H. Fractionnement, 151 4.5.1 Deutération sélective du méthanol dans les étoiles de faibles masses et de masses intermédiaires, p.151

. Dans-cette-thèse, dans lesquels des molécules organiques sont piégées dans une matrice de glace d'eau, sont analysés. En conséquence, l'étude des réactions acido-basiques s'y produisant (si bien évidemment elles s'y produisent), doit être réalisée avec un choix de pKa

H. I. Abrash, The Relative Acidities of Water and Methanol, Journal of Chemical Education, vol.78, issue.11, p.1496, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/ed078p1496

N. Agmon, E. Pines, and D. Huppert, Geminate recombination in proton???transfer reactions. II. Comparison of diffusional and kinetic schemes, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.88, issue.9, pp.5631-5638, 1988.
DOI : 10.1063/1.454573

Y. Aikawa, V. Wakelam, R. T. Garrod, and E. Herbst, Molecular Evolution and Star Formation: From Prestellar Cores to Protostellar Cores, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.674, issue.2, pp.984-996, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/524096

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00257807

A. Al-halabi and E. F. Van-dishoeck, Hydrogen adsorption and diffusion on amorphous solid water ice, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.382, issue.4, pp.1648-1656, 2007.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12415.x

T. Albertsson, D. A. Semenov, and T. Henning, Modeling deuterium fractionation in cold and warm molecular environments with large chemical networks. ArXiv e-prints, 2011.

L. Amiaud, Intéraction d'atomes et de molécules d'hydrogène avec des glaces d'eau à très basse température : formation de H 2 dans le milieu interstellaire, 2006.

W. Amir, Spectroscopie infrarouge résolue en temps pour l'étude de la dynamique femtoseconde du proton en phase liquide, pp.63-174, 2003.

S. Andersson, T. P. Goumans, and A. Arnaldsson, Tunneling in hydrogen and deuterium atom addition to CO at low temperatures, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.513, issue.1-3, pp.31-36, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.07.073

C. Angell, Glass formation and glass transition in supercooled liquids, with insights from study of related phenomena in crystals, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol.354, issue.42-44, pp.4703-4712, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2008.05.054

C. A. Angell, AMORPHOUS WATER, Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, vol.55, issue.1, pp.559-583, 2004.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.physchem.55.091602.094156

A. Bacmann, B. Lefloch, C. Ceccarelli, J. Steinacker, A. Castets et al., CO Depletion and Deuterium Fractionation in Prestellar Cores, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.585, issue.1, pp.55-58, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/374263

S. Bahr, C. Toubin, and V. Kempter, Interaction of methanol with amorphous solid water, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.128, issue.13, pp.134712-85, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2901970

J. D. Bernal and R. H. Fowler, A Theory of Water and Ionic Solution, with Particular Reference to Hydrogen and Hydroxyl Ions, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.1, issue.8, pp.515-548, 1933.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1749327

J. Bertie, Infrared intensities of liquids XXI : integrated absorption intensities of CH 3 OH, CH 3 OD, CD 3 OH and CD 3 OD and dipole moment derivatives of methanol, Journal of Molecular Structure, vol.413, pp.333-363, 1997.

S. N. Bhat, A. Sharma, and S. V. Bhat, Vitrification and Glass Transition of Water: Insights from Spin Probe ESR, Physical Review Letters, vol.95, issue.23, pp.95-235702, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.235702

O. Biham, I. Furman, N. Katz, V. Pirronello, and G. Vidali, H2 formation on interstellar grains in different physical regimes, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.296, issue.4, pp.869-872, 1998.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-8711.1998.01427.x

S. E. Bisschop, J. K. Jørgensen, E. F. Van-dishoeck, and E. B. De-wachter, Testing grain-surface chemistry in massive hot-core regions, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.465, issue.3, pp.913-929, 2007.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20065963

A. C. Boogert, G. A. Blake, and K. Öberg, Methane Abundance Variations toward the Massive Protostar NGC 7538 IRS 9, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.615, issue.1, pp.615-344, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/423979

F. Borget, Etude de l'Adsorption de l'Ozone et du Cyanoacétylène sur une Surface de Glace d'Eau : un Modèle de Chimie du Milieu Interstellaire, 2000.

S. Bottinelli, A. Boogert, A. C. Bouwman, J. Beckwith, M. Van-dishoeck et al., The c2d Spitzer Spectroscopic Survey of Ices Around Lowmass Young Stellar Objects. IV. NH 3 and CH 3 OH, The Astrophysical Journal, pp.718-1100, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00398501

P. Bruna, D. Crespo, R. González-cinca, and E. Pineda, On the validity of Avrami formalism in primary crystallization, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.100, issue.5, pp.54907-122, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2337407

S. Capaccioli and K. L. Ngai, Resolving the controversy on the glass transition temperature of water?, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.135, issue.10, pp.104504-86, 2011.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3633242

P. Caselli, T. Stantcheva, O. Shalabiea, V. I. Shematovich, and E. Herbst, Deuterium fractionation on interstellar grains studied with modified rate equations and a Monte Carlo approach, Planetary and Space Science, vol.50, issue.12-13, pp.1257-1266, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00092-2

F. Cavillon, Caractérisation de la liaison hydrogène dans des systèmes moléculaires d'intérêt biologique par diffusion de neutrons, pp.84-116, 2004.

S. Cazaux and A. G. Tielens, H 2 Formation on Grain Surfaces, Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union, vol.1, issue.S231, pp.222-237, 2004.
DOI : 10.1017/S1743921306007344

S. Cazaux, P. Caselli, and M. Spaans, INTERSTELLAR ICES AS WITNESSES OF STAR FORMATION: SELECTIVE DEUTERATION OF WATER AND ORGANIC MOLECULES UNVEILED, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.741, issue.2, 2011.
DOI : 10.1088/2041-8205/741/2/L34

C. Ceccarelli, A. Castets, L. Loinard, E. Caux, and A. G. Tielens, Detection of doubly deuterated formaldehyde towards the low-luminosity protostar IRAS 16293-2422, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.338, pp.43-46, 1998.

C. Ceccarelli, P. Caselli, E. Herbst, A. G. Tielens, and E. Caux, Extreme Deuteration and Hot Corinos : The Earliest Chemical Signatures of Low-Mass Star Formation, Protostars and Planets V, pp.47-62, 2007.

Q. Chang, H. M. Cuppen, and E. Herbst, Effective rate coefficients for molecular hydrogen formation in diffuse interstellar clouds, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.458, issue.2, pp.497-505, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20065913

Q. Chang, H. M. Cuppen, and E. Herbst, Gas-grain chemistry in cold interstellar cloud cores with??a??microscopic Monte Carlo approach to surface chemistry, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.469, issue.3, pp.973-983, 2007.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20077423

S. B. Charnley and S. D. Rodgers, Clouds, Clumps, Cores, and Comets -a Cosmic Chemical Connection ? Advances in Geosciences, Planetary Science (PS), vol.15, issue.15, p.211, 2009.

S. B. Charnley, A. G. Tielens, and S. D. Rodgers, Deuterated Methanol in the Orion Compact Ridge, L203+. (Cité en pages 20, pp.31-132, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/310697

L. M. Chernin and M. C. Wright, High-Resolution CO Observations of the Molecular Outflow in the Orion IRc2 Region, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.467, pp.676-149, 1996.
DOI : 10.1086/177643

W. B. Collier, Spectroscopically evaluated rates and energies for proton transfer and Bjerrum defect migration in cubic ice, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.88, issue.3, pp.85-117, 1983.
DOI : 10.1021/j150647a008

A. Coutens, C. Vastel, E. Caux, and C. Ceccarelli, & Herschel Chess Team Study of deuterated water in the low-mass protostar IRAS16293-2422, Pages 139P?+ of : IAU Symposium. IAU Symposium, pp.28-29, 2011.

N. Crimier, C. Ceccarelli, B. Lefloch, and A. Faure, Physical structure and water line spectrum predictions of the intermediate mass protostar OMC2-FIR4, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.506, issue.3, pp.1229-1241, 2009.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/200911651

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00479945

N. Crimier, C. Ceccarelli, T. Alonso-albi, A. Fuente, P. Caselli et al., Physical structure of the envelopes of intermediate-mass protostars, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.516, issue.133, pp.102-137, 2010.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/200913499

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00631895

J. Crovisier, D. Bockelée-morvan, P. Colom, N. Biver, D. Despois et al., & the Team for target-of-opportunity radio observations of comets The composition of ices in comet C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) from radio spectroscopy. Further results and upper limits on undetected species, Astronomy and Astrophysics, pp.418-1141, 2004.

H. M. Cuppen and E. Herbst, Simulation of the Formation and Morphology of Ice Mantles on Interstellar Grains, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.668, issue.1, pp.294-309, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/521014

E. Dartois, W. Schutte, T. R. Geballe, K. Demyk, P. Ehrenfreund et al., Methanol : The second most abundant ice species towards the high-mass protostars RAFGL7009S and W33A, Astronomy and Astrophysics, pp.342-374, 1999.

E. Dartois, W. Thi, T. R. Geballe, D. Deboffle, L. Hendecourt et al., O abundances, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.399, issue.3, pp.1009-1020, 2003.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20021558

M. De-koning, A. Antonelli, A. J. Da-silva, and A. Fazzio, Orientational Defects in Ice Ih: An Interpretation of Electrical Conductivity Measurements, Physical Review Letters, vol.96, issue.7, pp.75501-182, 2006.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.075501

J. P. Devlin and H. H. Richardson, FT???IR investigation of proton transfer in irradiated ice at 90 K in the absence of mobile bjerrum defects, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.81, issue.7, pp.3250-3255, 1984.
DOI : 10.1063/1.448034

J. P. Devlin, P. J. Wooldridge, and G. Ritzhaupt, O, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.84, issue.11, pp.6095-6100, 1986.
DOI : 10.1063/1.450799

B. T. Draine, Interstellar Dust Grains, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.41, issue.1, pp.241-289, 2003.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.astro.41.011802.094840

P. Ehrenfreund, E. Dartois, K. Demyk, and L. Hendecourt, Ice segregation toward massive protostars, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.339, pp.17-20, 1998.

P. Ehrenfreund, W. Irvine, L. Becker, J. Blank, J. R. Brucato et al., & International Space Science Institute ISSI-Team Astrophysical and astrochemical insights into the origin of life, Reports on Progress in Physics, pp.65-1427, 2002.

D. S. Eisenberg, The structure and properties of water, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198570264.001.0001

M. A. Everest and C. J. Pursell, Isotope exchange of D2O on H2O ice: Surface versus bulk reactivity, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.115, issue.21, pp.9843-9847, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1414316

L. Favergeon, Etude de la germination en surface dans les transformations chimiques des solides-Cas de la déshydratation du sulfate de lithium monohydraté, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne. (Cité en, pp.71-184, 2006.

M. Fisher and J. P. Devlin, Defect Activity in Amorphous Ice From Isotopic Echange Data : Insight into the Glass Transition, J.Phys.Chem, pp.11584-11590, 1995.

N. Fourikis, K. Takagi, and S. Saito, Probable detection of interstellar methylamine-D /CH3NHD/, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.212, pp.33-37, 1977.
DOI : 10.1086/182369

P. Friberg, A. Hjalmarson, S. C. Madden, and W. M. Irvine, Methanol in dark clouds, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.195, pp.281-289, 1988.

Ó. Gálvez, B. Maté, V. J. Herrero, and R. Escribano, HDO INFRARED DETECTION SENSITIVITY AND D/H ISOTOPIC EXCHANGE IN AMORPHOUS AND CRYSTALLINE ICE, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.738, issue.2, pp.133-109, 2011.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/738/2/133

D. Gao, Acidities of Water and Methanol in Aqueous Solution and DMSO, Journal of Chemical Education, vol.86, issue.7, p.864, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/ed086p864

R. Garrod, I. H. Park, P. Caselli, and E. Herbst, Are gas-phase models of interstellar chemistry tenable? The case of methanol, Faraday Discussions, vol.443, issue.19, pp.51-51, 2006.
DOI : 10.1039/b516202e

R. T. Garrod and E. Herbst, Formation of methyl formate and other organic species in the warm-up phase of hot molecular cores, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.457, issue.3, pp.927-936, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20065560

P. D. Gensheimer, R. Mauersberger, and T. L. Wilson, Water in galactic hot cores, Astronomy and Astrophysics, pp.314-281, 1996.

S. M. George and F. E. Livingston, DYNAMIC ICE SURFACE IN THE POLAR STRATOSPHERE, Surface Review and Letters, vol.04, issue.04, pp.771-780, 1997.
DOI : 10.1142/S0218625X97000754

W. D. Geppert, M. Hamberg, R. D. Thomas, F. Österdahl, F. Hellberg et al., Dissociative recombination of protonated methanol, Faraday Discuss., vol.288, p.177, 2006.
DOI : 10.1039/B516010C

P. A. Gerakines, M. H. Moore, and R. L. Hudson, Carbonic acid production in H 2 O :CO 2 ices. UV photolysis vs. proton bombardment, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.357, pp.793-800, 2000.

D. Gerlich, E. Herbst, and E. Roueff, H3++HD???H2D++H2: low-temperature laboratory measurements and interstellar implications, Planetary and Space Science, vol.50, issue.12-13, pp.1275-1285, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00094-6

E. L. Gibb, D. C. Whittet, A. C. Boogert, and A. G. Tielens, Legacy, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol.151, issue.1, pp.35-73, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/381182

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00398303

R. P. Goehner, Background subtract subroutine for spectral data, Analytical Chemistry, vol.50, issue.8, pp.1223-1225, 1978.
DOI : 10.1021/ac50030a055

V. I. Goldanskii, Interstellar grains as possible cold seeds of life, Nature, vol.183, issue.5629, pp.269-583, 1977.
DOI : 10.1038/269583a0

P. F. Goldsmith and W. D. Langer, Population Diagram Analysis of Molecular Line Emission, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.517, issue.1, pp.209-225, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/307195

F. O. Goodman, Formation of hydrogen molecules on interstellar grain surfaces, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.226, pp.87-94, 1978.
DOI : 10.1086/156588

K. Goto, T. Hondoh, and A. Higashi, Determination of Diffusion Coefficients of Self-Interstitials in Ice with a New Method of Observing Climb of Dislocations by X-Ray Topography, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol.25, issue.Part 1, No. 3, pp.25-351, 1986.
DOI : 10.1143/JJAP.25.351

R. J. Gould and E. E. Salpeter, The Interstellar Abundance of the Hydrogen Molecule. I. Basic Processes., The Astrophysical Journal, vol.138, issue.19, pp.393-403, 1963.
DOI : 10.1086/147654

T. P. Goumans, Isotope effects for formaldehyde plus hydrogen addition and abstraction reactions: rate calculations including tunnelling, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.413, issue.4, pp.2615-2620, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.18329.x

T. R. Govers, L. Mattera, and G. Scoles, Molecular beam experiments on the sticking and accommodation of molecular hydrogen on a low???temperature substrate, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.72, issue.10, pp.5446-5455, 1980.
DOI : 10.1063/1.439013

J. M. Greenberg, The Structure and Evolution of Interstellar Grains, Scientific American, vol.250, issue.6, pp.124-133, 1984.
DOI : 10.1038/scientificamerican0684-124

P. R. Griffiths, . De-haseth, and A. James, Fourier transform infrared spectrometry, Science, vol.222, issue.4621, pp.39-40, 1986.
DOI : 10.1126/science.6623077

R. J. Grim and L. B. Hendecourt, Time-dependent chemistry in dense molecular clouds. IV -Interstellar grain surface reactions inferred from a matrix isolation study, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.167, pp.161-165, 1986.

W. Hage, A. Hallbrucker, E. Mayer, and G. P. Johari, Crystallization kinetics of water below 150 K, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.100, issue.4, pp.2743-2747, 1994.
DOI : 10.1063/1.466468

W. Hagen, The librational region in the spectrum of amorphous solid water and ice Ic between 10 and 140 K. Spectrochimica Acta Part A : Molecular Spectroscopy, pp.1089-1094, 1982.

B. C. Hancock and G. Zografi, Characteristics and Significance of the Amorphous State in Pharmaceutical Systems, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, vol.86, issue.1, pp.1-12, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/js9601896

P. Hartogh, D. C. Lis, D. Bockelée-morvan, M. De-val-borro, N. Biver et al., Ocean-like water in the Jupiter-family comet 103P/Hartley 2, Nature, vol.615, issue.7368, pp.478-218, 2011.
DOI : 10.1038/nature10519

T. I. Hasegawa, E. Herbst, and C. M. Leung, Models of gas-grain chemistry in dense interstellar clouds with complex organic molecules, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol.82, issue.16, pp.167-195, 1992.
DOI : 10.1086/191713

E. Herbst and Y. Osamura, H Anions in Interstellar and Circumstellar Media, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.679, issue.2, pp.1670-1679, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/587803

H. Hidaka, N. Watanabe, T. Shiraki, A. Nagaoka, and A. Kouchi, Conversion of H 2 CO to CH 3 OH by Reactions of Cold Atomic Hydrogen on Ice Surfaces below 20 K, The Astrophysical Journal, pp.614-1124, 2004.

H. Hidaka, A. Kouchi, and N. Watanabe, Temperature, composition, and hydrogen isotope effect in the hydrogenation of CO on amorphous ice surface at 10???20K, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.126, issue.20, pp.204707-204731, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2735573

H. Hidaka, M. Watanabe, A. Kouchi, and N. Watanabe, Hydrogen isotope exchange and H(D) atom addition reaction of solid formaldehyde on amorphous solid water at low temperatures, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol.194, issue.13, p.132024, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/1742-6596/194/13/132024

D. Hollenbach and E. E. Salpeter, Surface Adsorption of Light Gas Atoms, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.53, issue.1, pp.79-86, 1970.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1673836

D. Hollenbach and E. E. Salpeter, Surface Recombination of Hydrogen Molecules, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.163, p.155, 1971.
DOI : 10.1086/150754

J. M. Hollis, F. J. Lovas, A. J. Remijan, P. R. Jewell, V. V. Ilyushin et al., ): The Largest Interstellar Molecule with a Peptide Bond, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.643, issue.1, pp.25-28, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/505110

F. Hoyle and W. A. Fowler, On the Origin of Deuterium, Nature, vol.21, issue.5389, pp.241-384, 1973.
DOI : 10.1038/241384a0

R. L. Hudson and M. H. Moore, Laboratory Studies of the Formation of Methanol and Other Organic Molecules by Water+Carbon Monoxide Radiolysis: Relevance to Comets, Icy Satellites, and Interstellar Ices, Icarus, vol.140, issue.2, pp.451-461, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.1999.6144

S. Ioppolo, G. W. Fuchs, S. E. Bisschop, E. F. Van-dishoeck, and H. Linnartz, Laboratory study of CO ice hydrogenation, Molecules in Space and Laboratory. (Cité en page, 2007.

J. Shelly and . Schmidt, Water and Solids Mobility in Foods, pp.1-101, 2004.

T. Jacq, C. M. Walmsley, R. Mauersberger, T. Anderson, E. Herbst et al., Detection of Interstellar CH 2 DOH, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.30, issue.133, pp.271-276, 1993.

K. B. Jefferts, A. A. Penzias, and R. W. Wilson, Deuterium in the Orion Nebula, L57+. (Cité en page 21, 1973.
DOI : 10.1086/181116

E. B. Jenkins and A. Peimbert, Molecular Hydrogen in the Direction of zeta Orionis A, The Astrophysical Journal, pp.477-265, 1997.

P. Jenniskens and D. F. Blake, Structural transitions in amorphous water ice and astrophysical implications, Science, vol.265, issue.5173, pp.753-756, 1994.
DOI : 10.1126/science.11539186

P. Jenniskens and D. F. Blake, Crystallization of Amorphous Water Ice in the Solar System, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.473, issue.2, pp.473-1104, 1996.
DOI : 10.1086/178220

P. Jenniskens, D. F. Blake, M. A. Wilson, and A. Pohorille, High-Density Amorphous Ice, the Frost on Interstellar Grains, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.455, issue.180, pp.389-81, 1995.
DOI : 10.1086/176585

P. Jenniskens, S. F. Banham, D. F. Blake, and M. R. Mccoustra, Liquid water in the domain of cubic crystalline ice Ic, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.107, issue.4, pp.1232-1241, 1997.
DOI : 10.1063/1.474468

G. P. Johari, Amorphous solid water???s isotopic exchange kinetics, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.117, issue.6, pp.2782-2789, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1490593

G. P. Johari, State of water at 136 K determined by its relaxation time, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.171, issue.6, pp.86-178, 1091.
DOI : 10.1039/b500640f

A. P. Jones, Interstellar and circumstellar grain formation and survival, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.359, issue.1787, pp.1961-1973, 2001.
DOI : 10.1098/rsta.2001.0890

J. K. Jørgensen and E. F. Van-dishoeck, O RATIO IN GAS IN THE INNER REGIONS OF A LOW-MASS PROTOSTAR, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.725, issue.2, pp.172-175, 2010.
DOI : 10.1088/2041-8205/725/2/L172

J. K. Jørgensen, F. L. Schöier, and E. F. Van-dishoeck, OH abundances in the envelopes around low-mass protostars, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.437, issue.2, pp.501-515, 2005.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20042060

M. Jura, Interstellar clouds containing optically thick H2, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.197, pp.581-586, 1975.
DOI : 10.1086/153546

H. Kawanowa, Hydration and H/D exchange of CH 3 OH adsorbed on the D 2 O ice surface studied by time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF- SIMS), Surface Science, vol.566, pp.1190-1195, 2004.

B. Kerkeni and D. C. Clary, rate constants from hyperspherical quantum scattering: Application to H+C2H6 and H+CH3OH, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.121, issue.14, pp.6809-6821, 2004.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1789472

G. R. Knapp and F. J. Kerr, The galactic gas-to-dust ratio from observations of eighty-one globular clusters, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.35, pp.361-379, 1974.

T. Kondo, H. S. Kato, M. Bonn, and M. Kawai, Deposition and crystallization studies of thin amorphous solid water films on Ru(0001) and on CO-precovered Ru(0001), The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.127, issue.9, p.94703, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2770726

C. Laffon, S. Lacombe, F. Bournel, . Parent, and . Ph, Radiation effects in water ice: A near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure study, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.125, issue.20, p.204714, 2006.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2395937

L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Quantum mechanics, 1965.

C. Lee, . Lee, . Poong-ryul, . Dr, and . Heon-kang-prof, Protons at Ice surfaces, J.Phys.Chem, pp.5529-5533, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/anie.200601317

C. Lee, . Lee, . Poong-ryul, . Kim, . Young-kwang et al., Mechanistic study of proton transfer and H???D exchange in ice films at low temperatures (100???140K), The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.127, issue.8, pp.84701-85, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2759917

R. M. Lees and J. G. Baker, Torsion???Vibration???Rotation Interactions in Methanol. I. Millimeter Wave Spectrum, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.48, issue.12, pp.5299-5318, 1968.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1668221

R. M. Lees, F. J. Lovas, W. H. Kirchhoff, and D. R. Johnson, Microwave Spectra of Molecules of Astrophysical Interest: III. Methanol, Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data, vol.2, issue.2, pp.205-142, 1973.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3253116

J. Lequeux, Le milieu interstellaire, pp.143-173, 2002.

C. Levi, J. Martin, and I. Bar, Fundamental vibrational frequencies and dominant resonances in methylamine isotopologues by ab initio and density functional theory methods, J Comput Chem, pp.1268-1276, 2008.

J. L. Linsky, Atomic Deuterium/Hydrogen in the Galaxy, Space Science Reviews, vol.106, pp.49-60, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-010-0145-8_4

F. Liu, B. Parise, L. Kristensen, R. Visser, E. F. Van-dishoeck et al., Water deuterium fractionation in the low-mass protostar NGC1333-IRAS2A, A19+. (Cité en pages, pp.28-35, 2011.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201015519

F. E. Livingston, G. C. Whipple, and S. M. George, Diffusion of HDO into singlecrystal (H 2 O)-O-16 ice multilayers : Comparison with (H 2 O)-O-18, J.Phys.Chem, pp.6127-6131, 1997.

C. Lobban, J. L. Finney, and W. F. Kuhs, The structure of a new phase of ice, Nature, pp.391-268, 1998.

L. Loinard, A. Castets, C. Ceccarelli, A. G. Tielens, A. Faure et al., The enormous abundance of D 2 CO in IRAS 16293-2422, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.359, pp.1169-1174, 2000.

A. Luca, D. Voulot, and D. Gerlich, Low temperature reactions between stored ions and condensable gases : formation of protonated methanol via radiative association, WDS'02 Proceedings of the Contributed Papers Part II, pp.294-300, 2002.

J. M. Macleod, L. W. Avery, N. W. Broten, and T. Oka, Failure to confirm the existence of interstellar methylamine-D /CH3NHD/, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.231, pp.401-403, 1979.
DOI : 10.1086/157203

Y. Maréchal, The Hydrogen Bond and the Water Molecule. (Cité en page 176, 2007.

Y. Maréchal, The molecular structure of liquid water delivered by absorption spectroscopy in the whole IR region completed with thermodynamics data, Journal of Molecular Structure, vol.1004, issue.1-3, pp.146-155, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.07.054

S. Maret, C. Ceccarelli, A. G. Tielens, E. Caux, B. Lefloch et al., CH 3 OH abundance in low mass protostars, Astronomy and Astrophysics, pp.442-527, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00398191

R. Mauersberger, C. Henkel, T. Jacq, and C. M. Walmsley, Deuterated methanol in Orion, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.194, pp.1-4, 1988.

W. H. Mccrea and D. Mcnally, The Formation of Population I Stars, Part II. The Formation of Molecular Hydrogen in Interstellar Matter, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.121, issue.2, pp.238-163, 1960.
DOI : 10.1093/mnras/121.2.238

M. R. Mcdowell, On the formation of H 2 in H I regions. The Observatory, pp.240-243, 1961.

R. Meier, T. C. Owen, H. E. Matthews, D. C. Jewitt, D. Bockelee-morvan et al., A Determination of the HDO/H 2 O Ratio in Comet C, Science, vol.1, pp.279-842, 1995.

R. Meier, T. C. Owen, D. C. Jewitt, H. E. Matthews, M. Senay et al., Detection of DCN, Deuterium in Comet C/1995 O1, pp.279-1707, 1998.

K. M. Menten, C. M. Walmsley, C. Henkel, and T. L. Wilson, Methanol in the Orion region. I -Millimeter-wave observations. II -The 25 GHz masers revisited, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.198, pp.253-273, 1988.

. Meot-ner, . Michael, . Sieck, and . Wayne, Relative acidities of water and methanol and the stabilities of the dimer anions, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.90, issue.25, pp.6687-6690, 1986.
DOI : 10.1021/j100283a019

T. J. Millar, Modelling deuterium fractionation in interstellar clouds, Planetary and Space Science, vol.50, issue.12-13, pp.1189-1195, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0032-0633(02)00082-X

F. J. Molster, I. Yamamura, L. B. Waters, A. G. Tielens, T. De-graauw et al., Low-temperature crystallization of silicate dust in circumstellar disks, Nature, pp.401-563, 1999.

E. Moon, C. Lee, and H. Kang, Proton mobility in thin ice films: a revisit, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.121, issue.32, pp.4814-85, 2008.
DOI : 10.1039/b807730b

M. H. Moore, R. L. Hudson, and P. A. Gerakines, Mid- and far-infrared spectroscopic studies of the influence of temperature, ultraviolet photolysis and ion irradiation on cosmic-type ices, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, vol.57, issue.4, pp.843-858, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1386-1425(00)00448-0

S. Morisset, Dynanmique de la formation d'hydrogène moléculaire sur une poussière interstellaire, 2004.

H. S. Müller, S. Thorwirth, D. A. Roth, and G. Winnewisser, The Cologne Database for Molecular Spectroscopy, CDMS, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.370, issue.3, pp.49-52, 2001.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20010367

H. S. Müller, K. M. Menten, and H. Mäder, Accurate rest frequencies of methanol maser and dark cloud lines, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.428, issue.3, pp.1019-1026, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20041384

A. Nagaoka, N. Watanabe, and A. Kouchi, H-D Substitution in Interstellar Solid Methanol: A Key Route for D Enrichment, L29?L32. (Cité en pages 32, pp.35-127, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/430304

A. H. Narten, C. G. Venkatesh, and S. A. Rice, Dif- fraction pattern and structure of amorphous solid water at 10, 1976.

Y. Osamura, H. Roberts, and E. Herbst, On the possible interconversion between pairs of deuterated isotopomers of methanol, its ion, and its protonated ion in star-forming regions, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.421, issue.3, pp.1101-1111, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20035762

B. Parise, Deuteration in low-mass protostars, pp.29-143, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009303

B. Parise, C. Ceccarelli, A. G. Tielens, E. Herbst, B. Lefloch et al., Detection of doubly-deuterated methanol in the solar-type protostar IRAS???16293-2422, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.393, issue.3, pp.393-442, 2002.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20021131

B. Parise, T. Simon, E. Caux, E. Dartois, C. Ceccarelli et al., Search for solid HDO in low-mass protostars, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.410, issue.3, pp.897-904, 2003.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20031277

B. Parise, A. Castets, E. Herbst, E. Caux, C. Ceccarelli et al., First detection of triply-deuterated methanol, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.416, issue.1, pp.159-163, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20034490

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00000808

B. Parise, E. Caux, A. Castets, C. Ceccarelli, L. Loinard et al., HDO abundance in the envelope of the solar-type protostar IRAS??16293???2422, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.431, issue.2, pp.431-547, 2005.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20041899

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00398122

B. Parise, C. Ceccarelli, A. G. Tielens, A. Castets, E. Caux et al., Testing grain surface chemistry: a survey of deuterated formaldehyde and methanol in low-mass class 0 protostars, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.453, issue.3, pp.949-958, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20054476

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00109405

S. Park, K. Jung, and H. Kang, H/D isotopic exchange between water molecules at ice surfaces, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.121, issue.6, pp.2765-2774, 2004.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1770548

S. Park, E. Moon, and H. Kang, Some fundamental properties and reactions of ice surfaces at low temperatures, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, vol.713, issue.38, pp.12000-115, 2010.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3457379

P. S. Peters, D. Duflot, A. Faure, C. Kahane, C. Ceccarelli et al., Theoretical Investigation of the Isomerization of trans- HCOH to H 2 CO : An Example of a Water-Catalyzed Reaction, J. Phys. Chem. A, pp.8983-8989, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00880680

E. Pines and D. Huppert, Kinetics of proton transfer in ice via the pH-jump method: Evaluation of the proton diffusion rate in polycrystalline doped ice, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.116, issue.4, pp.295-301, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2614(85)80172-X

V. Pirronello, W. L. Brown, L. J. Lanzerotti, K. J. Marcantonio, and E. H. Simmons, Formaldehyde formation in a H 2 O/CO 2 ice mixture under irradiation by fast ions, The Astrophysical Journal, pp.262-636, 1982.

E. Plummer, Collective oscillations at a surface or in a thin film, Solid State Communications, vol.84, issue.1-2, pp.143-146, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1098(92)90312-W

K. M. Pontoppidan, E. Dartois, E. F. Van-dishoeck, W. Thi, and L. Hendecourt, Detection of abundant solid methanol toward young low mass stars, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.404, issue.1, pp.17-20, 2003.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20030617

T. Pradell, D. Crespo, N. Clavaguera, and M. T. Clavaguera-mora, Diffusion controlled grain growth in primary crystallization: Avrami exponents revisited, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.10, issue.17, pp.3833-3844, 1998.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/10/17/014

E. Quirico and B. Schmitt, A Spectroscopic Study of CO Diluted in N2Ice: Applications for Triton and Pluto, Icarus, vol.128, issue.1, pp.181-188, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.1997.5710

E. Quirico and B. Schmitt, Near-Infrared Spectroscopy of Simple Hydrocarbons and Carbon Oxides Diluted in Solid N2and as Pure Ices: Implications for Triton and Pluto, Icarus, vol.127, issue.2, pp.354-378, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/icar.1996.5663

E. Quirico, Etudes spectroscopiques proche infrarouges de solides moléculaires Application à l'étude des surfaces glacées de Triton et Pluton, 1995.

M. S. Rahman, Food Properties Handbook, 1995.

J. Ramanlal and J. Tennyson, system, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.354, issue.1, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08178.x

A. Ratajczak, E. Quirico, A. Faure, B. Schmitt, and C. Ceccarelli, Hydrogen/deuterium exchange in interstellar ice analogs, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.496, issue.2, pp.21-24, 2009.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/200911679

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-00363349

A. Ratajczak, V. Taquet, C. Kahane, C. Ceccarelli, A. Faure et al., The puzzling deuteration of methanol in low- to high-mass protostars, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.528, pp.528-541, 2011.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201016402

S. Raunier, T. Chiavassa, F. Duvernay, F. Borget, J. P. Aycard et al., Tentative identification of urea and formamide in ISO-SWS infrared spectra of interstellar ices, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.416, issue.1, pp.416-165, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20034558

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00367617

A. Remijan, Y. Shiao, D. N. Friedel, D. S. Meier, and L. E. Snyder, A Survey of Large Molecules of Biological Interest toward Selected High???Mass Star???forming Regions, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.617, issue.1, pp.617-384, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/425266

P. Richet, Y. Bottinga, and M. Janoy, A Review of Hydrogen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Sulphur, and Chlorine Stable Isotope Fractionation Among Gaseous Molecules, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.5, issue.1, pp.65-110, 1977.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.000433

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01442296

M. Robberto, S. V. Beckwith, N. Panagia, S. G. Patel, T. M. Herbst et al., The Orion Nebula in the Mid-Infrared, The Astronomical Journal, vol.129, issue.3, pp.129-1534, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/428000

H. Roberts, Modelling of Deuterium Chemistry in Star-Forming Regions . Pages 27?36 of, Astrochemistry : Recent Successes and Current Challenges. IAU Symposium, pp.22-24, 2005.

H. Roberts and T. J. Millar, A survey of H + ] ratios towards protostellar cores, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.170, issue.2 2 2, pp.471-849, 2007.

H. Roberts, E. Herbst, and T. J. Millar, Enhanced Deuterium Fractionation in Dense Interstellar Cores Resulting from Multiply Deuterated H[FORMULA][F][SUP]+[/SUP][INF]3[/INF][/F][/FORMULA], The Astrophysical Journal, vol.591, issue.1, pp.41-44, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/376962

E. Roueff and M. Gerin, Deuterium in Molecules of the Interstellar Medium, Space Science Reviews, vol.106, pp.61-72, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-010-0145-8_5

E. Roueff, S. Tiné, L. H. Coudert, G. Pineau-des-forêts, E. Falgarone et al., Detection of doubly deuterated ammonia in L134N, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.354, pp.63-66, 2000.

R. H. Rubin, J. Swenson, G. W. Benson, R. C. Tigelaar, H. L. Flygare et al., Microwave Detection of Interstellar Formamide, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.169, pp.169-208, 1971.
DOI : 10.1086/180810

B. Schmitt, S. Espinasse, R. J. Grim, J. M. Greenberg, and J. Klinger, Laboratory studies of cometary ice analogues. Pages 65?69 of, Physics and Mechanics of Cometary Materials, pp.13-70, 1989.

B. Schmitt, S. R. Grim, J. M. Greenberg, and J. Klinger, Crystallization of water rich amorphous mixtures. Physics and Chemistry of Ice, pp.334-348, 1992.

F. H. Shu, Self-similar collapse of isothermal spheres and star formation, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.214, pp.488-497, 1977.
DOI : 10.1086/155274

K. S. Sidhu, S. Miller, and J. Tennyson, Partition functions and equilibrium constants for H + 3 and H 2 D +, Astronomy and Astrophysics, pp.255-453, 1992.

R. T. Skodje, D. G. Truhlar, and B. C. Garrett, A general smallcurvatureapproximation for transition-state-theory transmission coefficients, 1981.

I. W. Smith, E. Herbst, and Q. Chang, Rapid neutral-neutral reactions at low temperatures: a new network and first results for TMC-1, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.350, issue.1, pp.323-330, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07656.x

P. M. Solomon and N. J. Woolf, Interstellar Deuterium : Chemical Fractionation, L89+. (Cité en, p.23, 1973.
DOI : 10.1086/181159

R. Souda, Solvation of CH3NH2, CD3OD, and D2O molecules studied by temperature-programmed TOF???SIMS, Surface Science, vol.547, issue.3, pp.403-409, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.susc.2003.10.023

R. Souda, Temperature-programmed time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry study of hydration of ammonia and formic acid adsorbed on the water???ice surface, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.119, issue.5, pp.2774-2779, 2003.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1587692

R. Souda, Glass Transition and Intermixing of Amorphous Water and Methanol, Physical Review Letters, vol.93, issue.23, pp.235502-85, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.235502

R. Souda, Kinetics of the glass???liquid transition of water, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.415, issue.1-3, pp.415-146, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.08.126

R. Souda, H. Kawanowa, M. Kondo, and Y. Gotoh, Hydrogen bonding between water and methanol studied by temperature-programmed time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.119, issue.12, pp.6194-6200, 2003.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1602055

T. Stantcheva, V. I. Shematovich, and E. Herbst, On the master equation approach to diffusive grain-surface chemistry: The H, O, CO system, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.391, issue.3, pp.1069-1080, 2002.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20020838

K. P. Stevenson, G. A. Kimmel, Z. Dohnalek, R. S. Smith, and B. D. Kay, Controlling the Morphology of Amorphous Solid Water, Science, vol.283, issue.5407, pp.1505-50, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.283.5407.1505

A. Taillandier, Evolution de la surface spécifique de la neige. Etudes expérimentales et de terrain, paramétrisation, 2006.

V. Taquet, C. Ceccarelli, and C. Kahane, Multilayer modeling of porous grain surface chemistry I. The GRAINOBLE model. ArXiv e-prints, pp.20-122, 2011.

D. Tareste, F. Pincet, E. Perez, S. Rickling, C. Mioskowski et al., Energy of Hydrogen Bonds Probed by the Adhesion of Functionalized Lipid Layers, Biophysical Journal, vol.83, issue.6, pp.3675-3681, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75367-8

W. Thi, P. Woitke, and I. Kamp, Warm non-equilibrium gas phase chemistry as a possible origin of high HDO/H2O ratios in hot and dense gases: application to inner protoplanetary discs, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.407, issue.1, pp.407-232, 2010.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16162.x

A. Tielens, Dust in Dense Clouds Page 239 of, Interstellar Dust. IAU Symposium, 1989.

A. G. Tielens, Surface chemistry of deuterated molecules, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.119, issue.27, pp.177-184, 1983.

A. G. Tielens, The Physics and Chemistry of the Interstellar Medium, pp.22-24, 2005.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511819056

A. G. Tielens and L. J. Allamandola, Composition, structure, and chemistry of interstellar dust. Pages 397?469 of, Interstellar Processes, 1987.

A. G. Tielens and W. Hagen, Model calculations of the molecular composition of interstellar grain mantles, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.114, pp.245-260, 1982.

F. Trotta, Détermination des constantes optiques de glaces dans l'IR moyen et lointain -Application aux grains du milieu interstellaire et des enveloppes circumstellaires, 1996.

M. Tuckerman, K. Laasonen, M. Sprik, and M. Parrinello, molecular dynamics simulation of the solvation and transport of hydronium and hydroxyl ions in water, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.103, issue.1, pp.150-161, 1995.
DOI : 10.1063/1.469654

B. E. Turner, Detection of doubly deuterated interstellar formaldehyde (D2CO) - an indicator of active grain surface chemistry, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.362, issue.27, pp.29-33, 1990.
DOI : 10.1086/185840

B. E. Turner, The Physics and Chemistry of Small Translucent Molecular Clouds. X. SiO, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.495, issue.2, pp.731-748, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/305319

B. E. Turner and D. A. Lubowich, H 2 CO in IC 443G -Unusual excitation and a diagnostic of shock astrochemistry, The Astrophysical Journal, pp.381-173, 1991.

N. Uras-aytemiz, C. Joyce, and J. P. Devlin, Protonic and Bjerrum defect activity near the surface of ice at T<145 K, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.115, issue.21, pp.9835-9842, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1414315

F. F. Van-der-tak, E. F. Van-dishoeck, and P. Caselli, Abundance profiles of CH 3 OH and H 2 CO toward massive young stars as tests of gas-grain chemical models, Astronomy and Astrophysics, pp.361-327, 2000.

E. F. Van-dishoeck and G. A. Blake, CHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF STAR-FORMING REGIONS, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.36, issue.1, pp.317-368, 1998.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.astro.36.1.317

E. F. Van-dishoeck, G. A. Blake, D. J. Jansen, and T. D. Groesbeck, Molecular Abundances and Low-Mass Star Formation. II. Organic and Deuterated Species toward IRAS 16293-2422, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.447, pp.447-760, 1995.
DOI : 10.1086/175915

V. Velikov, S. Borick, and C. A. Angell, The Glass Transition of Water, Based on Hyperquenching Experiments, Science, vol.294, issue.5550, pp.2335-2338, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1061757

G. L. Villanueva, M. J. Mumma, B. P. Bonev, D. Santi, M. A. Gibb et al., A SENSITIVE SEARCH FOR DEUTERATED WATER IN COMET 8P/TUTTLE, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.690, issue.1, pp.690-695, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/690/1/L5

S. Vyazovkin and C. A. Wight, KINETICS IN SOLIDS, Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, vol.48, issue.1, pp.48-125, 1997.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.physchem.48.1.125

A. Wada, N. Mochizuki, and K. Hiraoka, Ice at 10 K, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.644, issue.1, pp.300-306, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/503380

V. Wakelam, E. Herbst, and F. Selsis, The effect of uncertainties on chemical models of dark clouds, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.451, issue.2, pp.551-562, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20054682

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00017990

C. M. Walmsley, D. R. Flower, and G. Pineau-des-forêts, Complete depletion in prestellar cores, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.418, issue.3, pp.1035-1043, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20035718

URL : http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0402493

N. Watanabe, Formation and Deuterium Fractionation of Organic Molecules on Grain Surfaces. Pages 415?426 of, Astrochemistry : Recent Successes and Current Challenges. IAU Symposium, pp.33-34, 2005.

N. Watanabe and A. Kouchi, Efficient Formation of Formaldehyde and Methanol by the Addition of Hydrogen Atoms to CO in H 2 O-CO Ice at 10 K. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, pp.173-176, 2002.

N. Watanabe and A. Kouchi, Ice surface reactions: A key to chemical evolution in space, Progress in Surface Science, vol.83, issue.10-12, pp.439-489, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.progsurf.2008.10.001

N. Watanabe, T. Shiraki, and A. Kouchi, The Dependence of H 2 CO and CH 3 OH Formation on the Temperature and Thickness of H 2 O-CO Ice during the Successive Hydrogenation of CO, The Astrophysical Journal Letters, pp.588-121, 2003.

N. Watanabe, A. Nagaoka, T. Shiraki, and A. Kouchi, O Mixed Ice, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.616, issue.1, pp.616-638, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/424815

N. Watanabe, A. Nagaoka, H. Hidaka, T. Shiraki, T. Chigai et al., Dependence of the effective rate constants for the hydrogenation of CO on the temperature and composition of the surface, Planetary and Space Science, vol.54, issue.11, pp.54-1107, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pss.2006.05.019

N. Watanabe, H. Hidaka, and A. Kouchi, Relative Reaction Rates of Hydrogenation and Deuteration of Solid CO at Very Low Temperatures. Pages 122?127 of, Astrochemistry -From Laboratory Studies to Astronomical Observations. American Institute of Physics Conference Series, 2006.

N. Watanabe, O. Mouri, A. Nagaoka, T. Chigai, A. Kouchi et al., O???CO Ice Mixtures, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.668, issue.2, pp.668-1001, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/521421

A. S. Weber, R. Hodyss, P. V. Johnson, K. Willacy, and I. Kanik, HYDROGEN???DEUTERIUM EXCHANGE IN PHOTOLYZED METHANE???WATER ICES, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.703, issue.1, pp.1030-1033, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/1030

R. W. Wilson, A. A. Penzias, K. B. Jefferts, and P. M. Solomon, Interstellar Deuterium: the Hyperfine Structure of DCN, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.179, pp.107-128, 1973.
DOI : 10.1086/181127

P. J. Wooldridge and J. P. Devlin, O, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.88, issue.5, pp.3086-3091, 1988.
DOI : 10.1063/1.453952

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00295615

P. J. Wooldridge, H. H. Richardson, and J. P. Devlin, Mobile Bjerrum defects: A criterion for ice???like crystal growth, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.87, issue.7, pp.4126-4131, 1987.
DOI : 10.1063/1.452917

Y. Yue and C. A. Angell, Clarifying the glass-transition behaviour of water by comparison with hyperquenched inorganic glasses, Nature, vol.427, issue.6976, pp.427-717, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02295

J. L. Yun and D. P. Clemens, Star formation in small globules - Bart BOK was correct, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.365, pp.73-76, 1990.
DOI : 10.1086/185891