S. Pergolizzi, A. Santacaterina, M. Gaeta, and A. Blandino, Kaposi's sarcoma in young patients treated with orthovoltage irradiation and having a minimum follow-up of forty-six years, Tumori, issue.3, pp.95-325, 2009.

V. Wolstenholme and J. Glees, The Role of Kilovoltage X-rays in the Treatment of Skin Cancers, European Oncology & Haematology, issue.1, 2006.
DOI : 10.17925/EOH.2006.0.1.32

V. Askoxylakis, Radiotherapy of skin cancers, Expert Review of Dermatology, vol.5, issue.2, pp.173-181, 2010.
DOI : 10.1586/edm.10.12

E. A. Barnes, D. Breen, S. Culleton, L. Zhang, J. Kamra et al., Palliative Radiotherapy for Non-melanoma Skin Cancer, Clinical Oncology, vol.22, issue.10, pp.22-844, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.clon.2010.07.014

P. A. Evans, A. J. Moloney, and P. J. Mountford, Performance assessment of the Gulmay D3300 kilovoltage X-ray therapy unit, The British Journal of Radiology, vol.74, issue.882, pp.74-537, 2001.
DOI : 10.1259/bjr.74.882.740537

D. 'alimonte, L. , E. Sinclair, and S. Seed, Orthovoltage energies for palliative care in the 21st century: Is there a need? Radiography, pp.84-87, 2011.

M. Goblirsch, Radiation treatment decreases bone cancer pain, osteolysis and tumor size. Radiation research, pp.228-234, 2004.

D. J. Eaton, E. Barber, L. Ferguson, G. M. Simpson, and C. H. Collis, Radiotherapy treatment of keloid scars with a kilovoltage X-ray parallel pair, Radiotherapy and Oncology, vol.102, issue.3
DOI : 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.08.002

T. Kawase, E. Kunieda, H. M. Deloar, T. Tsunoo, S. Seki et al., Converging Stereotactic Radiotherapy Using Kilovoltage X-Rays: Experimental Irradiation of Normal Rabbit Lung and Dose???Volume Analysis With Monte Carlo Simulation, International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, vol.75, issue.2, pp.75-468, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.01.085

J. H. Rose, A. Norman, M. Ingram, C. Aoki, T. Solberg et al., First radiotherapy of human metastatic brain tumors delivered by a computerized tomography scanner (CTRx), International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics, vol.45, issue.5, pp.45-1127, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0360-3016(99)00347-8

. Hanlon, Kilovoltage stereotactic radiosurgery for age-related macular degeneration: Assessment of optic nerve dose and patient effective dose, Medical Physics, vol.248, issue.8, pp.36-48, 2009.
DOI : 10.1148/radiol.2481071451

W. N. Rahman, N. Bishara, T. Ackerly, C. F. He, P. Jackson et al., Enhancement of radiation effects by gold nanoparticles for superficial radiation therapy, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, vol.5, issue.2, pp.136-142, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nano.2009.01.014

A. Mesa, Dose distributions using kilovoltage x-rays and dose enhancement from iodine contrast agents, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.44, issue.8, pp.1955-1968, 1999.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/44/8/308

C. Boudou, J. Balosso, F. Estève, H. Elleaume, E. et al., Monte Carlo dosimetry for synchrotron stereotactic radiotherapy of brain tumours Relative biological effectiveness of 25 and 10 kV X-rays for the induction of chromosomal aberrations in two human mammary epithelial cell lines, Physics in Medicine and Biology Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, issue.203, pp.50-98, 2005.

A. Lehnert, W. Dörr, E. Lessmann, J. Pawelke-zlobinskaya, O. et al., RBE of 10 kV X Rays Determined for the Human Mammary Epithelial Cell Line MCF-12A. Radiation research Induction and repair of DNA double-strand breaks assessed by gamma-H2AX foci after irradiation with pulsed or continuous proton beams, Radiation and Environmental Biophysics, vol.169, issue.17, pp.330-336, 2008.

I. and R. Biological-effectiveness, Quality Factor (Q), and Radiation Weighting Factor (WR) ICRP Publication 92 AAPM protocol for 40--300 kV x-ray beam dosimetry in radiotherapy and radiobiology, Medical Physics, issue.6, pp.28-868, 2001.

W. Ksouri, Etude et réalisation des références dosimétriques nationales en termes de kerma dans l'air pour les faisceaux de rayons X de basses et moyennes énergies, 2009.

S. C. Klevenhagen, R. J. Aukett, R. M. Harrison, C. Moretti, A. E. Nahum et al., The IPEMB code of practice for the determination of absorbed dose for x-rays below 300 kV generating potential (0.035 mm Al-4 mm Cu HVL; 10-300 kV generating potential), Physics in Medicine and Biology, issue.12, pp.41-2605, 1996.

P. A. Andreo, M. T. Gillin, F. Lopez, D. F. Grimm, and P. Machine, Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: An international code of practice for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water; technical reports series No. 398, Medical Physics, issue.5, pp.14-874, 1987.

L. Gerig, M. Soubra, D. Salhani, . Beam, . Of et al., Beam characteristics of the Therapax DXT300 orthovoltage therapy unit, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.39, issue.9, pp.1377-1392, 1994.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/39/9/006

F. Verhaegen, A. E. Nahum, S. Van-de-putte, Y. Namito-scrimger, J. W. et al., Monte Carlo modelling of radiotherapy kV x-ray units, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.44, issue.7, pp.1767-1789, 1986.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/44/7/315

N. Perichon, Etude et caractérisation des faisceaux de RX de moyenne énergie qui seront utilisés pour l'établissement de la dose absorbée dans l'eau par calorimétrie, 32. BIPM, Qualités de rayonnement. CCEMRI(I), p.1972, 2011.

I. Rayonnements and X. , et pour la détermination de leur réponse en fonction de l'énergie des photons -- Partie 1: Caractéristiques des rayonnements et méthodes de production. ISO4037-1, 1996. 34. IEC, Medical diagnostic X-ray equipment -Radiation conditions for use in the determination of characteristics Denozière, Méthode DKRX1: Etalonnage primaire d'un faisceau de RX basses et moyennes énergies en kerma et débit de kerma dans l'air. NT LNHB 07, 36. Origin. 37. JCGM, Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. 2008. 38. Nagel, H.D., LIMITATIONS IN THE DETERMINATION OF TOTAL FILTRATION OF X-RAY TUBE ASSEMBLIES. Physics in Medicine and Biology, pp.33-271, 1988.

X. Nowotny, Program for calculating diagnostic X-ray spectra, Roefo. Fortschr.Geb. Roentgenstr. Nuklearmed, issue.142, pp.685-689, 1985.

P. -. Salvat, A code system for Monte Carlo simulmation of Electron and Photon transport, 2003.

M. Pelowitz and . User, s Manual Version 2.5.0. Los Alamos National Laboratory report LA-CP- 05-0369 Optimization of radiography applications using x-ray beams emitted by compact accelerators. Part I. Monte Carlo study of the hard x-ray spectrum, Medical Physics, issue.10, pp.36-4683, 2005.

G. Poludniowski, G. Landry, F. Deblois, P. M. Evans, and F. Verhaegen, : a program to calculate photon spectra from tungsten anode x-ray tubes, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.54, issue.19, pp.54-433, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/54/19/N01

. Ankerhold, Catalogue of x-ray spectra and their characteristic data -ISO and DIN radiation qualities, therapy and diagnostic radiation qualities, unfiltered x-ray spectra(I)-K3 of the airkerma standards of the LNE-LNHB, France and the BIPM in medium-energy x-rays. Metrologia, 1A): p. 06004. 46. Monnier, Pratique des techniques du radiodiagnostic, pp.45-51, 2000.

. Dillenseger, Guide des technologies de l'imagerie médicale et de la radiothérapie quand la théorie éclaire la pratique, pp.13-14, 2009.

H. , #. , R. , Z. Mo, . Haque et al., An evaluation of ionization chambers for the relative dosimetry of kilovoltage x-ray beams Etude expérimentale de l'influence de la vapeur d'eau sur l'ionisation produite dans l'air 268: p. 1650. 50 Key comparison BIPM.RI(I)-K2 of the airkerma standards of the LNE?LNHB, France and the BIPM in low-energy x-rays. Metrologia, Medicine. 11. 49. Niatel, M.1A): p. 06013. 52. Seuntjens, J., H. Thierens, A. Vanderplaetsen, and O. Segaert, DETERMINATION OF ABSORBED DOSE TO WATER WITH IONIZATION CHAMBERS CALIBRATED IN FREE AIR FOR MEDIUM-ENERGY X-RAYS. Physics in Medicine and Biology, pp.48-81, 1969.

J. M. Boone and A. E. Chavez, Comparison of x-ray cross sections for diagnostic and therapeutic medical physics, Medical Physics, vol.23, issue.12, pp.1997-2005, 1996.
DOI : 10.1118/1.597899

P. Grosswendt and . Communication, Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, 1986. 55. Hubbell, Photon mass attenuation and energy-absorption coefficients, The International Journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes, issue.11, pp.33-1269, 1982.

H. Seltzer, Tables of x-ray mass attenuation coefficients and mass energy-absorption coefficients 1 keV to 20 MeV for elements Z=1 to 92 and 48 additional substances of dosimetric interest, Seltzer, S.M., CALCULATION OF PHOTON MASS ENERGY-TRANSFER AND MASS ENERGY- ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS. Radiation research, vol.57, issue.2, pp.136-147, 1993.

C. M. Ma, A. E. Nahum, C. Of-ion-chamber, . Displacement, . Corrections et al., Calculations of ion chamber displacement effect corrections for medium-energy X-ray dosimetry, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.40, issue.1, pp.45-62, 1995.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/40/1/005

J. Seuntjens and F. Verhaegen, Dependence of overall correction factor of a cylindrical ionization chamber on field size and depth in medium-energy x-ray beams, Medical Physics, vol.23, issue.10, pp.23-1789, 1996.
DOI : 10.1118/1.597833

K. E. Rosser, H. Thierens, U. Schneider, and C. , Measurement of absorbed dose to water for medium energy X-rays. Measurement of absorbed dose to water for medium energy X-rays, Physics in Medicine and Biology, issue.6, pp.38-805, 1992.

C. M. Ma, A. E. Nahum, M. Calculated, . Effect, . For et al., Monte Carlo calculated stem effect corrections for NE2561 and NE2571 chambers in medium-energy X-ray beams, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.40, issue.1, pp.63-72, 1995.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/40/1/006

J. G. Peixoto and P. Andreo, Determination of absorbed dose to water in reference conditions for radiotherapy kilovoltage x-rays between 10 and 300 kV: a comparison of the data in the IAEA, IPEMB, DIN and NCS dosimetry protocols, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.45, issue.3, pp.45-563, 2000.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/45/3/301

C. K. Ross and N. V. Klassen, Water calorimetry for radiation dosimetry, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.41, issue.1, pp.1-29, 1996.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/41/1/002

. Osborne, Measurements of Heat Capacity and Heat of Vaporization of Water in the Range of 0°C to 100°C. Research NBS, 1939. 66. Wagner, The IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data, issue.2, p.31, 2002.

Z. Pruitt, J. S. , S. R. Domen, R. Loevinger, T. Graphite et al., Heat Capacity of Liquids : Volume I Critical Review and Recommended Values Monograph 6. 69, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards, issue.5, pp.86-495, 1981.

B. Chauvenet, D. Baltes, and F. Delaunay, Comparison of graphite-to-water absorbed-dose transfers for Co-60 photon beams using ionometry and Fricke dosimetry The UK primary standard calorimeter for photon-beam absorbed dose measurement, Physics in Medicine and Biology Physics in Medicine and Biology, issue.111, pp.42-2053, 1996.

A. S. Guerra, R. F. Laitano, and M. Pimpinella, Characteristics of the absorbed dose to water standard at ENEA, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.41, issue.4, pp.657-674, 1996.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/41/4/006

S. R. Domen, . Absorbed, . Dose, and . Calorimeter, Absorbed dose water calorimeter, Medical Physics, vol.7, issue.2, pp.157-159, 1980.
DOI : 10.1118/1.594664

M. D. Marles, Comparison of measurements of absorbed dose to water using a water calorimeter and ionization chambers for clinical radiotherapy photon and electron beams, 1981.

B. Ross, C. K. , N. V. Klassen, K. R. Shortt, G. D. Smith et al., A direct comparison of water calorimetry and Fricke dosimetry, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.34, issue.1, pp.23-42, 1986.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/34/1/003

V. Trupin-wasselin, Processus primaires en chimie sous rayonnement Influence du transfert d'énergi elinéïque sur la radiolyse de l'eau, Thèse de l, 1970.

J. C. Seuntjens, N. Klassen, and K. Shortt, A status report on the NRC sealed water calorimeter, 1999.

J. Medin, C. K. Ross, G. Stucki, N. V. Klassen, and J. P. Seuntjens, Commissioning of an NRCtype sealed water calorimeter at METAS using Co-60 gamma-rays, Physics in Medicine and Biology, issue.17, pp.49-4073, 2004.

S. R. Domen, A. Sealed, . Calorimeter, . Measuring, and . Dose, A sealed water calorimeter for measuring absorbed dose, Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, vol.99, issue.2, pp.121-141, 1994.
DOI : 10.6028/jres.099.012

. Rapp, Détermination de la dose absorbée dans l, 2009.

. Rapp, Détermination de la dose absorbée dans l'eau par calorimétrie eau dans le champ de 10 x 10 cm² pour les faisceaux de photons X de 6, 12 et 20 MV, 2011.

. Rapp, Development of a water calorimeter for dosimetry at LNE-LNHB. Revue française de métrologie, pp.2010-2014, 2010.

. Rapp, The LNE-LNHB water calorimeter: measurements in a 60Co beam. Standards Applications and Quality Assurance in Medical Radiation Dosimetry, pp.67-89, 2010.

A. Krauss, P. The, H. Kubo, . Water, . Determination et al., 91. ICRU1973, Measurement of Absorbed Dose in a Phantom Irradiated by a Single Beam of x or Gamma Rays Comparative study of ion chamber dosimetry and water calorimetry in medium energy x-ray beams Kramer, Absorbed dose to water for x-rays by water calorimetry Turbulence Modeling for CFD, Thèse de l'Université de Gent, pp.275-281, 1985.

. Rapp, Calcul du coefficient de correction de la conduction thermique kc, LNHB 08, p.99, 2008.

. Rapp, Détermination du facteur de perturbation dosimétrique kp pour la calorimétrie eau, 2009.

M. Alaee, P. Arias, A. Sjodin, and A. Bergman, An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release, Environment International, vol.29, issue.6, pp.29-683, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00121-1

M. Tanaka, G. Girard, R. Davis, A. Peuto, and N. Bignell, Recommended table for the density of water between 0 ??C and 40 ??C based on recent experimental reports, Metrologia, vol.38, issue.4, pp.301-309, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0026-1394/38/4/3

J. Daures, Absorbed dose to graphite at LNE-LNHB: from GR8 to GR9: Adetailed making process of GR9. Workshops on "Absorbed Dose and Air Kerma Primary Standards, 2007.

A. Ostrowsky, The construction of the graphite calorimeter GR9 at LNE-LNHB (Geometrical and technical considerations), 2008.

I. Invs, Exposition de la population française aux rayonnements ionisants liée aux actes de diagnostic médical en, 2007.

C. Austerlitz, H. Mota, H. Gay, D. Campos, R. Allison et al., On the need for quality assurance in superficial kilovoltage radiotherapy, Radiation Protection Dosimetry, vol.130, issue.4, pp.476-481, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/rpd/ncn067