<. S<-t, La figure 6.11 montre qu'il y a une très bonne similitude entre les résultats expérimentaux et le modèlé elastique. Les résultats de l'identification sont : ? essai CM 1 : E 0 = 1, 02, 0106.

. La-valeur-de, Les résultats sont : ? essai CM 1 : E 0 = 1, 33.10 6 Pa, E 1 = 1, 96.10 6 Pa, ? = 1, 20.10 12 Ns, p.51

L. Acar, Y. B. Alshawabkeh, A. N. Et-gale, and R. J. , expérience est bonne (fig. 6.12) Les valeurs déterminées sont légèrement différentes d'un essaì a l'autre, même si celles des essais CM 1 et CM 2 sont proches. La difficultédifficultéà reproduire deséchantillonsdeséchantillons identiques est sûrementsûrementà l'origine de ces différences, Fundamentals of extracting species from soils by electrokinetics, pp.141-151, 1993.

Y. B. Acar, R. J. Gale, A. N. Alshawabkeh, R. E. Marks, S. Puppala et al., Electrokinetic remediation: Basics and technology status, Electrokinetic remediation : Basics and technology status, pp.117-137, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3894(94)00066-P

A. N. Alshawabkeh and Y. B. Et-acar, Electrokinetic Remediation. II: Theoretical Model, Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, vol.122, issue.3, pp.186-196, 1996.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1996)122:3(186)

A. Altin and M. Et-degirmenci, Lead (II) removal from natural soils by enhanced electrokinetic remediation, Science of The Total Environment, vol.337, issue.1-3, pp.1-10, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2004.06.017

J. Alvarez-ramirez, R. Martinez, and E. Et-diaz-herrera, Solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation through the use of pseudo-dynamic simulation method, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.266, issue.3-4, pp.375-382, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2614(96)01539-4

R. Auria, Contribution`AContribution` Contribution`A L'´ etude Du Séchage Du Caoutchouc Naturel : Structure Interne et Transfert D'humidité Lors Du Séchage, Thèse de 3 ` eme cycle, 1988.

J. Auriault and J. Et-lewandowska, Effective diffusion coefficient : From homogenization to experiment, Transport in Porous Media, pp.205-223, 1997.

A. Ivic, M. , S. D. , P. Zivkovic, P. Nikolic et al., An electrochemical illustration of the mathematical modelling of chlorine impact and acidification in electrochemical tumour treatment and its application on an agar???agar gel system, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol.549, pp.129-135, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-0728(03)00251-1

P. Aymard, D. R. Martin, K. Plucknett, T. J. Foster, A. H. Clark et al., Influence of thermal history on the structural and mechanical properties of agarose gels, Biopolymers, vol.77, issue.3, pp.131-144, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-0282(200109)59:3<131::AID-BIP1013>3.0.CO;2-8

K. Beddiar, Sur Certains Aspects Des Couplages Dans Les Milieux PoreuxÉlectrisésPoreux´PoreuxÉlectrisés. Application`AApplication` Application`A L'´ electro-Osmose Dans Les Argiles, 2001.

K. Beddiar, Y. Berthaud, and A. Et-dupas, V??rification exp??rimentale de la relation de r??ciprocit?? d'Onsager pour l'??lectro-osmose et l'??lectro-filtration dans une argile naturelle, Comptes Rendus M??canique, vol.330, issue.12, pp.893-898, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1631-0721(02)01538-3

J. Bénet, Contribution`AContribution` Contribution`A L'´ etude Thermodynamique Des Milieux Poreux Non Saturés Avec Changement de Phase, Thèse de 3 ` eme cycle, 1981.

J. Bénet and P. Et-jouanna, Ecriture de la source d'entropie dans les milieux poreux non saturés, C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, vol.294, pp.21-24, 1982.

J. Bénet and P. Et-jouanna, Phenomenological relation of phase change of water in a porous medium: Experimental verification and measurement of the phenomenological coefficient, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.25, issue.11, pp.1747-1754, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0017-9310(82)90154-5

J. Bénet and P. Et-jouanna, Non equilibre thermodynamique dans les milieux poreux non satures avec changement de phase, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol.26, issue.11, pp.1585-1595, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/S0017-9310(83)80077-5

M. Biot, Theory of Elasticity and Consolidation for a Porous Anisotropic Solid, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.26, issue.2, pp.182-185, 1955.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1721956

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01368659

M. Biot, General solutions of the equations of elasticity and consolidation for a porous material, Journal of Applied Mechanics, vol.78, pp.91-96, 1956.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01368662

M. A. Biot, General Theory of Three???Dimensional Consolidation, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.12, issue.2, pp.155-164, 1941.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1712886

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01368635

J. Boscus, PhénomènesPhénomènesélectrocinétiques en milieux poreux, Master's thesis, 2001.

T. Bottineau, Altération Hydrothermale et PhénomènesPhénomènes´PhénomènesÉlectrocinétiques En Milieux Poreux, Thèse de 3 ` eme cycle, 1993.

R. M. Bowen, Compressible porous media models by use of the theory of mixtures, International Journal of Engineering Science, vol.20, issue.6, pp.697-735, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7225(82)90082-9

L. Casagrande, Electro-Osmosis in Soils, G??otechnique, vol.1, issue.3, pp.159-177, 1949.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.1949.1.3.159

L. Casagrande, Electro-osmotic stabilization of soils, Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, vol.39, pp.51-83, 1952.

L. Casagrande, Stabilization of soils by means of electro-osmosis : State of the art, Journal of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers Section ASCE, vol.69, pp.255-302, 1983.

A. Chammari, B. Naon, F. Cherblanc, and J. Et-bénet, Transfert d'eau en sol aride avec changement de phase, Comptes Rendus M??canique, vol.331, issue.11, pp.759-765, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crme.2003.07.005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00449726

A. Chrysochoos and H. Et-louche, An infrared image processing to analyse the calorific effects accompanying strain localisation, International Journal of Engineering Science, vol.38, issue.16, pp.1759-1788, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7225(00)00002-1

S. C. Cowin, Bone poroelasticity, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.32, issue.3, pp.217-238, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(98)00161-4

S. C. Cowin, Mechanosensation and fluid transport in living bone, J Musculoskel Neuron Interact, vol.2, pp.256-260, 2002.

S. C. Cowin, Bones Have Ears:, IUTAM- Proceedings on Physicochemical and Electromechanical Interactions in Porous Media, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/1-4020-3865-8_1

G. Dagan, Flow and Transport in Porous Formations, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-75015-1

P. Delahay, Double Layer and Electrode Kinetics, 1965.

P. Devillers, Couplages Thermohydromécaniques En Milieux Poreux : Application`AApplication` Application`A la Consolidation D'un Sol Non Saturé, Thèse de 3 ` eme cycle, 1998.

E. Dorn, 1878, Ueber die galvanischen ströme, welche beim strömen von flüssigkeiten durch röhren erzeugt werden, Wiedemann's, Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol.5, pp.20-44
DOI : 10.1002/andp.18782410903

G. Filipcsei, J. Fehér, and M. Et-zr-`-zr-`-inyi, Electric field sensitive neutral polymer gels, Journal of Molecular Structure, vol.554, issue.1, pp.109-117, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-2860(00)00564-0

G. Fras and J. Et-bénet, Physical approach to averaging theorems on phase interfaces in a dispersed multiphase medium, Transport in Porous Media, pp.209-227, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00613279

J. Garrido, V. Compan, V. M. Aguilella, and S. Et-mafé, Thermodynamics of electrokinetic processes???I. Formulations, Electrochimica Acta, vol.35, issue.4, pp.705-709, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0013-4686(90)90003-I

J. Gasparoux, Changement de phase liquide-vapeur de l'eau dans un sol. etude expérimentale loin de l'´ equilibre, 2003.

L. W. Gelhar and C. Et-axness, Three-dimensional stochastic analysis of macrodispersion in aquifers, Water Resources Research, vol.104, issue.4, pp.161-180, 1983.
DOI : 10.1029/WR019i001p00161

G. Gouy, Sur la constitution de la chargé electriquè a la surface d'unélectrolyteunélectrolyte, Comptes Rendus de l, Académie des Sciences, vol.149, pp.654-657, 1909.

L. Gouy, Sur la constitution de la charge ??lectrique ?? la surface d'un ??lectrolyte, Journal de Physique Th??orique et Appliqu??e, vol.9, issue.1, pp.457-468, 1910.
DOI : 10.1051/jphystap:019100090045700

D. C. Grahame, The Electrical Double Layer and the Theory of Electrocapillarity., Chemical Reviews, vol.41, issue.3, pp.441-510, 1947.
DOI : 10.1021/cr60130a002

W. Gu, H. Yao, C. Huang, and H. Et-cheung, New insight into deformation-dependent hydraulic permeability of gels and cartilage, and dynamic behavior of agarose gels in confined compression, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.36, issue.4, pp.593-598, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(02)00437-2

Y. Hotta and I. Et-ando, A study of shrinkage process of a polymer gel under electric field by 1H NMR imaging method using an NMR cell with thin platinum electrodes, Journal of Molecular Structure, vol.602, issue.603, pp.602-603, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-2860(01)00771-2

E. M. Johnson and W. M. Et-deen, Hydraulic permeability of agarose gels, AIChE Journal, vol.42, issue.5, pp.1220-1224, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690420504

E. Kaasschieter, A. Frijns, and J. Et-huyghe, Mixed finite element modelling of cartilaginous tissues, Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, vol.61, issue.3-6, pp.549-560, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-4754(02)00105-2

F. I. Khan, T. Husain, and R. Et-hejazi, An overview and analysis of site remediation technologies, Journal of Environmental Management, vol.71, issue.2, pp.95-122, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.02.003

H. Kim, P. Periasamy, and S. Et-moon, Electrochemical properties of the Li-ion polymer batteries with P(VdF-co-HFP)-based gel polymer electrolyte, Journal of Power Sources, vol.141, issue.2, pp.293-297, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.08.007

N. Kusukawa, M. V. Ostrovsky, and M. M. Garner, Effect of gelation conditions on the gel structure and resolving power of agarose-based DNA sequencing gels, Electrophoresis, vol.102, issue.7, pp.1455-1461, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19990601)20:7<1455::AID-ELPS1455>3.0.CO;2-L

F. Maccari and N. Et-volpi, Detection of submicrogram quantities of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides by agarose???gel electrophoresis, Analytical Biochemistry, vol.322, issue.2, pp.185-189, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ab.2003.08.017

P. Mazur and I. Et-prigogine, Sur l'hydrodynamique des m??langes liquides de He3 et He4, Physica, vol.17, issue.7, pp.680-693, 1951.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-8914(51)90051-1

M. Garcia, A. Frank, E. H. Grimshaw, P. E. Et-grodzinsky, and A. J. , Contributions of Fluid Convection and Electrical Migration to Transport in Cartilage: Relevance to Loading, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol.333, issue.2, pp.317-325, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/abbi.1996.0397

M. Garcia, A. Szasz, N. Trippel, S. B. Morales, T. I. Grodzinsky et al., Transport and binding of insulin-like growth factor I through articular cartilage, Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, vol.415, issue.1, pp.69-79, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-9861(03)00215-7

Z. Mohammed, M. Hember, R. Richardson, and E. Morris, Kinetic and equilibrium processes in the formation and melting of agarose gels, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol.36, issue.1, pp.15-26, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0144-8617(98)00011-3

C. Moyne and M. Et-murad, Macroscopic behavior of swelling porous media derived from micromechanical analysis, Transport in Porous Media, pp.127-151, 2003.

I. Mrani, J. Bénet, and G. Et-fras, Transport of Water in a Biconstituent Elastic Medium, Applied Mechanics Reviews, vol.48, issue.10, pp.717-721, 1995.
DOI : 10.1115/1.3005053

I. Mrani, J. Bénet, G. Fras, and Z. Et-zrikem, TWO DIMENSIONAL SIMULATION OF DEHYDRATION OF A HIGHLY DEFORMABLEGEL : MOISTURE CONTENT, STRESS AND STRAW FIELDS, Drying Technology, vol.43, issue.9, pp.2165-2193, 1997.
DOI : 10.1080/07373939508916974

G. Musso, Electrokinetic Phenomena in Soils, Thèse de 3 ` eme cycle, 2000.

L. Onsager, Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes. I., Physical Review, vol.37, issue.4, pp.405-426, 1931.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.37.405

L. Onsager, Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes. II., Physical Review, vol.38, issue.12, pp.2265-2279, 1931.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.38.2265

J. T. Overbeek, Thermodynamics of electrokinetic phenomena, Journal of Colloid Science, vol.8, issue.4, pp.420-427, 1953.
DOI : 10.1016/0095-8522(53)90026-9

T. Paillat, Contribution`AContribution` Contribution`A L'´ etude Des PhénomènesPhénomènes´PhénomènesÉlectrocinétiques Dans Les Milieux Poreux Application Au Stockage Géologique de Déchets et`Aet` et`A la Prévention Contre L'´ electrisation Dans Les Transformateurs, Thèse de 3 ` eme cycle, 1998.

J. Perrin, Mécanisme de l'´ electrisation de contact et solutions collo¨?dalescollo¨?dales I, Journal de Chimie Physique, vol.2, pp.601-651, 1904.

J. Perrin, Mécanisme de l'´ electrisation de contact et solutions collo¨?dalescollo¨?dales II, Journal de Chimie Physique, vol.3, pp.50-110, 1905.

V. Pomès, Etude Du TransportÉlectrocinétiqueTransport´TransportÉlectrocinétique D'une Espèce Non Réactive Dans un Milieu Poreux Modèle, Thèse de 3 ` eme cycle, 2000.

S. Pride, Governing equations for the coupled electromagnetics and acoustics of porous media, Physical Review B, vol.50, issue.21, pp.15678-15696, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.50.15678

I. Prigogine, Introduction`AIntroduction` Introduction`A la Thermodynamique Des Processus Irréversibles, 1968.

I. Prigogine and P. Et-mazur, Sur deux formulations de l'hydrodynamique et le probleme de l'helium liquide II, Physica, vol.17, issue.7, pp.661-679, 1951.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-8914(51)90050-X

S. K. Puppala, A. N. Alshawabkeh, Y. B. Acar, R. J. Gale, and M. Et-bricka, Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of high sorption capacity soil, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.55, issue.1-3, pp.203-220, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3894(97)00011-3

G. Quincke, 1859, Ueber eine neue art elektrischer ströme, Poggendorf 's Annalen der, Physik und Chemie, vol.107, pp.1-47

G. Quincke, 1861, Ueber die fortführung materieller theilchen durch strömende elektricität, Poggendorf 's Annalen der Physik und Chemie 113, pp.513-598

M. Quintard and S. Et-whitaker, Transport in ordered and disordered porous media: volume-averaged equations, closure problems, and comparison with experiment, Chemical Engineering Science, vol.48, issue.14, pp.2537-2564, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2509(93)80266-S

A. Raoult-wack, Les Procédés de Déshydratation-Imprégnation Par Immersion Dans Des Solutions Concentrées (DII) -Etude Expérimentale et Modélisation Des Transferts D'eau et de Soluté sur Gel Modèle, Thèse de 3 ` eme cycle, 1991.

F. Reuss, 1809, Sur un nouvel effet de l'´ electricité galvanique, Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Naturalistes de Moscou, pp.327-337

V. Richefeu, Retrait et gonflement d'une particule biphasiqué echangeant de lamatì ere avec l'extérieur, Master's thesis, 2001.

V. Richefeu, M. S. Youssoufi, and J. Et-bénet, Saturated porous medium strain under osmotic actions, pp.533-537, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00202663

M. Ruiz-cabrera, L. Foucat, J. Bonny, J. Renou, and J. Et-daudin, Assessment of water diffusivity in gelatine gel from moisture profiles. I??????Non-destructive measurement of 1D moisture profiles during drying from 2D nuclear magnetic resonance images, Journal of Food Engineering, vol.68, issue.2, pp.209-219, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2004.05.033

T. Ruiz, Eléments de Modélisation et Contribution Expérimentalè A L'´ etude Du Transport Réactif Dans un Sol Non Saturé, Thèse de 3 ` eme cycle, 1998.

T. Ruiz and J. Et-bénet, Potentiels de transport d'une solution dilu??e en milieu poreux, Comptes Rendus de l'Acad??mie des Sciences - Series IIB - Mechanics-Physics-Astronomy, vol.326, issue.7, pp.415-421, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1287-4620(98)80010-0

T. Ruiz and J. Et-bénet, Phase change in a heterogeneous medium : Comparison between the vaporisation of water and heptane in an unsaturated soil at two temperatures, Transport in Porous Media, pp.337-353, 2001.

T. H. Smit, J. M. Huyghe, and S. C. Et-cowin, Estimation of the poroelastic parameters of cortical bone, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.35, issue.6, pp.829-835, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(02)00021-0

K. S. Spiegler, Transport processes in ionic membranes, Transactions of the Faraday Society, vol.54, issue.9, pp.1408-1428, 1958.
DOI : 10.1039/tf9585401408

G. Sposito, The Surface Chemistry of Soils, 1984.

O. Stern, Zur theorie der elektrolytischen doppelschicht, Z. Elektrochem, vol.30, pp.508-516, 1924.

O. Tabata, H. Hirasawa, S. Aoki, R. Yoshida, and E. Et-kokufuta, Ciliary motion actuator using self-oscillating gel, Sensors and Actuators A 95, pp.234-238, 2002.

C. Truesdell and R. A. Et-toupin, The classical field theories Principles of Classical Mechanics and Field Theory, Encyclopedia of Physics, pp.226-858, 1960.

S. Usui, Electrical double layer, Electrical Phenomena at Interfaces, Fundamentals, Measurements and Applications, pp.15-46, 1984.

C. Vidal, G. Dewel, and P. Et-borckmans, Audeì a de l'´ equilibre, 1994.

V. Helmholtz and H. L. , 1879, StudienüberStudien¨Studienüber electrische grenzschichten, Wiedemann's Annalen der, Physik und Chemie, vol.7, pp.337-382

S. Whitaker, The Method of Volume Averaging, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-3389-2

G. Wiedemann, 1852, Ueber die bewegung von flüssigkeiten im kreise der geschlossenen galvanischen säule, Poggendorf 's Annalen der, Physik und Chemie, vol.87, pp.321-352

G. Wiedemann, 1856, Ueber die bewegung der flüssigkeiten im kreise der geschlossenen galvanischen säule und ihre beziehungen zur elektrolyse, Poggendorf 's Annalen der Physik und Chemie 99, pp.177-233

A. Yeung, Coupled Flow Equations for Water, Electricity and Ionic Contaminants through Clayey Soils under Hydraulic, Electrical and Chemical Gradients, Journal of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, vol.15, issue.3, pp.247-267, 1990.
DOI : 10.1515/jnet.1990.15.3.247

A. Yeung, Electrokinetic flow processes in porous media and their applications, Advances in Porous Media, pp.309-395, 1994.

A. T. Yeung and S. Et-datla, Fundamental formulation of electrokinetic extraction of contaminants from soil, Canadian Geotechnical Journal, vol.32, issue.4, pp.569-583, 1995.
DOI : 10.1139/t95-060

R. Zvitov and A. Et-nussinovitch, Weight, mechanical and structural changes induced in alginate gel beads by DC electrical field, Food Hydrocolloids, vol.15, issue.1, pp.33-42, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0268-005X(00)00047-3

H. La-pente-correspondàcorrespondà-k, 2 ? * e g/r 2 Lµ, d'o` u l'on déduit la perméabilité intrinsèque du gel d'agar-agar : k H = 1, 61.10 ?17 m 2 . En considérant que la charge hydraulique est constante, la figure 6.17 représente l'´ evolution