A. Grants, @. Anr-jeune, and . Chercheur, 140 kEuros ? Marie Curie Reintegration Grant 45 kEuros A.4 Teaching and tutoring experience ? Course on " Cosmic rays and gamma rays in the interstellar medium, International winter school on the interstellar medium, pp.22-26, 2010.

S. Gabici, F. A. Aharonian, and &. S. Casanova, Broad-band non-thermal emission from molecular clouds illuminated by cosmic rays from nearby supernova remnants, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.396, issue.3, p.1629, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.14832.x
URL : http://arxiv.org/abs/0901.4549

. Hess-collaboration, Constraints on the multi-TeV particle population in the Coma galaxy cluster with HESS observations, A&A, vol.502, p.437, 2009.

S. Gabici, A. M. Taylor, R. J. White, S. Casanova, and &. F. Aharonian, The diffuse neutrino flux from the inner Galaxy: Constraints from very high energy gamma-ray observations???, Astroparticle Physics, vol.30, issue.4, p.180, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2008.08.005

S. Gabici and &. F. Aharonian, Searching for Galactic Cosmic-Ray Pevatrons with Multi-TeV Gamma Rays and Neutrinos, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.665, issue.2, p.131, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/521047

S. Gabici, F. A. Aharonian, and &. P. Blasi, Gamma rays from molecular clouds, Astrophysics and Space Science, vol.53, issue.1-4, p.365, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10509-007-9427-6
URL : http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0610032

&. F. Gabici and . Aharonian, Pointlike Gamma Ray Sources as Signatures of Distant Accelerators of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays, Physical Review Letters, vol.95, issue.25, p.251102, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.251102

P. Blasi, S. Gabici, and &. G. Vannoni, On the role of injection in kinetic approaches to non-linear particle acceleration at non-relativistic shock waves, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.361, issue.3, pp.361-907, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2005.09227.x

&. P. Gabici and . Blasi, On the detectability of gamma rays from clusters of galaxies: mergers versus secondary infall, Astroparticle Physics, vol.20, issue.5, p.579, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2003.09.002

&. P. Gabici and . Blasi, The gamma ray background from large scale structure formation, Astroparticle Physics, vol.19, issue.6, p.679, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-6505(03)00106-3

S. Gabici and &. P. Blasi, Nonthermal Radiation from Clusters of Galaxies: The Role of Merger Shocks in Particle Acceleration, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.583, issue.2, p.695, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/345429

R. U. Abbasi, T. Abu-zayyad, and M. Allen, First Observation of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin Suppression, Physical Review Letters, vol.100, issue.10, p.101101, 2008.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.101101

A. A. Abdo, M. Ackermann, and M. Ajello, LARGE AREA TELESCOPE OBSERVATIONS OF THE SUPERNOVA REMNANT W28 (G6.4???0.1), The Astrophysical Journal, vol.718, issue.1, p.348, 2010.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/718/1/348

F. Aharonian, A. G. Akhperjanian, and A. R. Bazer-bachi, A detailed spectral and morphological study of the gamma-ray supernova remnant RX??J1713.7???3946 with HESS, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.449, issue.1, p.223, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20054279
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00025465

F. Aharonian, A. G. Akhperjanian, and A. R. Bazer-bachi, Discovery of very-high-energy ??-rays from the Galactic Centre ridge, Nature, vol.337, issue.7077, p.695, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04467
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00025901

F. Aharonian, J. Buckley, T. Kifune, and G. Sinnis, High energy astrophysics with ground-based gamma ray detectors, Reports on Progress in Physics, vol.71, issue.9, p.96901, 2008.
DOI : 10.1088/0034-4885/71/9/096901

F. A. Aharonian, Very high and ultra-high-energy gamma-rays from giant molecular clouds, Astrophysics and Space Science, vol.1, issue.2, p.305, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00648185

F. A. Aharonian, A. G. Akhperjanian, and K. Aye, High-energy particle acceleration in the shell of a supernova remnant, Nature, vol.54, issue.7013, p.75, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/305647
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00023291

F. A. Aharonian, A. A. Belyanin, E. V. Derishev, V. V. Kocharovsky, and V. V. Kocharovsky, Constraints on the extremely high-energy cosmic ray accelerators from classical electrodynamics, Physical Review D, vol.66, issue.2, p.23005, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.66.023005

F. A. Aharonian, P. S. Coppi, and H. J. Voelk, Very high energy gamma rays from active galactic nuclei: Cascading on the cosmic background radiation fields and the formation of pair halos, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.423, p.5, 1994.
DOI : 10.1086/187222

F. A. Aharonian, S. R. Kelner, and . Prosekin, Angular, spectral, and time distributions of highest energy protons and associated secondary gamma rays and neutrinos propagating through extragalactic magnetic and radiation fields, Physical Review D, vol.82, issue.4, p.43002, 2010.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.82.043002

F. A. Aharonian, A. K. Konopelko, H. J. Völk, and H. Quintana, 5@5 ??? a 5 GeV energy threshold array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes at 5 km altitude, Astroparticle Physics, vol.15, issue.4, p.335, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-6505(00)00164-X

D. E. Alexandreas, D. Berley, and S. Biller, Point source search techniques in ultra high energy gamma ray astronomy, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol.328, issue.3, p.570, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9002(93)90677-A

D. Allard, E. Parizot, A. V. Olinto, E. Khan, and S. Goriely, UHE nuclei propagation and the interpretation of the ankle in the cosmic-ray spectrum, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.443, issue.3, p.29, 2005.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:200500199
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00024694

R. Aloisio, V. Berezinsky, P. Blasi, and S. Ostapchenko, Signatures of the transition from galactic to extragalactic cosmic rays, Physical Review D, vol.77, issue.2, p.25007, 2008.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.77.025007

E. Amato and P. Blasi, A general solution to non-linear particle acceleration at non-relativistic shock waves, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, vol.364, issue.1, p.76, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2005.00110.x

E. Armengaud, G. Sigl, and F. Miniati, Secondary gamma rays from ultrahigh energy cosmic rays produced in magnetized environments, Physical Review D, vol.73, issue.8, p.83008, 2006.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.73.083008
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00086232

A. Bamba, R. Yamazaki, M. Ueno, and K. Koyama, Observations, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.589, issue.2, p.827, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/374687
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00749114

G. Barr, T. K. Gaisser, and T. Stanev, Flux of atmospheric neutrinos, Physical Review D, vol.39, issue.11, p.3532, 1989.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.39.3532

A. R. Bell, The acceleration of cosmic rays in shock fronts - I, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.182, issue.2, p.147, 1978.
DOI : 10.1093/mnras/182.2.147

A. R. Bell, Turbulent amplification of magnetic field and diffusive shock acceleration of cosmic rays, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.353, issue.2, p.550, 2004.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08097.x

E. G. Berezhko and D. C. Ellison, A Simple Model of Nonlinear Diffusive Shock Acceleration, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.526, issue.1, p.385, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/307993

E. G. Berezhko, L. T. Ksenofontov, and H. J. Völk, Confirmation of strong magnetic field amplification and nuclear cosmic ray acceleration in SN??1006, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.412, issue.1, p.11, 2003.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20031667

E. G. Berezhko, V. K. Yelshin, and L. T. Ksenofontov, Numerical investigation of cosmic ray acceleration in supernova remnants, Astroparticle Physics, vol.2, issue.2, p.215, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0927-6505(94)90043-4

V. S. Berezinskii, S. V. Bulanov, V. A. Dogiel, and V. S. Ptuskin, Astrophysics of cosmic rays, 1990.

V. S. Berezinsky, P. Blasi, and V. S. Ptuskin, Clusters of Galaxies as Storage Room for Cosmic Rays, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.487, issue.2, p.529, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/304622

R. D. Blandford, On the mediation of a shock front by Fermi-accelerated cosmic rays, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.238, p.410, 1980.
DOI : 10.1086/157998

R. D. Blandford and J. P. Ostriker, Particle acceleration by astrophysical shocks, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.221, p.29, 1978.
DOI : 10.1086/182658

P. Blasi, A semi-analytical approach to non-linear shock acceleration, Astroparticle Physics, vol.16, issue.4, p.429, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-6505(01)00127-X

A. M. Bykov and G. D. Fleishman, On non-thermal particle generation in superbubbles, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.255, issue.2, p.269, 1992.
DOI : 10.1093/mnras/255.2.269

A. M. Bykov, Y. A. Uvarov, and D. C. Ellison, Dots, Clumps, and Filaments: The Intermittent Images of Synchrotron Emission in Random Magnetic Fields of Young Supernova Remnants, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.689, issue.2, p.133, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/595868

A. Calvez, A. Kusenko, and S. Nagataki, Role of Galactic Sources and Magnetic Fields in Forming the Observed Energy-Dependent Composition of Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays, Physical Review Letters, vol.105, issue.9, p.91101, 2010.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.091101

P. Caselli, C. M. Walmsley, R. Terzieva, and E. Herbst, The Ionization Fraction in Dense Cloud Cores, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.499, issue.1, p.234, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/305624

G. Cassam-chena¨?chena¨?, A. Decourchelle, J. Ballet, and D. C. Ellison, Morphology of synchrotron emission in young supernova remnants, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.443, issue.3, p.955, 2005.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20052853

G. Cassam-chena¨?chena¨?, J. P. Hughes, J. Ballet, and A. Decourchelle, The Blast Wave of Tycho???s Supernova Remnant, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.665, issue.1, p.315, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/518782

M. Casse and J. A. Paul, Local gamma rays and cosmic-ray acceleration by supersonic stellar winds, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.237, p.236, 1980.
DOI : 10.1086/157863

C. J. Cesarsky, Cosmic-Ray Confinement in the Galaxy, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.18, issue.1, p.289, 1980.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.aa.18.090180.001445

D. F. Cioffi, C. F. Mckee, and E. Bertschinger, Dynamics of radiative supernova remnants, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.334, p.252, 1988.
DOI : 10.1086/166834

T. A. Clark, L. W. Brown, and J. K. Alexander, Spectrum of the Extra-galactic Background Radiation at Low Radio Frequencies, Nature, vol.19, issue.5274, p.847, 1970.
DOI : 10.1038/228847a0

M. L. Costantini and F. Vissani, Expected neutrino signal from supernova remnant RX J1713.7-3946 and flavor oscillations, Astroparticle Physics, vol.23, issue.5, p.477, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2005.03.003

J. W. Cronin, The highest-energy cosmic rays, Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements, vol.138, p.465, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2004.11.107
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00199474

R. M. Crutcher, Magnetic Fields in Molecular Clouds: Observations Confront Theory, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.520, issue.2, p.706, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/307483

A. Dalgarno and R. A. Mccray, Heating and Ionization of HI Regions, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.10, issue.1, p.375, 1972.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.aa.10.090172.002111

T. M. Dame, H. Ungerechts, and R. S. Cohen, A composite CO survey of the entire Milky Way, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.322, p.706, 1987.
DOI : 10.1086/165766

A. Dar and A. De-rújula, A theory of cosmic rays, Physics Reports, vol.466, issue.6, p.179, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physrep.2008.05.004

K. Dolag, D. Grasso, V. Springel, and I. Tkachev, Mapping deflections of extragalactic ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays in magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the local universe, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters, vol.79, issue.12, p.583, 2004.
DOI : 10.1134/1.1790011

L. O. Drury, An introduction to the theory of diffusive shock acceleration of energetic particles in tenuous plasmas, Reports on Progress in Physics, vol.46, issue.8, p.973, 1983.
DOI : 10.1088/0034-4885/46/8/002

L. O. Drury and J. H. Voelk, Hydromagnetic shock structure in the presence of cosmic rays, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.248, p.344, 1981.
DOI : 10.1086/159159

D. Eichler, Particle acceleration in collisionless shocks - Regulated injection and high efficiency, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.229, p.419, 1979.
DOI : 10.1086/156969

D. Eichler, On the theory of cosmic-ray-mediated shocks with variable compression ratio, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.277, p.429, 1984.
DOI : 10.1086/161711

D. C. Ellison, Acceleration and Transport of Energetic Particles Observed in the Heliosphere, Physics Conference Series, vol.528, pp.383-389, 2000.

D. C. Ellison and G. Cassam-chena¨?chena¨?, Radio and X???Ray Profiles in Supernova Remnants Undergoing Efficient Cosmic???Ray Production, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.632, issue.2, p.920, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/444449

D. C. Ellison and D. Eichler, Monte Carlo shock-like solutions to the Boltzmann equation with collective scattering, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.286, p.691, 1984.
DOI : 10.1086/162644

D. C. Ellison, D. J. Patnaude, P. Slane, and J. Raymond, EFFICIENT COSMIC RAY ACCELERATION, HYDRODYNAMICS, AND SELF-CONSISTENT THERMAL X-RAY EMISSION APPLIED TO SUPERNOVA REMNANT RX J1713.7-3946, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.712, issue.1, p.287, 2010.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/712/1/287

A. D. Erlykin and A. W. Wolfendale, A single source of cosmic rays in the range - eV, Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, vol.23, issue.8, p.979, 1997.
DOI : 10.1088/0954-3899/23/8/012

A. J. Farmer and P. Goldreich, Wave Damping by Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence and Its Effect on Cosmic???Ray Propagation in the Interstellar Medium, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.604, issue.2, p.671, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/382040

G. Ferrand, T. Downes, and A. Marcowith, MARCOS, a numerical tool for the simulation of multiple time-dependent non-linear diffusive shock acceleration, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.383, issue.1, p.41, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2007.12511.x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00177684

C. Ferrigno, P. Blasi, and D. De-marco, High energy gamma ray counterparts of astrophysical sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays, Astroparticle Physics, vol.23, issue.2, p.211, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.04.013

G. B. Field, D. W. Goldsmith, and H. J. Habing, Cosmic-Ray Heating of the Interstellar Gas, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.155, p.149, 1969.
DOI : 10.1086/180324

Y. Fujita, Y. Ohira, S. J. Tanaka, and F. Takahara, MOLECULAR CLOUDS AS A PROBE OF COSMIC-RAY ACCELERATION IN A SUPERNOVA REMNANT, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.707, issue.2, p.179, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/707/2/L179

Y. Fukui, A. Kawamura, and T. Minamidani, The Second Survey of the Molecular Clouds in the Large Magellanic Cloud by NANTEN. I. Catalog of Molecular Clouds, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, vol.178, issue.1, p.56, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/589833

S. Funk, The First GLAST Symposium, American Institute of Physics Conference Series, pp.393-394, 2007.

S. Funk, O. Reimer, D. F. Torres, and J. A. Hinton, The GeV???TeV Connection in Galactic ?????Ray Sources, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.679, issue.2, p.1299, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/587129

S. Gabici, ArXiv e-prints, 2008.

S. Gabici, ArXiv e-prints, 2010.

S. Gabici and F. A. Aharonian, Pointlike Gamma Ray Sources as Signatures of Distant Accelerators of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays, Physical Review Letters, vol.95, issue.25, p.251102, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.251102

S. Gabici and F. A. Aharonian, Gamma ray signatures of ultra high energy cosmic ray accelerators: electromagnetic cascade versus synchrotron radiation of secondary electrons, Astrophysics and Space Science, vol.4, issue.1-4, p.465, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10509-007-9429-4

S. Gabici, F. A. Aharonian, and P. Blasi, Gamma rays from molecular clouds, Astrophysics and Space Science, vol.53, issue.1-4, p.365, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10509-007-9427-6
URL : http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0610032

S. Gabici, P. Blasi, and G. Vannoni, Astrophysical Sources of High Energy Particles and Radiation, American Institute of Physics Conference Series, pp.369-372, 2005.

S. Gabici, S. Casanova, F. A. Aharonian, and G. Rowell, ArXiv e-prints, 2010.

S. Gabici, A. M. Taylor, R. J. White, S. Casanova, and F. A. Aharonian, The diffuse neutrino flux from the inner Galaxy: Constraints from very high energy gamma-ray observations???, Astroparticle Physics, vol.30, issue.4, p.180, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2008.08.005

T. K. Gaisser, Cosmic rays and particle physics, 1990.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139192194

V. L. Ginzburg and S. I. Syrovatskii, The Origin of Cosmic Rays, 1964.

A. Giuliani, M. Tavani, and A. Bulgarelli, -ray emission from the SNR W28, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.516, p.11, 2010.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/201014256
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00558331

L. J. Gleeson and W. I. Axford, Solar Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.154, p.1011, 1968.
DOI : 10.1086/149822

R. J. Gould and Y. Rephaeli, The effective penetration distance of ultrahigh-energy electrons and photons traversing a cosmic blackbody photon gas, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.225, p.318, 1978.
DOI : 10.1086/156493

R. J. Gould and G. Schréder, Opacity of the Universe to High-Energy Photons, Physical Review Letters, vol.16, issue.6, p.252, 1966.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.16.252

K. Greisen, End to the Cosmic-Ray Spectrum?, Physical Review Letters, vol.16, issue.17, p.748, 1966.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.16.748

E. A. Helder, J. Vink, and C. G. Bassa, Measuring the Cosmic-Ray Acceleration Efficiency of a Supernova Remnant, Science, vol.325, issue.5941, p.719, 2009.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1173383

E. Herbst and W. Klemperer, The Formation and Depletion of Molecules in Dense Interstellar Clouds, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.185, p.505, 1973.
DOI : 10.1086/152436

A. M. Hillas, The Origin of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.22, issue.1, p.425, 1984.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.aa.22.090184.002233

A. M. Hillas, Can diffusive shock acceleration in supernova remnants account for high-energy galactic cosmic rays?, Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, vol.31, issue.5, p.95, 2005.
DOI : 10.1088/0954-3899/31/5/R02

M. Honda, T. Kajita, K. Kasahara, and S. Midorikawa, Calculation of the flux of atmospheric neutrinos, Physical Review D, vol.52, issue.9, p.4985, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.52.4985

N. Indriolo, G. A. Blake, and M. Goto, OBSERVATIONS,, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.724, issue.2, p.1357, 2010.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/724/2/1357
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01439985

M. R. Issa and A. W. Wolfendale, ?? Rays from the cosmic ray irradiation of local molecular clouds, Nature, vol.188, issue.5822, p.430, 1981.
DOI : 10.1038/292430a0

P. Jean, W. Gillard, A. Marcowith, and K. &ferrì-ere, Positron transport in the interstellar medium, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.508, issue.3, p.1099, 2009.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/200809830
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00430321

F. C. Jones and D. C. Ellison, The plasma physics of shock acceleration, Space Science Reviews, vol.305, issue.1, p.259, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01206003

P. M. Kalberla, W. B. Burton, and D. Hartmann, The Leiden/Argentine/Bonn (LAB) Survey of Galactic HI, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.440, issue.2, p.775, 2005.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20041864

T. Kamae, N. Karlsson, T. Mizuno, T. Abe, and T. Koi, Interaction in Astronomical Environments, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.647, issue.1, p.692, 2006.
DOI : 10.1086/505189

H. Kang and T. W. Jones, Numerical studies of diffusive particle acceleration in supernova remnants, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.249, issue.3, p.439, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/mnras/249.3.439

H. Kang and T. W. Jones, Diffusive Shock Acceleration Simulations: Comparison with Particle Methods and Bow Shock Measurements, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.447, p.944, 1995.
DOI : 10.1086/175932

H. Kang, T. W. Jones, and U. D. Gieseler, Numerical Studies of Cosmic???Ray Injection and Acceleration, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.579, issue.1, p.337, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/342724

A. Kappes, J. Hinton, C. Stegmann, and F. A. Aharonian, Potential Neutrino Signals from Galactic ?????Ray Sources, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.656, issue.2, p.870, 2007.
DOI : 10.1086/508936

S. R. Kelner, F. A. Aharonian, and V. V. Bugayov, Energy spectra of gamma rays, electrons, and neutrinos produced at proton-proton interactions in the very high energy regime, Physical Review D, vol.74, issue.3, p.34018, 2006.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.74.034018

T. Kobayashi, Y. Komori, K. Yoshida, and J. Nishimura, The Most Likely Sources of High???Energy Cosmic???Ray Electrons in Supernova Remnants, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.601, issue.1, p.340, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/380431

K. Kotera, D. Allard, M. Lemoine, K. Petre, R. Gotthelf et al., ArXiv e-prints Koyama, Nature, vol.378, p.255, 1995.

R. Kulsrud and W. P. Pearce, The Effect of Wave-Particle Interactions on the Propagation of Cosmic Rays, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.156, p.445, 1969.
DOI : 10.1086/149981

H. Li, Y. Chen, and M. A. Malkov, ??-rays from molecular clouds illuminated by accumulated diffusive protons from supernova remnant W28, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, vol.409, issue.1, pp.35-4911, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1745-3933.2010.00944.x

M. A. Malkov, Asymptotic Particle Spectra and Plasma Flows at Strong Shocks, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.511, issue.1, p.53, 1999.
DOI : 10.1086/311825

M. A. Malkov and L. O-'c-drury, Nonlinear theory of diffusive acceleration of particles by shock waves, Reports on Progress in Physics, vol.64, issue.4, p.429, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0034-4885/64/4/201

D. Malyshev, S. Gabici, . O-'c, L. Drury, and F. A. Aharonian, A simple model for electron plasma heating in supernova remnants, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.521, p.14, 2010.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/200913841
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00719797

G. Matthiae, The cosmic ray energy spectrum as measured using the Pierre Auger Observatory, New Journal of Physics, vol.12, issue.7, p.75009, 2010.
DOI : 10.1088/1367-2630/12/7/075009

D. Maurin, F. Donato, R. Taillet, and P. Salati, ???=???30 in a Diffusion Model: New Constraints on Propagation Parameters, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.555, issue.2, p.585, 2001.
DOI : 10.1086/321496

B. J. Mccall, K. H. Hinkle, and T. R. Geballe, Observations of H \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $^{+}_{3}$ \end{document} in the Diffuse Interstellar Medium, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.567, issue.1, p.391, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/338380

B. J. Mccall, A. J. Huneycutt, and R. J. Saykally, An enhanced cosmic-ray flux towards ?? Persei inferred from a laboratory study of the H3+???e- recombination rate, Nature, vol.263, issue.6931, p.500, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/jp971216z

T. Montmerle, On gamma-ray sources, supernova remnants, OB associations, and the origin of cosmic rays, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.231, p.95, 1979.
DOI : 10.1086/157166

M. Mori, The Galactic Diffuse Gamma???Ray Spectrum from Cosmic???Ray Proton Interactions, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.478, issue.1, p.225, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/303785

M. Mori, Nuclear enhancement factor in calculation of Galactic diffuse gamma-rays: A new estimate with DPMJET-3, Astroparticle Physics, vol.31, issue.5, p.341, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2009.03.004

G. Morlino, E. Amato, and P. Blasi, Gamma-ray emission from SNR RX J1713.7???3946 and the origin of galactic cosmic rays, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, vol.392, issue.1, p.240, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.14033.x

A. Neronov, P. Tinyakov, and I. Tkachev, TeV Signatures of Compact UHECR Accelerators, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, vol.100, issue.4, p.656, 2005.
DOI : 10.1134/1.1926427

C. A. Norman, D. B. Melrose, and A. Achterberg, The Origin of Cosmic Rays above 10 18.5 eV, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.454, p.60, 1995.
DOI : 10.1086/176465

P. Padoan and J. Scalo, Confinement-driven Spatial Variations in the Cosmic-Ray Flux, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.624, issue.2, p.97, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/430598

M. Padovani, D. Galli, and A. E. Glassgold, Cosmic-ray ionization of molecular clouds, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.501, issue.2, p.619, 2009.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361/200911794

E. Parizot, A. Marcowith, J. Ballet, and Y. A. Gallant, Observational constraints on energetic particle diffusion in young supernovae remnants: amplified magnetic field and maximum energy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.453, issue.2, p.387, 2006.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20064985

E. Parizot, A. Marcowith, E. Van-der-swaluw, A. M. Bykov, and . Tatischeff, Superbubbles and energetic particles in the Galaxy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.424, issue.3, p.747, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20041269
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00023425

V. S. Ptuskin, V. N. Zirakashvili, and A. A. Plesser, Non-linear diffusion of cosmic rays, Advances in Space Research, vol.42, issue.3, p.486, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.asr.2007.12.007

C. E. Rakowski, Electron???ion temperature equilibration at collisionless shocks in supernova remnants, Advances in Space Research, vol.35, issue.6, p.1017, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.asr.2005.03.131

C. E. Rakowski, J. M. Laming, and P. Ghavamian, The Heating of Thermal Electrons in Fast Collisionless Shocks: The Integral Role of Cosmic Rays, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.684, issue.1, p.348, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/590245

S. Rawlings and R. Saunders, Evidence for a common central-engine mechanism in all extragalactic radio sources, Nature, vol.349, issue.6305, p.138, 1991.
DOI : 10.1038/349138a0

S. P. Reynolds, Supernova Remnants at High Energy, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.46, issue.1, p.89, 2008.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145237

J. Rho and K. J. Borkowski, Observations of the Mixed???Morphology Supernova Remnant W28, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.575, issue.1, p.201, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/341192

R. Marrero, A. Y. Torres, D. F. De-cea-del-pozo, E. Reimer, O. Cillis et al., : Phenomenology at the 1???100 GeV Regime, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.689, issue.1, p.213, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/592562

C. Rordorf, D. Grasso, and K. Dolag, Diffusion of ultra-high energy protons in galaxy clusters and secondary X- and gamma-ray emissions, Astroparticle Physics, vol.22, issue.2, p.167, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2004.07.001

R. Rothenflug, J. Ballet, and G. Dubner, Geometry of the non-thermal emission in SN 1006, Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.425, issue.1, p.121, 2004.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20047104

L. I. Sedov, Similarity and Dimensional Methods in Mechanics, 1959.

J. Spitzer, L. Tomasko, and M. G. , Heating of H i Regions by Energetic Particles, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.152, p.971, 1968.
DOI : 10.1086/149610

M. D. Stage, G. E. Allen, J. C. Houck, and J. E. Davis, Cosmic-ray diffusion near the Bohm limit in the Cassiopeia??A supernova remnant, Nature Physics, vol.589, issue.9, p.614, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nphys391

S. W. Stahler and F. Palla, The Formation of Stars, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/9783527618675

T. Stanev, Ultra???High???Energy Cosmic Rays and the Large???Scale Structure of the Galactic Magnetic Field, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.479, issue.1, p.290, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/303866

F. W. Stecker, Ultrahigh energy photons, electrons, and neutrinos, the microwave background, and the universal cosmic-ray hypothesis, Astrophysics and Space Science, vol.236, issue.29 Suppl., p.47, 1973.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00645585

A. W. Strong and I. V. Moskalenko, Propagation of Cosmic???Ray Nucleons in the Galaxy, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.509, issue.1, p.212, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/306470

A. W. Strong, I. V. Moskalenko, and V. S. Ptuskin, Cosmic-Ray Propagation and Interactions in the Galaxy, Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, vol.57, issue.1, p.285, 2007.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.nucl.57.090506.123011

Y. Uchiyama and F. A. Aharonian, Fast Variability of Nonthermal X-Ray Emission in Cassiopeia A: Probing Electron Acceleration in Reverse-Shocked Ejecta, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.677, issue.2, p.105, 2008.
DOI : 10.1086/588190

Y. Uchiyama, F. A. Aharonian, T. Tanaka, T. Takahashi, and . Maeda, Extremely fast acceleration of cosmic rays in a supernova remnant, Nature, vol.464, issue.7162, p.576, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nature06210

M. Vietri, The Acceleration of Ultra--High-Energy Cosmic Rays in Gamma-Ray Bursts, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.453, p.883, 1995.
DOI : 10.1086/176448

J. Vink and J. M. Laming, On the Magnetic Fields and Particle Acceleration in Cassiopeia A, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.584, issue.2, p.758, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/345832

H. J. Völk, E. G. Berezhko, and L. T. Ksenofontov, Magnetic field amplification in Tycho and other shell-type supernova remnants, Astronomy & Astrophysics, vol.433, issue.1, p.229, 2005.
DOI : 10.1051/0004-6361:20042015

J. S. Warren, J. P. Hughes, and C. Badenes, X???Ray Observations, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.634, issue.1, p.376, 2005.
DOI : 10.1086/496941

W. D. Watson, The Rate of Formation of Interstellar Molecules by Ion-Molecule Reactions, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.183, p.17, 1973.
DOI : 10.1086/181242

E. Waxman, Cosmological Gamma-Ray Bursts and the Highest Energy Cosmic Rays, Physical Review Letters, vol.75, issue.3, p.386, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.386

E. Waxman and P. Coppi, Delayed GeV???TeV Photons from Gamma-Ray Bursts Producing High-Energy Cosmic Rays, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.464, issue.1, p.75, 1996.
DOI : 10.1086/310090
URL : http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9603144

D. G. Wentzel, Cosmic-Ray Propagation in the Galaxy: Collective Effects, Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, vol.12, issue.1, p.71, 1974.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.aa.12.090174.000443

L. M. Widrow, Origin of galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.74, issue.3, p.775, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.74.775

V. N. Zirakashvili and F. A. Aharonian, NONTHERMAL RADIATION OF YOUNG SUPERNOVA REMNANTS: THE CASE OF RX J1713.7???3946, The Astrophysical Journal, vol.708, issue.2, p.965, 2010.
DOI : 10.1088/0004-637X/708/2/965