. Sélectivitésélectivité, Sélectivitéà certaines fréquences spatiales : la fonction de sensibilité au contraste, pp.2-3

.. Résultats-de-notré-etude-psychophysique, Les données concernant le bruit de Perlin sont issues de notre expérience, les courbes et les barres d'erreur représentant la moyenne et l'´ ecart-type des seuils de sensibilité individuels de nos 7 sujets. Les données concernant les motifs de Gabor en fig. 5.3b proviennent du jeu de données ModelFest, et les barres d'erreur représentent la moyenne et l'´ ecart-type des seuils de sensibilité individuels des 16 sujetsétudiéssujets´sujetsétudiés par le projet ModelFest, p.67

&. Watson, Description schématique du modèle " Standard A, p.70

". De-cuve, Description générale du cas, p.96

. Visualisation-du-jeu-de-données........, internes de cuve " avec notre technique, p.99

C. Etude-du, interne de cuve " par des ingénieurs experts avec notre méthode, p.100

J. Atkinson, O. Braddick, and K. Moar, Development of contrast sensitivity over the first 3 months of life in the human infant, Vision Research, vol.17, issue.9, pp.1037-1044, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-6989(77)90007-4

S. J. Anderson, K. T. Mullen, and R. F. Hess, Human peripheral spatial resolution for achromatic and chromatic stimuli: limits imposed by optical and retinal factors., The Journal of Physiology, vol.442, issue.1, pp.47-64, 1991.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1991.sp018781

M. Stuart and . Anstis, Letter : A chart demonstrating variations in acuity with retinal position, Vision research, vol.14, issue.7, pp.589-92, 1974.

S. Appelle, Perception and discrimination as a function of stimulus orientation: The "oblique effect" in man and animals., Psychological Bulletin, vol.78, issue.4, pp.266-278, 1972.
DOI : 10.1037/h0033117

M. Aly and A. P. Yonelinas, Bridging consciousness and cognition in memory and perception : evidence for both state and strength processes A perceptive evaluation of volume rendering techniques, PloS one ACM Transactions on Applied Perception, vol.7, issue.54, pp.302311-302335, 2009.

C. Blakemore and F. W. Campbell, On the existence of neurones in the human visual system selectively sensitive to the orientation and size of retinal images, The Journal of Physiology, vol.203, issue.1, pp.237-260, 1969.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1969.sp008862

D. Bartz, D. C. Fischer, C. W. , N. Boukhelifa, and D. Duke, The Role of Perception for Computer Graphics Uncertainty Visualization ? Why Might it Fail, Eurographics Proceedings of the 27th international conference extended abstracts on Human factors in computing systems, pp.4051-4056, 2008.

J. Bertin, U. D. Bordoloi, D. L. Kao, and H. Shen, Semiology of Graphics Visualization techniques for spatial probability density function data, Data Science Journal, vol.3, pp.153-162, 1983.

A. Mark, F. Berkley, D. W. Kitterle, and . Watkins, Grating visibility as a function of orientation and retinal eccentricity, Vision Research, vol.15, issue.2, pp.239-244, 1975.

C. Blakemore and J. Nachmias, The orientation specificity of two visual after-effects, The Journal of Physiology, vol.213, issue.1, pp.157-174, 1971.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009374

L. D. Bergman, B. E. Rogowitz, and L. A. Treinish, A rule-based tool for assisting colormap selection, Proceedings Visualization '95, pp.118-125, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/VISUAL.1995.480803

D. Borland and R. M. Taylor, Raibow Color Map (Still) Considered Harmful, IEEE Computer Graphics And Applications Computer Graphics And Applications, pp.14-17, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/mcg.2007.323435

. [. Bodis-wollner, Visual Acuity and Contrast Sensitivity in Patients with Cerebral Lesions, Science, vol.178, issue.4062, pp.769-771, 1972.
DOI : 10.1126/science.178.4062.769

I. Bodis-wollner and J. M. Camisa, Contrast sensitivity measurement in clinical diagnosis, Neuro-ophthalmology Excerpta Medica, pp.373-401, 1980.

P. Cavanagh, The contribution of color to motion, From Pigments to Perception, pp.151-164, 1991.

P. Cavanagh, Vision at Equiluminance, Vision and Visual Dysfunctions : Limits of Vision, pp.234-250, 1991.

J. M. Chambers, W. S. Cleveland, B. Kleiner, and P. A. Tukey, Graphical Methods for Data Analysis, 1983.

L. Robert, T. Cook, and . Derose, Wavelet noise, ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers on -SIGGRAPH '05, p.803, 2005.

J. [. Campbell, J. Kulikowski, and . Levinson, The effect of orientation on the visual resolution of gratings, The Journal of Physiology, vol.187, issue.2, pp.427-436, 1966.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1966.sp008100

T. Carney, S. A. Klein, C. W. Tyler, A. D. Silverstein, B. Beutter et al., <title>Development of an image/threshold database for designing and testing human vision models</title>, Human Vision and Electronic Imaging IV, pp.542-551, 1999.
DOI : 10.1117/12.348473

B. Cabral and L. C. Leedom, Imaging vector fields using line integral convolution, Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques , SIGGRAPH '93, pp.263-270, 1993.
DOI : 10.1145/166117.166151

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.115.1636

J. [. Campbell and . Robson, Application of fourier analysis to the visibility of gratings, The Journal of Physiology, vol.197, issue.3, pp.551-566, 1968.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.1968.sp008574

A. Cedilnik and P. Rheingans, Procedural annotation of uncertain information, Proceedings Visualization 2000. VIS 2000 (Cat. No.00CH37145), pp.77-84, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/VISUAL.2000.885679

[. Chen and C. W. Tyler, <title>Modelfest: principal component analysis reveals underlying channel structure</title>, Human Vision and Electronic Imaging V, pp.152-159, 2000.
DOI : 10.1117/12.387151

T. Carney, C. W. Tyler, A. B. Watson, W. Makous, B. Beutter et al., Modelfest : year one results and plans for future years, Proceedings of SPIE, pp.140-151, 2000.
DOI : 10.1117/12.387150

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.672.3180

[. Cunningham and C. Wallraven, Experimental Design : From User Studies to Psychophysics. A K Peters, 2011.
DOI : 10.1201/b11308

L. D. Russell, D. G. Valois, L. G. Albrecht, and . Thorell, Spatial frequency selectivity of cells in macaque visual cortex, Vision Research, vol.22, issue.5, pp.545-559, 1982.

R. [. Darmofal and . Haimes, An Analysis of 3D Particle Path Integration Algorithms, Journal of Computational Physics, vol.123, issue.1, pp.182-195, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/jcph.1996.0015

S. Djurcilov, K. Kim, P. Lermusiaux, and A. T. Pang, Visualizing scalar volumetric data with uncertainty, Computers & Graphics, vol.26, issue.2, pp.239-248, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0097-8493(02)00055-9

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.599.6564

G. Ellis and A. Dix, An Explorative Analysis of User Evaluation Studies, Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Beyond Time and Errors : Novel Evaluation Methods For information Visualization, 2006.

S. David, F. K. Ebert, D. Musgrave, K. Peachey, S. Perlin et al., Texturing and modeling : a procedural approach, 1994.

R. Charles, A. M. Ehlschlaeger, M. F. Shortridge, and . Goodchild, Visualizing spatial data uncertainty using animation, Computers & Geosciences, vol.23, issue.4, pp.387-395, 1997.

D. Elliott, D. Whitaker, and D. Macveigh, Neural contribution to spatiotemporal contrast sensitivity decline in healthy ageing eyes, Vision Research, vol.30, issue.4, pp.541-547, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-6989(90)90066-T

S. [. Forssell and . Cohen, Using line integral convolution for flow visualization: curvilinear grids, variable-speed animation, and unsteady flows, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol.1, issue.2, pp.133-141, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/2945.468406

L. Steven, A. Franconeri, D. J. Hollingworth, and . Simons, Do New Objects Capture Attention ?, Psychological Science, vol.16, issue.4, pp.275-281, 2005.

D. Nahum and . Gershon, Visualization of an imperfect world, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.18, issue.4, pp.43-45, 1998.

R. Karl, M. J. Gegenfurtner, and . Hawken, Interaction of motion and color in the visual pathways, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.19, issue.9, pp.394-401, 1996.

A. Melvyn, D. A. Goodale, and . Milner, Separate visual pathways for perception and action, Trends in Neurosciences, vol.15, issue.1, pp.20-25, 1992.

G. Grigoryan and P. Rheingans, Probabilistic surfaces: point based primitives to show surface uncertainty, IEEE Visualization, 2002. VIS 2002., pp.147-153, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/VISUAL.2002.1183769

[. Graham, Visual detection of aperiodic spatial stimuli by probability summation among narrowband channels, Vision Research, vol.17, issue.5, pp.637-652, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-6989(77)90140-7

H. Griethe and H. Schumann, The Visualization of Uncertain Data : Methods and Problems, Simulation und Visualisierung, 2006.

[. Gustavson, Simplex noise demystified, 2005.

A. Goldberg, M. Zwicker, and F. Durand, Anisotropic noise, Proceedings of the 35th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp.1-54, 2008.

C. Hansen and C. R. Johnson, The Visualization Handbook, 2004.

H. C. Stewart, R. Hendry, and . Reid, The Koniocellular Pathway in Primate Vision, Annual Review of Neuroscience, vol.23, pp.127-153, 2000.

K. Inc and . Vtk, The visualization toolkit, pp.1993-2012

E. David and . Irwin, Information Integration across Saccadic Eye Movements, Cognitive Psychology, issue.23, pp.420-456, 1991.

R. Chris, A. R. Johnson, and . Sanderson, A Next Step : Visualizing Errors and Uncertainty, IEEE Computer Graphics And Applications, pp.6-10, 2003.

]. D. Kel79a and . Kelly, Motion and vision I Stabilized images of stationary gratings, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol.69, issue.9, p.1266, 1979.

]. D. Kel79b and . Kelly, Motion and vision II Stabilized spatio-temporal threshold surface, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol.69, issue.10, p.1340, 1979.

L. David, M. G. Kao, A. Kramer, J. L. Luo, A. T. Dungan et al., Visualizing distributions from multi-return lidar data to understand forest structure, The Cartographic Journal, vol.42, issue.1, pp.35-47, 2005.

D. L. Kao, A. Luo, J. L. Dungan, and A. T. Pang, Visualizing spatially varying distribution data, Proceedings Sixth International Conference on Information Visualisation, pp.219-225, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/IV.2002.1028780

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.531.7440

A. Kaufman and K. Mueller, Overview of Volume Rendering The Visualization Handbook, chapter 7, 2004.

L. Leonid, C. W. Kontsevich, and . Tyler, Bayesian adaptive estimation of psychometric slope and threshold, Vision Research, vol.39, pp.2729-2737, 1999.

K. Suresh, N. Lodha, A. P. Faaland, and . Charaniya, Visualization of uncertain particle movement, Proceedings of the Computer Graphics and Imaging Conference, pp.226-232, 2002.

H. Li, C. Fu, Y. Li, and A. J. Hanson, Visualizing Large-Scale Uncertainty in Astrophysical Data, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol.13, issue.6, pp.1640-1647, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/TVCG.2007.70530

M. Livingstone and D. H. Hubel, Segregation of form, color, movement, and depth: anatomy, physiology, and perception, Science, vol.240, issue.4853, pp.740-749, 1988.
DOI : 10.1126/science.3283936

H. Levkowitz, T. Gabor, and . Herman, Color Scales For Image Data: Design And Evaluation, IEEE Computer Graphics And Applications, vol.12, issue.1, pp.72-80, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/978-0-585-28428-6_7

A. Luo, D. L. Kao, and A. T. Pang, Visualizing spatial distribution data sets, Proceedings of the symposium on Data visualisation 2003, pp.29-38, 2003.

A. Lagae, S. Lefebvre, G. Drettakis, and P. Dutré, Procedural noise using sparse Gabor convolution, ACM Transactions on Graphics, vol.28, issue.31, 2009.
DOI : 10.1145/1531326.1531360

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00606821

C. Lundström, P. Ljung, A. Persson, and A. Ynnerman, Uncertainty Visualization in Medical Volume Rendering Using Probabilistic Animation, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol.13, issue.6, pp.1648-55, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/TVCG.2007.70518

[. Lu, L. A. Lesmes, and G. Sperling, The mechanism of isoluminant chromatic motion perception, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, pp.968289-94, 1999.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.96.14.8289

C. Lester, G. W. Loschky, and . Mcconkie, User performance with gaze contingent multiresolutional displays, Proceedings of the symposium on Eye tracking research & applications - ETRA '00, pp.97-103, 2000.

[. Lu and G. Sperling, Three-systems theory of human visual motion perception: review and update, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol.18, issue.9, pp.2331-2370, 2001.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSAA.18.002331

K. Suresh, R. E. Lodha, A. T. Sheehan, C. M. Pang, and . Wittenbrink, Visualizing geometric uncertainty of surface interpolants, Graphics Interface, pp.238-245, 1996.

C. Lester, G. S. Loschky, and . Wolverton, How late can you update gaze-contingent multiresolutional displays without detection ?, ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications , and Applications, vol.3, issue.4, pp.1-10, 2007.

A. Lambert, I. Wells, and M. Kean, Do isoluminant color changes capture attention ? Perception & psychophysics, pp.495-507, 2003.

N. Max and B. Becker, Flow visualization using moving textures, ICASE/LaRC Symposium on Visualizing Time-Varying, 1995.

[. Murphy and A. T. Duchowski, Gaze-Contingent Level Of Detail Rendering, Eurographics, 2001.

A. A. Michelson, Studies in Optics, Univ. of Chicago Press, 1962.

M. Mittring, Finding Next Gen ? CryEngine 2, SIGGRAPH '07 : ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 Courses, pp.97-121, 2007.
DOI : 10.1145/1281500.1281671

J. Matthew, D. I. Mcmahon, and . Macleod, The origin of the oblique effect examined with pattern adaptation and masking, Journal of Vision, vol.3, pp.230-239, 2003.

[. Manahilov and W. A. Simpson, Energy model for contrast detection: spatial-frequency and orientation selectivity in grating summation, Vision Research, vol.41, issue.12, pp.1547-60, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0042-6989(01)00034-7

[. Mcgill, J. W. Tukey, and W. A. Larsen, Variations of Box Plots. The American Statistician, p.12, 1978.

K. T. Mullen, The contrast sensitivity of human coulour vision to red-green and blue-yellow chromatic gratings, Journal of Physiology, issue.359, pp.381-400, 1985.

K. T. Mullen, Luminance mechanisms mediate the motion of red???green isoluminant gratings: the role of ???temporal chromatic aberration???, Vision Research, vol.43, issue.11, pp.1237-1249, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0042-6989(03)00115-9

[. Kevin, O. Regan, and A. Lévy-schoen, Integration visual information from successive fixations : Does trans-saccadic fusion exist ?, Vision Research, vol.23, issue.8, pp.765-768, 1983.

C. Owsley and M. E. Sloane, Contrast sensitivity, acuity, and the perception of 'real-world' targets., British Journal of Ophthalmology, vol.71, issue.10, pp.791-796, 1987.
DOI : 10.1136/bjo.71.10.791

E. Stephen and . Palmer, Vision Science -Photons to Phenomenology, 1999.

J. W. Peirce, PsychoPy???Psychophysics software in Python, Journal of Neuroscience Methods, vol.162, issue.1-2, pp.8-13, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2006.11.017

K. Perlin, An Image Synthetizer, Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques (SIGGRAPH '85), pp.287-296, 1985.

K. Perlin, Making Noise, 1999.

K. Perlin, Improving Noise, SIGGRAPH '02 Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, pp.681-682, 2002.
DOI : 10.1145/566570.566636

P. Bui-tuong, Illumination for computer generated pictures, Communications of the ACM, vol.18, issue.6, pp.311-317, 1975.

[. Pignat, Etude de la perception visuelle du mouvement et de la couleur par IRMf, 2005.

[. Potter, P. Rosen, and C. R. Johnson, From Quantification to Visualization: A Taxonomy of Uncertainty Visualization Approaches, IFIP Advances in Information and Communication, 2011.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-32677-6_15

K. Pöthkow, B. Weber, and H. Hege, Probabilistic Marching Cubes, Computer Graphics Forum, vol.16, issue.8, pp.931-940, 2011.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8659.2011.01942.x

A. T. Pang, C. M. Wittenbrink, and S. K. Lodha, Approaches to uncertainty visualization . The Visual Computer, pp.370-390, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s003710050111

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.109.7470

]. R. Qui74 and . Quick, A vector-magnitude model of contrast detection, Kybernetik, vol.16, issue.2, pp.65-67, 1974.

R. [. Ramachandran and . Gregory, Does colour provide an input to human motion perception?, Nature, vol.258, issue.5675, pp.55-56, 1978.
DOI : 10.1038/242412a0

N. [. Robson and . Graham, Probability summation and regional variation in contrast sensitivity across the visual field, Vision Research, vol.21, issue.3, pp.409-418, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-6989(81)90169-3

[. Rheingans, Task-based Color Scale Design, Proceedings Applied Image and Pattern Recognition. SPIE, pp.35-43, 1999.
DOI : 10.1117/12.384882

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.140.9015

D. L. Ringach, M. J. Hawken, and R. Shapley, Dynamics of orientation tuning in macaque primary visual cortex, Nature, vol.387, issue.6630, pp.281-284, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/387281a0

M. Riveiro, Evaluation of uncertainty visualization techniques for information fusion, 2007 10th International Conference on Information Fusion, pp.1-8, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/ICIF.2007.4408049

D. Regan, J. Raymond, A. P. Ginsburg, and T. J. Murray, CONTRAST SENSITIVITY, VISUAL ACUITY AND THE DISCRIMINATION OF SNELLEN LETTERS IN MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, Brain, vol.104, issue.2, pp.333-350, 1981.
DOI : 10.1093/brain/104.2.333

E. Bernice, L. A. Rogowitz, and . Treinish, Data Visualization : the end of the rainbow, IEEE Spectrum, 1998.

H. Otto and . Schade, Optical and Photoelectric Analog of the Eye, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol.46, issue.9, p.721, 1956.

A. Steven and . Schwartz, Visual perception : A clinical orientation, 2004.

M. [. Schweizer and . Goodchild, Data Quality nd Choropleth Maps : An Experiment with the Use of Color, Proceedings of GIS/LIS, pp.686-699, 1992.

[. Stalling and H. Hege, Fast and resolution independent line integral convolution, Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques , SIGGRAPH '95, pp.249-256, 1995.
DOI : 10.1145/218380.218448

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.31.1944

M. Skeels, B. Lee, G. Smith, and G. G. Robertson, Revealing Uncertainty for Information Visualization, Information Visualization, pp.376-379, 2008.

M. B. Sachs, J. Nachmias, and J. G. Robson, Spatial-Frequency Channels in Human Vision*, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol.61, issue.9, p.611176, 1971.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSA.61.001176

[. Sensitivity and C. Owsley, Contrast sensitivity, Ophthalmology Clinics of North America, vol.16, issue.2, pp.171-177, 2003.

]. S. Ste57 and . Stevens, On the psychophysical law, Psychological Review, vol.64, issue.3, pp.153-181, 1957.

M. C. Stone, A Field Guide to Digital Color. A K Peters, 2003.

S. Sanyal, G. Zhang, P. Bhattacharya, R. J. Amburn, and . Moorhead, A User Study to Compare Four Uncertainty Visualization Methods for 1D and 2D Datasets, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol.15, issue.6, pp.1209-1218, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/TVCG.2009.114

M. Tory and T. Möller, Evaluating visualizations : do expert reviews work ? IEEE computer graphics and applications, pp.8-11, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/mcg.2005.102

E. Tufte, The Visual Display of Quantitative Information, 2001.

[. Tukey, Exploratory Data Analysis, 1977.

C. W. Tyler, Bit stealing: how to get 1786 or more gray levels from an 8-bit color monitor, Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display III, pp.351-364, 1992.
DOI : 10.1117/12.135981

[. Viard, Algorithmes de visualisation des incertitudes en géomodélisation sur GPU, 2010.

B. Andrew, A. J. Watson, and . Ahumada, A standard model for foveal detection of spatial contrast, Journal of Vision, vol.5, pp.717-740, 2005.

M. Wolkenstein and A. , Contrast Sensitivity in Retinal Disease, Ophthalmology, vol.87, issue.11, pp.1140-1149, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/S0161-6420(80)35112-9

C. Ware, Color sequences for univariate maps: theory, experiments and principles, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.8, issue.5, pp.41-49, 1988.
DOI : 10.1109/38.7760

C. Ware, Information visualization : perception for design, 2004.

C. Ware, Visual Thinking for Design, 2008.

A. B. Watson, Probability summation over time, Vision Research, vol.19, issue.5, pp.515-522, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-6989(79)90136-6

B. Andrew and . Watson, ModelFest web site, 1999.

A. B. Watson, Visual detection of spatial contrast patterns: Evaluation of five simple models, Optics Express, vol.6, issue.1, pp.12-33, 2000.
DOI : 10.1364/OE.6.000012.m002

T. Watanabe and P. Cavanagh, Depth capture and transparency of regions bounded by illusory and chromatic contours, Vision Research, vol.32, issue.3, pp.527-532, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-6989(92)90244-D

R. Hugh, S. C. Wilson, and . Giese, Threshold visibility of frequency gradient patterns, Vision Research, vol.17, issue.10, pp.1177-1190, 1977.

S. Wolfram, The Mathematica Book. Wolfram Media, 2003.

C. M. Wittenbrink, A. T. Pang, and S. K. Lodha, Verity visualization : Visual mappings, 1995.

C. M. Wittenbrink, A. T. Pang, and S. K. Lodha, Glyphs for visualizing uncertainty in vector fields, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol.2, issue.3, pp.266-279, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/2945.537309