. Avec-un-niveau-d, instabilité plus important, le pays piégé dans une trappe à pauvreté (en rouge sur les représentations graphiques), peut, à la faveur d'un choc plus important changer de régime dynamique, c'est la configuration du décollage. On retrouve ici

?. Agarwal, A. , and S. Narain, Global Warming in an Unequal World: A case of Environmental Colonialism, 1991.

A. Aknin, G. Froger, V. Geronimi, P. Meral, and P. Schembri, Environnement et développement : Quelques réflexions autour du concept de développement durable, in Développement durable ? Doctrines, pratiques, évaluations, 2002.

?. Araujo-bonjean, C. Et, and J. F. Brun, Les politiques de stabilisation des prix du coton en Afrique de la zone franc sont-elles condamnées ?, Économie rurale, Programme National Persée, vol.266, issue.1, pp.80-90, 2001.

?. Atkins, J. A. , S. Mazzi, . D. Et-ch, and . Easter, Commonwealth Vulnerability Index for Developing Countries: The Position of Small States, Economic Paper 40, 2000.
DOI : 10.14217/9781848597167-en

?. Azariadis, C. , and J. Stachurski, Poverty Traps, 2004.

?. Azariadis, C. , and J. Stachurski, Poverty Traps Handbook of Economic Growth, pp.295-384, 2005.

?. Banque-mondiale, A guide to valuing natural resources wealth International experiences with environmental and economic accounting, 2000.

?. Barro and R. J. , Economic Growth in a Cross Section of Countries, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.56, 1991.

?. Baunsgaard-th, M. Et, and . Keen, Tax Revenue and (or?) Trade Liberalization, mimeo, 2005.

?. Berthélemy and J. C. , Clubs de convergence et ??quilibres multiples??: comment les ??conomies ??mergentes ont-elles r??ussi ?? ??chapper au pi??ge du sous-d??veloppement???, Revue d'??conomie du d??veloppement, vol.14, issue.1, pp.5-41, 2006.
DOI : 10.3917/edd.201.05

?. Bevan, D. L. , P. Collier, and J. W. Gunning, Consequences of a Commodity Boom in a Controlled Economy: Accumulation and Redistribution in Kenya 1975???83, The World Bank Economic Review, vol.1, issue.3, pp.489-513, 1987.
DOI : 10.1093/wber/1.3.489

?. Bostedt, G. , and T. Lundgren, Accounting for cultural heritage ??? A theoretical and empirical exploration with focus on Swedish reindeer husbandry, Ecological Economics, vol.69, issue.3, pp.651-657, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.10.002

?. Bourguignon and F. , Stabilité, sécurité et développement : une introduction, Revue d'économie du développement, pp.5-19, 2006.

?. Briguglio and L. , Small island developing states and their economic vulnerabilities, World Development, vol.23, issue.9, pp.1615-1647, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0305-750X(95)00065-K

?. Briguglio, L. , and W. Galea, Updating and Augmenting the Economic Vulnerability Index, Occasional Paper, vol.4, 2003.

?. Cashin, P. Liang, H. Mcdermott, and C. J. , How persistent are shocks to world commodity prices ?, 1999.

?. Cashin, P. Mcdermott, and C. J. , The Long-Run Behavior of Commodity Prices: Small Trends and Big Variability, IMF Working Papers, vol.01, issue.68, p.3, 2002.
DOI : 10.5089/9781451848991.001

?. Chambas and G. , Afrique au Sud du Sahara, Afrique contemporaine, vol.213, issue.1, 2005.
DOI : 10.3917/afco.213.0133

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00564676

?. Chauvet, L. Et, and P. Collier, Aide et réforme dans les Etats fragiles, Développement Institutions et Analyses de Long terme (DIAL), 2008.

?. Claessens, S. Et, and P. Varangis, Commodity Risk Management in Developing Countries, in Derivative Instruments and Hedging Strategies for Emerging Capital Markets, 1994.

?. Cmed, Notre avenir à tous, trad. frse, Fleuve, 1987.

?. Collier and P. , The Bottom Billion. Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It, 2008.

?. Collier, P. Gunning, and J. W. , Trade Shocks -Consequences and Policy Responses in Developing Countries, International Center for Economic Growth Occasional Papers, 1994.

?. Collier, P. Gunning, and J. W. , Trade Shocks : Theory and Experience, mimeo, 55 pp, 1995.

?. Collier, P. Et, and J. W. Gunning, Explaining African Economic Performance, Journal of Economic Literature, vol.37, issue.1, 1999.
DOI : 10.1257/jel.37.1.64

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.192.7931

?. Corden, M. W. Neary, and J. P. , Booming Sector and De-Industrialisation in a Small Open Economy, The Economic Journal, vol.92, issue.368, pp.825-848, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/2232670

C. Couharde, V. Geronimi, E. Maître-d-'hôtel, and A. Taranco, Les enjeux li??s ?? la Mesure du Capital Naturel: L???exemple de la Nouvelle-Cal??donie, The European Journal of Development Research, vol.77, issue.2, pp.151-173, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinteco.2009.01.001

URL : http://agritrop.cirad.fr/558809/

?. Couharde, C. , V. Geronimi, and P. Schembri, La vulnérabilité macroéconomique au coeur du renouvellement des problématiques du développement ?, colloque Les mots du développement : genèse, usages et trajectoires, pp.13-14, 2008.

?. Cuddington, J. Urzua, and C. , Trends and Cycles in the Net Barter Terms of Trade: A New Approach, The Economic Journal, vol.99, issue.396, pp.426-442, 1989.
DOI : 10.2307/2234034

?. Daly and H. , Reconciling Internal and External Policies for Sustainable Development, Sustainability and Global Environmental Policy, pp.11-32, 1997.

?. Deaton and A. S. , Commodity Prices, Stabilization, and Growth in Africa, Discussion Paper, 1992.

?. Durlauf, S. N. Et, and D. T. Quah, The New Empirics of Economic Growth, 1998.
DOI : 10.3386/w6422

?. Easterly and W. , Reviving the 50s': the big Push, Poverty Traps, and Takeoffs in economic Development, 2005.

?. Everett, G. , and A. Wilks, The World Bank's Genuine Savings Indicator: A Useful Measure of Sustainability?, 1999.

?. Ferreira, S. , and J. Vincent, Genuine savings: Leading indicator of sustainable development, Economic Development and Cultural Change 53, pp.737-754, 2005.

?. Fonds and M. International, Debt-and Reserve-Related Indicators of External Vulnerability, Policy Development and Review Department, 2000.

?. Freyss and J. , Economie assistée et changement social en Nouvelle-Calédonie, 1995.

?. Gautier and J. F. , Taxation optimale et réformes fiscales dans les PED. Une revue de littérature tropicalisée, p.2, 2001.

?. Geronimi and V. , Le NEPAD en prospective, Actes du colloque Pour une meilleure approche régionale du développement en Afrique de l, pp.20-21, 2002.

V. Geronimi and J. J. Gabas, Justifications économiques des politiques de régulation des marchés internationaux de produits agricoles, La régulation des marchés agricoles L'Harmattan, pp.213-225, 2007.

?. Geronimi, V. Ph, and . Hugon, Les théories de la régionalisation, in Les économies en développement à l'heure de la régionalisation, 2003.

?. Geronimi, V. Ph, P. Hugon, A. Schembri, and . Taranco, Ouverture, instabilité et régimes de croissance : le cas de l'ASS, Colloque Ouverture et développement, pp.23-24, 2000.

?. Geronimi, V. Ch, G. Jaffrelot, and . Matheron, La régulation des marchés agricoles internationaux, L'Harmattan, pp.13-14, 2007.

?. Geronimi, V. , L. Mathieu, P. Schembri, and A. Taranco, Poverty traps: Instabilities do matter, conférence AFSE, 14 et 15 septembre, 2006.

?. Geronimi, V. , L. Mathieu, P. Schembri, and A. Taranco, Poverty traps: Instabilities do matter, conference Reducing Poverty and inequality: how can Africa be included, CSAE Conference, 2006.

V. Geronimi, L. Mathieu, and A. Taranco, Les cours internationaux des produits agricoles: tendances et cycles, in La régulation des marchés agricoles internationaux, L'Harmattan, pp.27-52, 2007.

?. Geronimi, V. , S. Quiers-valette, and E. Saint-alary, Les investissements directs étrangers: du risque à l'incertitude ? CERED/LAREA, in L'Afrique des incertitudes, 1995.

V. Geronimi, I. Et, and . Sacko, La France et les dynamiques de la trappe à pauvreté malienne. Inertie des spécialisations et instabilités, Mali-France Regards sur une histoire partagée, 2005.

V. Geronimi and P. Schembri, Politiques de conservation et de lutte contre la déforestation Une analyse par les conflits de temporalités, Diversité des politiques de développement durable. Temporalités et durabilités en conflit à Madagascar, 2009.

V. Geronimi, P. Schembri, and I. Sacko, Programme de gestion durable des forêts en troisième région du Mali : des dynamiques en conflit, Diversité des politiques de développement durable. Temporalités et durabilités en conflit à Madagascar, 2009.

V. Geronimi, P. Schembri, A. Taranco, G. , and K. , Instabilités et développement: implications pour les politiques de coopération Une réflexion à partir de l'expérience de l'ASS sur les trois dernières décennies, 2002.

V. Geronimi, P. Schembri, and A. Taranco, Instabilités à long terme et dépendance envers les matières premières : le cas de l'Afrique sub-saharienne, p.9, 2003.

V. Geronimi, B. Sega-diallo, and L. Sidibe, Le Franc malien : fausses ruptures ou vraies continuités, in Mali-France Regards sur une histoire partagée, 2005.

?. Gnegne and Y. , Adjusted net saving and welfare change, Ecological Economics, vol.68, issue.4, pp.1127-1139, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2008.08.002

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00362156

?. Grier, K. B. , and G. Tullock, An Empirical Analysis of cross-national Economic Growth, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol.24, pp.1951-80, 1989.

?. Grilli, E. M. , and M. C. Yang, Primary Commodity Prices, Manufactured Goods Prices, and the Terms of Trade of Developing Countries: What the Long Run Shows, The World Bank Economic Review, vol.2, issue.1, 1988.
DOI : 10.1093/wber/2.1.1

?. Guillaumont and P. , La vulnérabilité macroéconomique des pays à faible revenu et les réponses de l'aide, Revue d'économie du développement, pp.21-77, 2006.

?. Guillaumont and P. , Evaluation globale du Stabex, rapport intermédiaire, 1997.

?. Guillaumont, P. , S. Guillaumont-jeanneney, and J. F. Brun, How instability lowers African growth, Journal of African Economics, vol.8, issue.1, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/jae/8.1.87

URL : http://jae.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/8/1/87

?. Hamilton and K. , Genuine saving as a sustainability indicator, Environment Department Working Paper, vol.77, 2000.

?. Hamilton and K. , Green adjustments to GDP, Resources Policy, vol.20, issue.3, pp.155-168, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0301-4207(94)90048-5

?. Hamilton, K. , and M. Clemens, Genuine Savings Rates in Developing Countries, The World Bank Economic Review, vol.13, issue.2, pp.333-56, 1999.
DOI : 10.1093/wber/13.2.333

?. Koopman, S. J. , and A. C. Harvey, Diagnostic checking of unobserved components time series models, J. Business and Economic Statist, vol.10, pp.377-389, 1992.

?. Hoff and K. , Beyond Roseinstein Rodan : The modern Theory of Coordination Problems in Development, Proceedings of the Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, 2000.

?. Hugon and P. , La pensée française en économie du développement. Evolution et spécificité, Revue d'Economie Politique, pp.171-229, 1991.

?. Johnson and W. , Policy responses to economic vulnerability, CDP Background Paper No, 2006.

?. Kaldor and N. , Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth. The Essential Kaldor, pp.229-281, 1958.

?. Kaldor, Taxation for Economic Development, The Journal of Modern African Studies, vol.1, issue.01, pp.7-23, 1963.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022278X00000689

?. Knudsen, O. K. Et, and P. A. Yotopoulos, A Transitory Income Approach to Export Instability, Food Research Institute Studies, vol.15, pp.91-108, 1976.

?. Kraay, A. , C. , R. Oxford, and P. Krugman, Poverty Traps, Aid, and Growth, CSAE Conference The Narrow Moving Band, The Dutch Disease, and The Competitive Consequences of Mrs Thatcher, Journal of Development Economics, pp.41-55, 1987.

?. Krugman and P. , History Versus Expectations, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.106, issue.2, pp.651-67, 1991.
DOI : 10.2307/2937950

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.600.4143

?. Kydd, J. Dorward, and A. , Implications of market and coordination failures for rural development in least developed countries, Journal of International Development, vol.16, issue.7, pp.951-970, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/jid.1157

?. Lewis and A. , Economic Development with Unlimited Supplies of Labour, The Manchester School, vol.22, issue.2, pp.139-191, 1954.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x

?. Leon, R. , and R. Soto, Structural Breaks and Long-Run Trends in Commodity Prices, Policy Research Working Paper, n° 1406, 1995.

?. Lucas and R. E. , On the Mechanisms of Economic Development, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol.22, 1988.

?. Matly and M. , Le projet de gestion durable des forêts en troisième région du Mali (PGDF), Ministère de l'Environnement du Mali, 2005.

?. Matsuyama and K. , Increasing Returns, Industrialization, and Indeterminacy of Equilibrium, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.106, issue.2, pp.617-50, 1990.
DOI : 10.2307/2937949

?. Murphy, K. , A. Shleifer, and R. Vishny, Industrialization and the Big Push, Journal of Political Economy, vol.97, issue.5, pp.1003-1027, 1989.
DOI : 10.1086/261641

?. Newbery, D. M. Et, and J. Stiglitz, The Theory of Commodity Price Stabilization: A Study in the Economies of Risk, 1981.

?. Nijkamp and P. , A survey of methods for sustainable planning and cultural heritage management, Colloque The urban and regional planning requirements for a cultural heritage conservation policy, 1999.

?. Ntamatungiro and J. , Stabilisation des recettes d'exportation: stock régulateur, contrat à terme et options, 1988.

?. Nurkse and R. , Problems of Capital-Formation in Underdeveloped Countries, 1962 edition, 1953.

?. Ost and C. , A Guide for heritage economics in historic cities, indicators, maps and policies, rapport de recherche, The Getty Conservation Institute, 2009.

?. Pearce, D. W. Atkinson, and G. , Capital theory and the measurement of sustainable development: an indicator of ???weak??? sustainability, Ecological Economics, vol.8, issue.2, pp.103-108, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0921-8009(93)90039-9

?. Pohl, G. Et, and D. Mihaljek, Project Evaluation and Uncertainty in Practice: A Statistical Analysis of Rate of Return Divergences of 1015 World bank Projects, The World Bank Economic Review, 1992.

?. Poulton, C. , J. Kydd, and A. Dorward, Overcoming Market Constraints on Pro-Poor Agricultural Growth in Sub-Saharan Africa, Development Policy Review, vol.25, issue.2, pp.243-277, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-7679.2006.00324.x

?. Quah and D. , Twin Peaks: Growth and Convergence in Models of Distribution Dynamics, The Economic Journal, vol.106, issue.437, pp.1045-1055, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2235377

?. Ramey, G. Et, and V. A. Ramey, Cross-Country Evidence on the Link Between Volatility and Growth, NBER Working Paper n°4959, 1994.

?. Reinhart, C. M. , and P. Wickham, Commodity Prices: Cyclical Weakness or Secular Decline?, Staff Papers - International Monetary Fund, vol.41, issue.2, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/3867506

URL : https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/8173/1/MPRA_paper_8173.pdf

?. Rodriguez, F. , and D. Rodrik, Trade Policy and Economic Growth: A Skeptic's Guide to Cross- National Evidence, NBER Working Paper n° W7081, 1999.

?. Rodrik and D. , Trade Policy and Economic Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa, NBER Working Paper n°6562, 1998.

?. Rosenstein-rodan and P. N. , Problems of Industrialization of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, The Economic Journal, 1943.

?. Solow and R. , Sustainability: an economist's perspective, Selected readings in environmental economics, 1993.

?. Solow and R. , On the Intergenerational Allocation of Natural Resources, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol.88, issue.1, pp.141-149, 1986.
DOI : 10.2307/3440280

?. Taylor and L. , Varieties of Stabilization Experience-Towards Sensible Macroeconomics in the Thirld World, Clarendon Paperbacks ? Taylor L, 1983.

?. Throsby and D. , Cultural capital, Handbook of Cultural Economics, 2003.
DOI : 10.4337/9781781008003.00025

?. Van-wijnbergen and S. , The Dutch Disease : A Disease After All ? The Economic Journal (mars), 1984.

?. Van-wijnbergen and S. , Exchange rate management and stabilization policies in developing countries, Journal of Development Economics, vol.23, issue.2, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3878(86)90117-3

?. Varangis, P. , E. Thigpen, and S. Satyanarayan, The Use of New York Cotton Futures Contracts to Hedge Cotton Price Risk in Developing Countries, 1994.

?. Yabuki, N. Et, T. Akiyama-mondiale, ?. Mai, and G. P. Zanias, Is Commodity-Dependence Pessimism Justified ?, Policy Research Working Paper n°1600 Testing for trends in the terms of trade between primary commodities and manufactured goods, Banque Journal of Development Economics, vol.78, pp.49-59, 1996.