al., Practical motion capture in everyday surroundings, ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol.26, issue.3, p.35, 2007.
DOI : 10.1145/1276377.1276421

]. C. Vogler and D. Metaxas, Parallel hidden Markov models for American sign language recognition, Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision, pp.116-122, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/ICCV.1999.791206

]. C. Vogler and D. Metaxas, Toward scalability in ASL recognition: Breaking down signs into phonemes. Gesture-Based Communication in Human- Computer Interaction, pp.211-224, 1999.

]. C. Vogler and D. Metaxas, A Framework for Recognizing the Simultaneous Aspects of American Sign Language, Computer Vision and Image Understanding, vol.81, issue.3, pp.358-384, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/cviu.2000.0895

]. C. Vogler, American sign language recognition: reducing the complexity of the task with phoneme-based modeling and parallel hidden markov models, 2003.

]. C. Vogler and S. Goldenstein, Facial movement analysis in ASL, Universal Access in the Information Society, vol.50, issue.2, pp.363-374, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10209-007-0096-6

V. Agris, ]. U. Von-agris, J. Zieren, U. Canzler, B. Bauer et al., Recent developments in visual sign language recognition, Universal Access in the Information Society, vol.24, issue.12, pp.323-362, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10209-007-0104-x

]. T. Wang and C. C. Chen, A combined optimization method for solving the inverse kinematics problems of mechanical manipulators Robotics and Automation, IEEE Transactions on, vol.7, issue.1991, pp.489-499, 1991.

]. R. Wang and J. Popovi?, Real-time hand-tracking with a color glove, In ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol.28, pp.63-110, 2009.

]. G. Welch and E. Foxlin, Motion tracking: no silver bullet, but a respectable arsenal, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.22, issue.6, pp.24-38, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/MCG.2002.1046626

]. M. Wells, F. Pezeshkpour, I. Marshall, M. Tutt, and J. Bangham, Simon: an innovative approach to signing on television, Proc. Int. Broadcasting Convention, 1999.

]. P. Wittenburg, H. Brugman, A. Russel, A. Klassmann, and H. Sloetjes, ELAN: a professional framework for multimodality research, Proc. of the 5 th International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, pp.1556-1559, 2006.

Y. Wu and T. S. Huang, Hand modeling, analysis and recognition, Signal Processing Magazine, IEEE, vol.18, issue.3, pp.51-60, 2001.

]. Y. Wu and T. S. Huang, Robust Visual Tracking by Integrating Multiple Cues Based on Co-Inference Learning, International Journal of Computer Vision, vol.58, issue.1, pp.55-71, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:VISI.0000016147.97880.cd

M. Ahuja and . Tabb, Extraction of 2d motion trajectories and its application to hand gesture recognition. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on, vol.24, issue.8, pp.1061-1074, 2002.

]. C. Yang, R. Duraiswami, and L. Davis, Fast multiple object tracking via a hierarchical particle filter, Computer Vision, 2005. ICCV 2005. Tenth IEEE International Conference on, pp.212-219, 2005.

]. R. Yang and S. Sarkar, Detecting coarticulation in sign language using conditional random fields, Pattern Recognition 18th International Conference on, pp.108-112, 2006.

]. R. Yang, S. Sarkar, B. Loeding, and A. Karshmer, Efficient Generation of Large Amounts of Training Data for Sign Language Recognition: A Semiautomatic Tool. Computers Helping People with Special Needs, pp.635-642, 2006.

]. R. Yang, S. Sarkar, and B. Loeding, Enhanced Level Building Algorithm for the Movement Epenthesis Problem in Sign Language Recognition, 2007 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pp.1-8, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/CVPR.2007.383347

]. R. Yang, S. Sarkar, and B. Loeding, Handling movement epenthesis and hand segmentation ambiguities in continuous sign language recognition using nested dynamic programming. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, IEEE Transactions on, vol.32, issue.3, pp.462-477, 2010.

S. Chaudhuri, Visual understanding of dynamic hand gestures, Pattern Recognition, vol.33, issue.11, pp.1805-1817, 2000.

]. A. Yilmaz, O. Javed, and M. Shah, Object tracking, ACM Computing Surveys, vol.38, issue.4, pp.13-47, 2006.
DOI : 10.1145/1177352.1177355

S. Chai-youngjoon, C. Seungho, K. Kyusik, and . Taeyong, Real-time user interface using particle filter with integral histogram, IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, vol.56, issue.2, pp.510-515, 2010.
DOI : 10.1109/TCE.2010.5505963

]. Q. Yuan, S. Sclaroff, and V. Athitsos, Automatic 2D hand tracking in video sequences, Application of Computer Vision, 2005. WACV/MOTIONS'05, pp.250-256, 2005.

Z. Zafrulla, H. Brashear, T. Starner, H. Hamilton, and P. Presti, American sign language recognition with the kinect, Proceedings of the 13th international conference on multimodal interfaces, ICMI '11, pp.279-286, 2011.
DOI : 10.1145/2070481.2070532

]. M. Zahedi, D. Keysers, and H. Ney, Pronunciation clustering and modeling of variability for appearance-based sign language recognition. Gesture in Human- Computer Interaction and Simulation, pp.68-79, 2006.

]. L. Zhao and J. Tao, Fast Facial Feature Tracking with Multi-Cue Particle Filter, International Conference on Image and Vision Computing, pp.7-12, 2007.

H. Zhou, D. J. Lin, and T. S. Huang, Static hand gesture recognition based on local orientation histogram feature distribution model, Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop Conference on, pp.161-161, 2004.

]. X. Zhu, J. Yang, and A. Waibel, Segmenting hands of arbitrary color, Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition Proceedings. Fourth IEEE International Conference on, pp.446-453, 2000.

]. J. Zieren and K. F. Kraiss, Non-intrusive sign language recognition for human-computer interactionIEA symposium on analysis, design and evaluation of human machine systems, Proc. IFAC/IFIP/IFORS, 2004.