A. Et-fattuhi, ]. H. Al-khaiat, and N. Fattuhi, Carbonation of Concrete Exposed to Hot and Arid Climate, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol.14, issue.2, pp.97-107, 2002.

. Andrade, Methodology based on the electrical resistivity for the calculation of reinforcement service life, L'industria italiana del cemento, pp.330-339, 2001.

]. C. Ati?, Accelerated carbonation and testing of concrete made with fly ash, Construction and Building Materials, vol.17, issue.3, pp.147-152, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00116-2

]. R. Bakker, Corrosion of steel in concrete, pp.47-54, 1988.

]. R. Bakker, Model to calculate the rate of carbonation resistance of concrete under different climatic conditions, 1993.

. Barnett, Strength development of mortars containing ground granulated blast-furnace slag: Effect of curing temperature and determination of apparent activation energies, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.36, issue.3, pp.434-440, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.11.002

. Baron, Viser la durabilité, dans Les Bétons, Bases et données pour leur formulation, pp.307-363, 1996.

B. Et-sellier, ]. B. Bary, and A. Sellier, Coupled moisture ? carbon dioxide ? calcium transfer model for carbonation of concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.34, issue.10, pp.1859-1872, 2004.

]. Z. Ba?ant-et-najjar, L. J. Ba?ant, and . Najjar, Nonlinear Water Diffusion in Nonsaturated Concrete, Materials and Structures, vol.5, issue.25, pp.3-20, 1972.

]. Z. Ba?ant, Creep and shrinkage of concrete, Mathematical Modeling, 4 th RILEM International Symposium, 1986.

. Bouikni, Durability properties of concrete containing 50% and 65% slag, Construction and Building Materials, vol.23, issue.8, pp.2836-2845, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.040

]. G. Bernier-]-t and . Bier, Formulation des bétons, Éditions Techniques de l'Ingénieur Influence of the type of cement and curing on carbonation progress and pore structure of hydrated cement pastes, Base Structure et Gros OEuvre, Rubrique Bétons Hydrauliques, pp.210-123, 1986.

]. J. Bolomey, Determination of the compressive strength of mortars and concretes, Bulletin Technique de la Suisse Romande, pp.22-24, 1927.

]. J. Bolomey, Granulation et prévision de la résistance probable des bétons, Travaux, pp.228-232, 1935.

]. K. Byfors, Carbonation of concrete with silica fume and fly ash, Nordic Concrete Research, pp.26-35, 1985.

. Bouzoubaâ, Mechanical properties and durability of concrete made with high-volume fly ash blended cement produced in cement plant, ACI Materials Journal, issue.6, pp.99-560, 2002.

]. J. Carmeliet, Duurzaamheid van weefselgewapende pleisters voor buitenisolatie, 1992.

]. S. Chatterji, Freezing of air-entrained cement-based materials and specific actions of air-entraining agents, Cement and Concrete Composites, pp.759-765, 2003.

]. W. Chen, Hydration of slag cement: Theory, modeling and application, 2007.

C. C. Chern, Y. W. Chern, and . Chan, Deformations of concrete made with Blast-furnace slag cement and ordinary Portland cement, ACI Materials Journal, vol.86, issue.4, pp.372-382, 1989.

]. F. Collins, Inclusion of carbonation during the life cycle of built and recycled concrete: influence on their carbon footprint, The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, vol.40, issue.7, pp.549-556, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s11367-010-0191-4

. Daimon, Through Pore Size Distribution and Kinetics of the Carbonation Reaction of Portland Cement Mortars, Journal of the American Ceramic Society, vol.33, issue.2, pp.423-428, 1971.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1971.tb12379.x

A. Et-chanvillard, ]. L. D-'aloia, and G. Chanvillard, Determining the " apparent " activation energy of concrete: Ea-numerical simulations of the heat of hydration of cement, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.32, issue.8, pp.1277-1289, 2002.

C. De, ]. L. Van-nieuwenburg, D. De-ceukelaire, and . Van-nieuwenburg, Accelerated carbonation of a blast-furnace cement concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.23, issue.2, pp.442-452, 1993.

]. J. Deja, Freezing and de-icing salt resistance of blast furnace slag concretes, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol.25, issue.3, pp.357-361, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00052-5

]. F. De-larrard, Structure granulaire et formulation des bétons, 2000.

. Delmi, Experimental quantification of the products of carbonation of cement-based materials, 10 th DBMC International conference on Durability of Building Materials and Components, pp.17-20, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00312658

. Douglas, Characterization of ground granulated blast furnace slags and fly ashes and their hydration in Portland cement blends, Cement, Concrete and Aggregates, pp.38-46, 1990.

]. G. Dreux, Composition des bétons, Éditions Techniques de l'Ingénieur, Base Archives Construction, p.220, 1982.

]. R. Duval, La durabilité des armatures et du béton d'enrobage, dans La durabilité des bétons, Collection de l'ATHIL, 1992.

E. Et-petersson, ]. C. Ewertson, and P. E. Petersson, The influence of curing conditions on the permeability and durability of concrete. Results from a field exposure test, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.23, issue.3, pp.683-692, 1993.

]. N. Fattuhi, Carbonation of concrete as affected by mix constituents and initial water curing period, Materials and Structures, vol.3, issue.50, pp.131-136, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02481757

]. N. Fattuhi, Concrete carbonation as influenced by curing regime, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.18, issue.3, pp.426-430, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(88)90076-2

F. Et-sanjayan, ]. D. Flower, and J. G. Sanjayan, Green House Gas Emissions due to Concrete Manufacture, International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, vol.12, issue.5, pp.282-288, 2007.

. Fraay, The reaction of fly ash in concrete a critical examination, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.19, issue.2, pp.235-246, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(89)90088-4

. Francisco, A performance approach for durability of concrete exposed to acid attacks and aggressive water, Congrès international CONSEC 07, 2007.

. Fu, Studies on blended cement with a large amount of fly ash, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.32, issue.7, pp.1153-1159, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00757-3

. Fumiaki, Carbonation degree of autoclaved aerated concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.30, issue.11, pp.1741-1745, 2000.

T. Gehlen, Y. Gehlen, and . Thomas, Formulation de bétons environnementaux à base de matériaux économes en ressources non renouvelables, 2009.

G. Et-grube, ]. H. Gräf, and H. Grube, Einflub der zusammensetzung und der nachbehandlung des betons auf seine gasdurchlässigkeit, pp.11-12, 1986.

]. G. Habert-et-roussel, N. Habert, and . Roussel, Comment concevoir un béton ayant un faible impact environnemental ?, XXVI èmes Rencontres Universitaires de Génie Civil, pp.4-6, 2008.

]. M. Hamada, Neutralisation (carbonation) of concrete and corrosion of reinforcing steel, th International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement, Cement association of Japan, 1968.

]. A. Hamami, Vers une prédiction de la perméabilité au gaz à partir de la composition des matériaux cimentaires, 2009.

. Heidrich, SCM's potential to lower Australia's greenhouse gas emissions profile, Iron and Steel Slag Products: A Significant Time of Scarcity, 2005.

. Hendriks, Riemer, Emission reduction of greenhouse gases from the cement industry, 1998.

]. M. Khan-et-lynsdale, C. J. Khan, and . Lynsdale, Strength, permeability, and carbonation of high-performance concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.32, issue.1, pp.123-131, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00641-X

. Khokhar, Mix design of concrete with high content of mineral additions: Optimisation to improve early age strength, Cement and Concrete Composites, vol.32, issue.5, pp.377-385, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2010.01.006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01007052

. Khunthongkeaw, A study on carbonation depth prediction for fly ash concrete, Construction and Building Materials, vol.20, issue.9, pp.744-753, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.01.052

]. J. Kropp, Relations between transport characteristics and durability, RILEM -Technical Committee 116-PCD ? Perfomance Criteria for Concrete Durability, E & FN Spon, pp.97-137, 1995.

. Lam, Degree of hydration and gel/space ratio of high-volume fly ash/cement systems, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.30, issue.5, pp.747-756, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(00)00213-1

]. C. Lawrence, Transport of oxygen through concrete, pp.277-293, 1984.

]. F. Lea, The Chemistry of Cement and Concrete, 1970.

. Lee, Autogenous shrinkage of concrete containing granulated blast-furnace slag, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.36, issue.7, pp.1279-1285, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.01.005

]. S. Lim-et-wee, T. H. Lim, and . Wee, Autogenous shrinkage of ground-granulated blast-furnace slag concrete, ACI Materials Journal, vol.97, issue.5, pp.587-593, 2000.

. Metalssi, ]. O. Aït-mokhtar, and A. Metalssi, Aït-Mokhtar, A proposed methodology for a quantitative investigation of carbonation in polymer-modified mortars, Experimental Techniques, pp.59-65, 2009.

]. A. Meyer, Investigations on the carbonation of concrete, th International Symposium on the Chemistry of Cement, 1968.

]. S. Meyers, Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Hydrated Cement and Concrete, Rock Products, pp.96-98, 1949.

. Miragliotta, A methodology for predicting the advance of carbonation in concrete: Influence of the microstructure of the skin layer on concrete carbonation kinetics, th BIBM International Congress, p.16, 1999.

]. R. Miragliotta, Modélisation des processus physico-chimiques de la carbonatation des bétons préfabriqués ? Prise en compte des effets de paroi, 2000.

. Miragliotta, Concrete carbonation, a predicting methology of the front advance, Proceedings of the RILEM workshop on life prediction and aging management of concrete life, 2000.

]. J. Monge, Fissuration des mortiers en couches minces ? Effets de l'hydratation, du séchage et de la carbonatation, Thèse de Doctorat de l'École Normale Supérieure de Cachan, 2007.

]. P. Mounanga, Étude expérimentale du comportement de pâtes de ciment au très jeune âge : hydratation, retrait, propriétés thermophysiques, 2003.

. Müller, ]. A. Sickert, and G. Müller, Sickert, Determination of the carbonation resistance of concrete on the basis of its capillarity and microstructure, Betonwerk und Fertigteil-Technik, pp.61-70, 1995.

. Nagataki, Influence of the type of cement and curing on carbonation progress and pore structure of hydrated cement pastes, th International Conference on Durability of Buildings Materials and Components, 1987.

. Newman, ]. J. Choo, B. S. Newman, and . Choo, Advanced Concrete Technology: Concrete Properties, 2003.

P. T. Ngala, C. L. Ngala, and . Page, EFFECTS OF CARBONATION ON PORE STRUCTURE AND DIFFUSIONAL PROPERTIES OF HYDRATED CEMENT PASTES, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.27, issue.7, pp.995-1007, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00102-6

]. M. Nguyen, Modélisation des couplages entre hydratation et dessiccation des matériaux cimentaires à l'issue du démoulage. Étude de la dégradation des propriétés de transfert, 2009.

]. P. Nischer, Effect of environment and concrete quality on carbonation, Betonwerk und Fertigteil-Technik, pp.752-757, 1984.

]. P. Nischer, The quality of the concrete texture, Betonwerk und Fertigteil- Technik, pp.363-368, 1986.

. Nishikawa, Decomposition of synthesized ettringite by carbonation, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.22, issue.1, pp.6-14, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(92)90130-N

]. H. Ohga-et-nagataki, S. Ohga, and . Nagataki, Prediction and evaluation of the depth of carbonation of concrete by accelerated tests, Concrete library of JSCE, pp.93-106, 1989.

. Ollivier, ]. J. Vichot, A. Ollivier, and . Vichot, La durabilité des bétons ? Bases scientifiques pour la formulation de bétons durables dans leur environnement, 2008.

]. G. Osborne, Carbonation of blast-furnace slag cement concretes, Durability of Building Materials, vol.4, issue.1, pp.81-96, 1986.

]. G. Osborne, Carbonation and permeability of blast-furnace slag cement concretes from field structures, rd International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans on Concrete, 1989.

]. G. Osborne, Durability of Portland blast-furnace slag cement concrete, Cement and Concrete Composites, pp.11-21, 1999.

. Paillère, Carbonation of concrete with low-calcium fly ash and granulated blast furnace slag: influence of air-entraining agents and freezing-and-thawing cycles, nd International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, 1986.

. Papadakis, A reaction engineering approach to the problem of concrete carbonation, AIChE Journal, vol.35, issue.10, pp.110-122, 1989.
DOI : 10.1002/aic.690351008

. Papadakis, Physical and chemical characteristics affecting the durability of concrete, ACI materials journal, vol.88, issue.2, pp.186-196, 1991.

. Papadakis, Effect of composition, environmental factors and cement-lime mortar coating on concrete carbonation, Materials and Structures, vol.46, issue.5/6, pp.293-304, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02472670

]. V. Papadakis, Effect of supplementary cementing materials on concrete resistance against carbonation and chloride ingress, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.30, issue.2, pp.291-299, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00249-5

]. L. Parrott, A review of carbonation in reinforced concrete, British Cement Association, vol.126, 1987.

]. L. Parrott, Cement, concrete and sustainability. A report on the progress of the UK cement and concrete industry towards sustainability, British Cement Association, 2002.

]. P. Pascal, Nouveau traité de chimie minérale. Propriétés physiques de l'analyse carbonique, 1968.

. Patel, Influence of curing at different relative humidities upon compound reactions and porosity in Portland cement paste, Materials and Structures, vol.310, issue.4, pp.192-197, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02473055

]. S. Pihlajavaara, Some results of the effect of carbonation on the porosity and pore size distribution of cement paste, Mat??riaux et Constructions, vol.31, issue.6, pp.521-525, 1968.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02473640

. Powers, ]. T. Brownyard, T. L. Powers, and . Brownyard, Studies of the physical properties of hardened Portland cement paste, Journal of the American Concrete Institute, vol.43, issue.9, pp.101-132, 1946.

]. T. Powers, A discussion of cement hydration in relation to the curing of concrete, Proceedings of the Highway Research Board, pp.178-188, 1947.

]. T. Powers, A Hypothesis on Carbonation Shrinkage, Journal of the PCA Research and Development Laboratories, pp.40-50, 1962.

]. W. Price, Factors influencing concrete strength, Journal of the American Concrete Institute, pp.417-432, 1951.

. Rafaï, Isotope geochemistry (13C, 18O) of carbonation processes in concretes, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.21, issue.2-3, pp.368-377, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(91)90018-D

]. N. Rafaï, Les composants de la matrice cimentaire (Rappels et interactions), société de l'industrie minérale, 2008.

. Richardson, The carbonation of OPC and OPC/silica fume hardened cement pastes in air under conditions of fixed humidity, Advances in Cement Research, vol.5, issue.18, pp.81-86, 1993.
DOI : 10.1680/adcr.1993.5.18.81

]. P. Roelfstra, A numerical approach to investigate the properties of concrete, Numerical Concrete, Thèse de Doctorat de l'École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1989.

]. S. Roels, IEA Annex 41, Whole Building Heat, Air, Moisture response. Subtask 2: Experimental Analysis of Moisture Buffering, 2008.

. Schindler, ]. A. Folliard, K. J. Schindler, and . Folliard, Heat of hydration models for cementitious materials, ACI Materials Journal, vol.102, issue.1, pp.24-33, 2005.

]. K. Schölink-et-hilsdorf, H. K. Schölink, and . Hilsdorf, The potential durability of concrete, 9 th European Ready Mixed Concrete Organisation Concgress, 1989.

]. G. Sickert, Extended modelling for the advance of carbonation in concrete, Betonwerk und Fertigteil-Technik, pp.74-88, 1997.

]. K. Sisomphon-et-franke, L. Sisomphon, and . Franke, Carbonation rates of concretes containing high volume of pozzolanic materials, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.37, issue.12, pp.1647-1653, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.08.014

]. O. Skjolsvol, Carbonation depths of concrete with and without condensed silica fume, nd International Conference on Fly Ash, Silica Fume, Slag and Natural Pozzolans in Concrete, 1986.

]. H. Smolczyk, Physical and chemical phenomena of carbonation, RILEM International Symposium on Carbonation of Concrete, 1976.

. Song, Predicting carbonation in early-aged cracked concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.36, issue.5, pp.979-989, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cemconres.2005.12.019

. Sulapha, Carbonation of Concrete Containing Mineral Admixtures, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol.15, issue.2, pp.134-143, 2003.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:2(134)

S. G. Swenson, P. J. Swenson, and . Sereda, Some ageing characteristics of lime, Journal of Applied Chemistry, vol.30, issue.7, pp.198-202, 1967.
DOI : 10.1002/jctb.5010170704

. Valls, ]. S. Vàsquez, E. Valls, and . Vàsquez, Accelerated carbonatation of sewage sludge???cement???sand mortars and its environmental impact, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.31, issue.9, pp.1271-1276, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00573-7

]. K. Valsaraj, Elements of environmental engineering, Thermodynamic sand kinetics, 1995.
DOI : 10.1201/b15834

. Van-balen, ]. K. Van-gemert, D. Van-balen, and . Van-gemert, Modelling lime mortar carbonation, Materials and Structures, vol.11, issue.8, pp.393-398, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02473442

]. G. Verbeck, Carbonation of Hydrated Portland Cement, pp.17-36, 1958.
DOI : 10.1520/STP39460S

]. M. Vénuat-et-alexandre and J. Vénuat, De la carbonatation du béton ? Partie II, Revue des matériaux de construction, pp.469-481, 1968.

W. , R. J. Wainwright, and N. Rey, The influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag additions and time delay on the bleeding of concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.22, issue.4, pp.253-257, 2000.

. Waller, Using the maturity method in concrete cracking control at early ages, Cement and Concrete Composites, pp.589-599, 2004.

]. P. Wathern, Environmental Impact Assessment: Theory and Practice, 1988.

]. H. Wierig, Longtime studies on the carbonation of concrete under normal outdoor exposure, RILEM Seminar, 1984.

. Wirquin, Determination of the apparent activation energy of one concrete by calorimetric and mechanical means, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.32, issue.8, pp.1207-1213, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(02)00770-6

. Xi, Moisture diffusion in cementitious materials Adsorption isotherms, Moisture Diffusion in Cementitious Materials, pp.248-257, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/1065-7355(94)90033-7

. Xi, Strength development, hydration reaction and pore structure of autoclaved slag cement with added silica fume, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.27, issue.1, pp.75-82, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(96)00196-2

. Younsi, Aït-Mokhtar, A. Loukili, Performance-based design and carbonation of concrete with high fly ash content, Cement and Concrete Composites, pp.33-993, 2011.

B. Figure, 2 : Isothermes de désorption des bétons obtenues par le modèle de Roelfstra modifié comparées aux isothermes obtenues expérimentalement