B. Annexe and .. Compléments-pour-les-modèles-de-névé, 219 B.1.Modification du calcul de la charge d'une particule, 219 B.2.Amélioration possible du modèle à l'interface, p.220

C. Annexe and .. Réflexions-sur-la-théorie-des-problèmes-inverses, 221 C.1.Transfert de probabilité, p.221

D. Annexe, 225 D.1.Cas de la dimension 2, p.227

E. Annexe, B. P. Vostok, and A. , Estimation of temperature change and of gas age ? ice age difference, p.229

T. and E. J. Brook, Timing of millennial?scale climate change in Antarctica and Greenland during the last glacial period, VII.3.2.7. References Blunier, pp.291-109, 2001.

T. Blunier, J. Chappellaz, J. Schwander, A. Dällenbach, B. Stauffer et al., Asynchrony of Antarctic and Greenland climate change during the last glacial period, Nature, issue.6695, pp.394-739, 1998.

W. S. Broecker and G. M. Henderson, changes, Paleoceanography, vol.48, issue.4, pp.352-364, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98PA00920

A. Berger, Long-Term Variations of Daily Insolation and Quaternary Climatic Changes, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.35, issue.12, pp.2362-2367, 1978.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2362:LTVODI>2.0.CO;2

W. Broecker, Paleocean circulation during the Last Deglaciation: A bipolar seesaw?, Paleoceanography, vol.11, issue.2, pp.119-121, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/97PA03707

E. Cortijo, S. Lehman, L. Keigwin, M. Chapman, D. Paillard et al., Changes in Meridional Temperature and Salinity Gradients in the North Atlantic Ocean (30??-72??N) during the Last Interglacial Period, Paleoceanography, vol.9, issue.1, pp.14-23, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1998PA900004

A. W. Droxler and J. W. , Marine Isotope Stage 11 (MIS 11): new insights for a warm future, Global Planet, Change, vol.24, issue.1, pp.1-5, 2000.

A. Ganopolski and S. Rahmstorf, Rapid changes of glacial climate simulated in a coupled climate model, Nature, vol.409, issue.6817, pp.153-158, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35051500

J. Hays, J. Imbrie, and N. Shackleton, Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages, Science, vol.194, issue.4270, pp.194-1121, 1976.
DOI : 10.1126/science.194.4270.1121

G. M. Henderson and N. C. Slowey, Evidence from U?Th dating against northern hemisphere forcing of the penultimate deglaciation, Nature, issue.6773, pp.404-61, 2000.

J. Imbrie, A. Berger, E. Boyle, S. Clemens, A. Duffy et al., On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles 2. The 100,000-year cycle, On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles 2: the 100 000?year cycle, pp.699-735, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/93PA02751

J. Imbrie, J. Hays, D. Martinson, A. Mcintyre, A. Mix et al., The orbital theory of pleistocene climate: support from a revised chronology of the marine ? 18 O record, Milankovitch and climate, 1984.

J. Imbrie, Editorial: A Good Year for Milankovitch, Paleoceanography, vol.258, issue.6, pp.687-690, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92PA02855

P. Kindler and P. J. Hearty, Elevated marine terraces from Eleuthera (Bahamas) and Bermuda: sedimentological, petrographic and geochronological evidence for important deglaciation events during the middle Pleistocene, Global and Planetary Change, vol.24, issue.1, pp.41-58, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0921-8181(99)00068-5

M. Khodri, Y. Leclainche, P. Ramstein, G. Braconnot, M. O. et al., Simulating the amplification of orbital forcing by ocean feedbacks in the last glaciation, Nature, issue.6828, pp.410-570, 2001.

K. Lambeck, Y. Yokoyama, P. Johnston, and A. Purcell, Global ice volumes at the Last Glacial Maximum and early Lateglacial, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.181, issue.4, pp.513-527, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00223-5

E. Monnin, A. Indermuhle, A. Dallenbach, J. Fluckiger, B. Stauffer et al., Atmospheric CO 2 concentrations over the last glacial termination, Science, issue.5501, pp.291-112, 2001.

D. Paillard, Glacial cycles: Toward a new paradigm, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.284, issue.34, pp.325-346, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000RG000091

D. Paillard, The timing of Pleistocene glaciations from a simple multiple?state climate model, Nature, issue.6665, pp.391-378, 1998.

E. Rohling, M. Fenton, F. Jorissen, P. Bertrand, G. Ganssen et al., Magnitudes of sea-level lowstands of the past 500,000 years, Nature, vol.388, issue.6689, pp.394-162, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/28134

L. F. Robinson, G. M. Henderson, and N. C. Slowey, U???Th dating of marine isotope stage 7 in Bahamas slope sediments, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.196, issue.3-4, pp.277-284, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00610-0

J. Rial, Pacemaking the Ice Ages by Frequency Modulation of Earth's Orbital Eccentricity, Science, vol.285, issue.5427, pp.285-564, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.285.5427.564

D. Schrag, P, Of ice and elephants, 23?24, p.404, 2000.

R. Alley, FIRN DENSIFICATION BY GRAIN-BOUNDARY SLIDING : A FIRST MODEL, Le Journal de Physique Colloques, vol.48, issue.C1, 1987.
DOI : 10.1051/jphyscol:1987135
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00226281

R. B. Alley, A. J. Gow, S. J. Johnsen, J. Kipfstuhl, D. A. Meese et al., Comparison of deep ice cores, Nature, vol.373, issue.6513, pp.373-393, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/373393b0

R. B. Alley, D. A. Meese, C. A. Shuman, A. J. Gow, K. C. Taylor et al., Abrupt increase in Greenland snow accumulation at the end of the Younger Dryas event, Nature, vol.362, issue.6420, pp.362-527, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/362527a0

R. B. Alley, C. A. Shuman, D. A. Meese, A. J. Gow, K. C. Taylor et al., Visual-stratigraphic dating of the GISP2 ice core: Basis, reproducibility, and application, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.102, issue.C12, pp.367-26381, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/96JC03837

L. Arnaud, Modélisation de la transformation de la neige en glace à la surface des calottes polaires; Etude du transport des gaz dans ces milieux poreux, Thèse de doctorat, 1997.

L. Arnaud, J. ?. Barnola, and P. Duval, Physical modeling of the densification of snow/firn and ice in the upper part of polar ice sheets. Dans Physics of ice core records, T. Hondoh, éditeur, 2000.

E. Arzt, The influence of an increasing particle coordination on the densification of spherical powders, Acta Metall, 1982.

L. Augustin and A. Antonelli, The EPICA deep drilling program, Mem. Nat. Inst. Polar Res, vol.56, 2002.

P. Baerstchi, Absolute 18 O content of standard mean ocean water, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett, vol.31, pp.341-344, 1976.

E. Bard, F. Antonioli, and S. Silenzi, Sea-level during the penultimate interglacial period based on a submerged stalagmite from Argentarola Cave (Italy), Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.196, issue.3-4, pp.135-146, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(01)00600-8

E. Bard, G. M. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, and J. Jouzel, Solar modulation of cosmogenic nuclide production over the last millennium: comparison between 14C and 10Be records, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.150, issue.3-4, pp.453-462, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(97)00082-4
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00001154

N. Barkov, I, Results of the study of a borehole and ice core at Vostok station, Materialy Glyasiologicheskich Isseldovaniy Khronika Obsuzhdenya, vol.22, pp.77-81, 1973.

N. I. Barkov and F. G. Gordienko, Isotope studies of ice cores from Vostok Antarctica down to the depth of 950m, Report of academy of Sciences USSR, issue.3, pp.230-656, 1976.

N. I. Barkov and N. N. Uvarov, Geophysical investigations of the borehole at Vostok station in 1970, Soviet Antarctic Expedition Information Bulletin, vol.8, issue.7, pp.380-383, 1973.

J. ?. Barnola, P. Pimienta, D. Raynaud, and Y. S. Korotkevich, CO 2 ?climate relationship as deduced from the Vostok ice core: a re?examination based on new measurements and a re? evalution of the air dating, 1991.

J. ?. Barnola, D. Raynaud, Y. S. Korotkevich, and C. Lorius, Vostok ice core provides 160,000? years record of atmospheric CO 2, Nature, pp.329-408, 1987.

I. Basile, F. E. Grousset, M. Revel, J. R. Petit, P. Biscaye et al., Patagonian origin of glacial dust deposited in East Antarctica (Vostok and Dome C) during glacial stages 2, 4 and 6, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.146, issue.3-4, pp.146-573, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00255-5
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00756606

I. Basile, Origine des aérosols volcaniques de la carotte de glace de Vostok (Antarctique), Thèse de doctorat, 1997.

I. Basile, J. R. Petit, S. Touron, F. E. Grousset, and N. Barkov, Volcanic layers in Antarctic (Vostok) ice cores: Source identification and atmospheric implications, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.102, issue.2, pp.31915-31931, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD000102
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00726370

F. C. Bassinot, L. D. Labeyrie, E. Vincent, X. Quidelleur, N. J. Shackleton et al., The astronomical theory of climate and the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.126, issue.1-3, pp.126-91, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90244-5

J. Beer, S. J. Johnsen, G. Bonani, R. C. Finkel, C. C. Langway et al., 10 Be peaks as time markers in polar ice cores. Dans The last deglaciation: Absolute and radiocarbon chronologies, 1992.

M. Bender, T. Sowers, M. L. Dickson, J. Orchado, P. Grootes et al., Climate connection between Greenland and Antarctica during the last 100,000 years, Nature, issue.6507, pp.372-663, 1994.

M. Bender, T. Sowers, and L. D. Labeyrie, The Dole Effect and its variations during the last 130,000 years as measured in the Vostok Ice Core, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.15, issue.3, pp.363-376, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/94GB00724

A. Berger, M. Theory, and . Climate, Milankovitch Theory and climate, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.51, issue.11, pp.624-657, 1988.
DOI : 10.1029/RG026i004p00624
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.461.9608

W. H. Berger, T. Bickert, M. K. Yasuda, and G. Wefer, Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 from ice-core data and the deep-sea record of ontong Java plateau: the Milankovitch chron, Geologische Rundschau, vol.1, issue.4, pp.466-495, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02369003

P. E. Biscaye, F. E. Grousset, M. Revel, S. Van-der-gaast, G. A. Zielinski et al., Asian provenance of glacial dust (stage 2) in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 Ice Core, Summit, Greenland, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.264, issue.46, pp.26765-26781, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JC01249

T. Blunier, J. Schwander, J. Chappellaz, and F. Parrrenin, Antarctic Last Glacial Temperature Deduced from ?age, Geophys. Res. Let

T. Blunier and E. J. Brook, Timing of Millennial-Scale Climate Change in Antarctica and Greenland During the Last Glacial Period, Science, vol.291, issue.5501, pp.291-109, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.291.5501.109

G. Bond, W. S. Broecker, S. J. Johnsen, J. Mc-manus, L. D. Labeyrie et al., Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice, Nature, vol.365, issue.6442, pp.365-143, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/365143a0

N. Caillon, J. P. Severinghaus, J. ?. Barnola, J. C. Chappellaz, J. Jouzel et al., Estimation of temperature change and of gas age-ice age difference, 108 kyr B.P., at Vostok, Antarctica, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.53, issue.6, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD900145

N. Caillon, Composition isotopique de l'air piégé dans les glaces polaires : outil de paléothermométrie, Thèse de doctorat, 2001.

N. Calder, Arithmetic of ice ages, Nature, vol.8, issue.5480, pp.216-218, 1974.
DOI : 10.1038/252216a0

J. Chappellaz, J. ?. Barnola, D. Raynaud, Y. S. Korotkevich, and C. Lorius, Ice-core record of atmospheric methane over the past 160,000 years, Nature, vol.280, issue.6271, pp.345-127, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/345127a0

C. A. Chesner, W. I. Rose, A. Deino, R. Drake, and J. A. Westgate, Eruptive history of Earth's larget Quaternary caldera, 1991.

W. M. Connolley, The Antarctic temperature inversion, Int. J. Climatol, vol.16, 1996.

E. Cortijo, Les variations rapides du climat dans l'océan Atlantique, pp.13-29, 1998.

H. Craig, Standard for Reporting Concentrations of Deuterium and Oxygen-18 in Natural Waters, Science, vol.133, issue.3467, pp.1833-1834, 1961.
DOI : 10.1126/science.133.3467.1833

H. Craig, Isotopic Variations in Meteoric Waters, Science, vol.133, issue.3465, pp.1702-1703, 1961.
DOI : 10.1126/science.133.3465.1702

K. M. Cuffey, G. D. Clow, R. B. Alley, M. Stuiver, E. D. Waddington et al., Large Arctic Temperature Change at the Wisconsin-Holocene Glacial Transition, Science, vol.270, issue.5235, pp.455-458, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.270.5235.455

K. M. Cuffey and F. Vimeux, Covariation of carbon dioxyde and temperature from the Vostok ice core after deuterium?excess correction, Nature, pp.421-523, 2001.

D. Dahl?jensen, Two dimensional thermomechanical modelling of flow and depth?age profiles at Crête, central Greenland, Ann. Glaciol, vol.12, 1989.

W. Dansgaard, Stable isotopes in precipitation, 1964.

W. Dansgaard, S. J. Johnsen, H. B. Clausen, D. Dahl?jensen, N. S. Gunderstrup et al., Evidence for general instability of past climate from a 250-kyr ice-core record, Nature, vol.364, issue.6434, pp.364-218, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/364218a0
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01103728

W. Dansgaard, S. J. Johnsen, J. Moller, and C. C. Langway, One Thousand Centuries of Climatic Record from Camp Century on the Greenland Ice Sheet, Science, vol.166, issue.3903, pp.166-377, 1969.
DOI : 10.1126/science.166.3903.377

G. Delaygue, J. Jouzel, V. Masson, R. D. Koster, and E. Bard, Validity of the isotopic thermometer in central Antarctica: Limited impact of glacial precipitation seasonality and moisture origin, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.27, issue.17, pp.27-2677, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/2000GL011530

D. J. Drewry, Antarctica: glaciological and geophysical map folio. Map, 1983.

C. Emiliani and P. Temperatures, Pleistocene Temperatures, The Journal of Geology, vol.63, issue.6, pp.538-578, 1955.
DOI : 10.1086/626295

S. Epstein, R. P. Sharp, and A. J. Gow, Antarctic Ice Sheet: Stable Isotope Analyses of Byrd Station Cores and Interhemispheric Climatic Implications, Science, vol.168, issue.3939, pp.168-1570, 1970.
DOI : 10.1126/science.168.3939.1570

Y. Fujii, M. Kohno, H. Motoyama, S. Matoba, O. Watanabe et al., Tephra layers in the Dome Fuji (Antarctica) deep ice core, Tephra layers in the Dome Fuji (Antarctica) deep ice core, pp.126-130, 1999.
DOI : 10.3189/172756499781821003

G. Members, Climate instability during the last interglacial period recorded in the GRIP ice core, Nature, vol.364, pp.203-207, 1993.

A. Gelman, J. Carlin, H. Stein, and D. Runbin, Bayesian data analysis, 1995.

S. Geman and D. Geman, Stochastic relaxation, Gibbs distributions, and the Bayesian restoration of images, IEEE Trans. Patt. Anal. Mach. Int, vol.6, pp.721-741, 1984.

D. Genty, D. Blamart, R. Ouhadi, M. Gilmour, A. Baker et al., Greenland ice core chronologies constrained by Dansgaard?Oeschger events preseved in a SW?France stalagmite, 2002.

M. R. Gipp, Interpretation of climate dynamics from phase space portraits: Is the climate system strange or just different?, Paleoceanography, vol.9, issue.4, pp.16-335, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/1999PA000489

A. J. Gow, F. De-blander, G. Crozaz, and E. Picciotto, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.69, issue.61, pp.59-64, 1972.
DOI : 10.1029/JZ070i024p06023

P. M. Grootes, M. Stuiver, J. W. White, S. Johnsen, and J. Jouzel, Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores, Nature, vol.366, issue.6455, pp.366-552, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/366552a0

F. E. Grousset, P. E. Biscaye, M. Revel, J. R. Petit, K. Pye et al., Antarctic (Dome C) ice-core dust at 18 k.y. B.P.: Isotopic constraints on origins, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.111, issue.1, pp.175-182, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(92)90177-W

R. Hageman, G. Nief, and E. Roth, Absolute isotopic scale for deuterium analysis of natural waters. absolute D/H ratio for SMOW, 1970.

C. U. Hammer, H. B. Clausen, and C. C. Langway, Electrical conductivity method (ECM) stratigraphic dating of the Byrd Station ice core, Antarctica, Electrical conductivity method (ECM) stratigraphic dating of the Byrd Station ice core, pp.115-120, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(71)90126-9

C. U. Hammer, H. B. Clausen, and H. Tauber, Pleistocene/Holocene boundary applied to the calibration of the 14 C time scale, Radiocarbon, pp.28-284, 1986.

C. U. Hammer, K. K. Andersen, H. B. Clausen, D. Dahl?jensen, C. S. Hvidberg et al., The stratigraphic dating of the GRIP ice core. Special report of the geophysical departement, 1997.

J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, and N. J. Shackleton, Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages, Science, vol.194, issue.4270, pp.194-1121, 1976.
DOI : 10.1126/science.194.4270.1121

G. M. Henderson and N. C. Slowey, Evidence from U?Th dating against northern hemisphere forcing of the penultimate deglaciation, Nature, issue.6773, pp.404-61, 2000.

M. M. Herron and C. C. Langway, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.14, issue.93, pp.373-385, 1980.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022143000015239

W. Howard, A warm future in the past, Nature, issue.6641, pp.388-418, 1997.

J. Imbrie, J. D. Hays, D. G. Martinson, A. Mcintyre, A. C. Mix et al., The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised chronology of the marine ? 18 O record

J. Imbrie and J. Z. , Modeling the Climatic Response to Orbital Variations, Science, vol.207, issue.4434, pp.943-953, 1980.
DOI : 10.1126/science.207.4434.943

S. J. Johnsen, H. B. Clausen, W. Dansgaard, K. Fuhrer, N. Gundestrup et al., Irregular glacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice core, Nature, vol.359, issue.6393, pp.359-311, 1992.
DOI : 10.1038/359311a0

S. J. Johnsen, D. Dahl?jensen, W. Dansgaard, and N. S. Gundestrup, Greenland temperatures derived from GRIP bore hole temperature and ice core isotope profiles, Tellus, issue.5, pp.47-624, 1995.

S. J. Johnsen, W. Dansgaard, and J. W. White, The origin of Arctic precipitation under present and glacial conditions, Tellus, pp.41-452, 1989.

J. Jouzel, Les calottes polaires : enregistreurs de la géochimie de l'atmosphère et des climats Dans Introduction à la géochimie et ses apllications Tome 2 : transferts des éléments. Evolution géochimique des domaines exogènes, 1997.

J. Jouzel, Isotopes in cloud physics : multisteps and multistages processes, 1986.

J. Jouzel, C. Lorius, S. J. Johnsen, and P. Grootes, Climate instabilities : Greenland and Antarctic records, C. R. Acad. Sci, 1994.

J. Jouzel and L. Merlivat, Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation: Modeling of the isotopic effects during snow formation, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.80, issue.7, pp.11749-11757, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/JD089iD07p11749

J. Jouzel, G. L. Russell, R. J. Suozzo, R. D. Koster, J. W. White et al., O atmospheric cycles using the NASA GISS general circulation model: The seasonal cycle for present-day conditions, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.89, issue.99, pp.14739-14760, 1987.
DOI : 10.1029/JD092iD12p14739

J. Jouzel, F. Vimeux, N. Caillon, G. Delaygue, G. Hoffmann et al., Temperature reconstructions from Antarctic ice cores, J. Geophys. Res, 2002.

J. Jouzel, G. Hoffmann, F. Parrenin, and C. Waelbroeck, Atmospheric oxygen 18 and sea-level changes, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.21, issue.1-3, pp.307-314, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00106-8

J. Jouzel, C. Lorius, J. ?. Petit, C. Genthon, N. I. Barkov et al., Vostok ice core: a continuous isotope temperature record over the last climatic cycle, Nature, vol.160, issue.6138, pp.329-403, 1987.

J. Jouzel, C. Waelbroeck, B. Malaize, M. Bender, J. ?. Petit et al., Climatic interpretation of the recently extended Vostok ice records, Climate Dynamics, vol.12, issue.8, pp.513-521, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00207935

A. P. Kapitza, J. K. Ridley, G. D. Robin, and M. J. , Siegert and I. A. Zotikov, A large deep freshwater lake beneath the ice of central East Antarctica, Nature, pp.381-684, 1996.

G. Krinner, Simulations du climat des calottes de glace, Thèse de doctorat, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00716408

J. M. Landwehr, Ice core depth?age relation for Vostok ?D and Dome Fuji ? 18 O records based on the Devils Hole paleotemperature chronology, 2002.

J. M. Landwehr and I. J. Winograd, Dating the Vostok ice core record by importing the Devils Hole chronology, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.22, issue.16, pp.31853-31861, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD900065

J. Laskar, The chaotic motion of the solar system: A numerical estimate of the size of the chaotic zones, Icarus, vol.88, issue.2, pp.266-291, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0019-1035(90)90084-M

L. Meur, E. , and P. Huybrechts, A comparison of different ways of dealing with isostasy: examples from modelling the Antarctic ice sheet during the last glacial cycle, Annals of Glaciology, vol.94, pp.309-317, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/JB073i022p07089

L. Roux and O. , Etude des poussières déposées dans la carotte de glace de Dôme Concordia (Antarctique de l'Est) lors des 250 000 dernières années, 2002.

X. S. Li, A. Berger, and M. F. Loutre, CO 2 and Northern Hemisphere ice volume variations over the middle and late Quaternary, Climate Dynamics, vol.14, issue.7-8, pp.537-544, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s003820050240

L. Lliboutry, A critical review of analytical approximate solutions for steady state velocities and temperature in cold ice sheets, Z. Gletscherkd. Glacialgeol, vol.15, issue.2, pp.135-148, 1979.

C. Lorius and L. Merlivat, Distribution of mean surface stable isotope values in east Antarctica Observed changes with depth in a coastal area. Dans Isotopes and impurities in snow and ice. proceedings of the grenoble symposium aug./sep, 1975.

D. G. Martinson, N. G. Pisias, J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, T. C. Moore et al., Abstract, Quaternary Research, vol.207, issue.01, pp.1-30, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(82)90110-7

. Taylor, Climate change during the last deglaciation in Antarctica, 1636? 1638, p.272, 1996.

D. A. Meese, A. J. Gow, R. B. Alley, G. A. Zielinski, P. M. Grootes et al., The Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 depth-age scale: Methods and results, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.102, issue.C12, pp.411-26423, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JC00269

L. Merlivat, Molecular diffusivities of H 2 16 O, HD 16 O, and H 2 18 O in gases, J. Chem. Phys, vol.69, issue.6

L. Merlivat and J. Jouzel, Global climatic interpretation of the deuterium-oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.80, issue.6, pp.5029-5033, 1979.
DOI : 10.1029/JC084iC08p05029

K. Mosegaard and A. Tarantola, International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology, 2002, type Probabilistic approach to inverse problems, 2002.

D. Ninkovich, N. J. Shackleton, A. A. Abdel?monem, J. D. Obradovich, and G. Izett, K???Ar age of the late Pleistocene eruption of Toba, north Sumatra, Nature, vol.194, issue.5688, pp.276-574, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0033-5894(73)90052-5

D. Ninkovich, R. S. Sparks, and M. T. Ledbetter, The exceptional magnitude and intensity of the Toba eruption, sumatra: An example of the use of deep-sea tephra layers as a geological tool, Bulletin Volcanologique, vol.83, issue.11, pp.41-286, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02597228

J. Oerlemans, Model experiments on the 100,000-yr glacial cycle, Nature, vol.3, issue.5781, pp.430-432, 1980.
DOI : 10.1038/287430a0

J. Oerlemans, Glacial cycles and ice-sheet modelling, Climatic Change, vol.261, issue.4, 1982.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02423468
URL : http://dspace.library.uu.nl:8080/handle/1874/21024

D. Paillard, Glacial cycles: Toward a new paradigm, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.284, issue.34, pp.325-346, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000RG000091

D. Paillard, L. Labeyrie, and P. Yiou, Macintosh Program performs time-series analysis, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol.77, issue.39, p.379, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96EO00259

D. Paillard, The timing of Pleistocene glaciations from a simple multiple?state climate model, Nature, issue.6665, pp.391-378, 1998.

J. Palais, P. Kyle, E. M. Thompson, and E. Thomas, Correlation of a 3,200 year old tephra in ice cores from Vostok and South Pole Stations, Antarctica, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.3, issue.34, pp.804-807, 1987.
DOI : 10.1029/GL014i008p00804

F. Parrenin, J. Jouzel, C. Waelbroeck, C. Ritz, J. ?m et al., Dating the Vostok ice core by an inverse method, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.102, issue.D23, pp.31837-31851, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD900245

H. R. Phillpot and J. W. Zillman, The surface temperature inversion over the Antarctic Continent, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.2, issue.5, pp.75-4161, 1970.
DOI : 10.1029/JC075i021p04161

J. J. Pichon, L. D. Labeyrie, G. Bareille, M. Labracherie, M. Duprat et al., Surface waters temperature changes in the high latitudes of the southern ocean over the last glacial?interglacial cycle, Paleoceanography, issue.3, pp.7-289, 1992.

P. Pimienta, Etude du comportement mécanique des glaces polycristallines aux faibles contraintes; applications aux glaces des calottes polaires, Thèse de doctorat, 1987.

P. Pimienta and P. Duval, RATE CONTROLLING PROCESSES IN THE CREEP OF POLAR GLACIER ICE, Le Journal de Physique Colloques, vol.48, issue.C1, pp.48-243, 1987.
DOI : 10.1051/jphyscol:1987134
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00226280

G. M. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, E. Bard, D. Dollfus, J. Jouzel et al., Absolute dating of the last 7000 years of the Vostok ice core using 10 Be, p.1228, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00003251

G. M. Raisbeck, F. Yiou, D. Bourles, C. Lorius, J. Jouzel et al., Evidence for two intervals of enhanced 10 Be deposition in Antarctic ice during the last glacial period, Nature, pp.326-273, 1987.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00001355

M. Ram and G. Koenig, Continuous dust concentration profile of pre-Holocene ice from the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice core: Dust stadials, interstadials, and the Eemian, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.118, issue.130, pp.641-26648, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/96JC03548

T. L. Rasmussen, E. Thomsen, T. C. Van-weering, and L. Labeyrie, Rapid changes in surface and deep water conditions at the Faeroe Margin during the last 58,000 years, Paleoceanography, vol.5, issue.C9, pp.11-757, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96PA02618

M. E. Raymo, The timing of major climate terminations, Paleoceanography, vol.77, issue.17, pp.577-585, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97PA01169

C. Raymond, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.2, issue.103, pp.357-373, 1983.
DOI : 10.1098/rspa.1957.0026
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00199168

C. Ritz, Exploitation du profil de température mesuré dans la calotte glaciaire au Dôme C (Antarctide Orientale) Thèse de doctorat, 1980.

C. Ritz, Un modèle thermo?mécanique d'évolution pour le bassin glaciaire antarctique Vostok? glacier Byrd: sensibilité aux valeurs des paramètres mal connus, Thèse d'état, 1992.

C. Ritz, V. Rommelaere, and C. Dumas, Modeling the evolution of Antarctic ice sheet over the last 420,000 years: Implications for altitude changes in the Vostok region, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.79, issue.47, pp.31943-31964, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD900232

G. D. Robin, Ice Cores and Climatic Change, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.280, issue.972, pp.143-168, 1977.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1977.0103

W. I. Rose and C. A. Chesner, Dispersal of ash in the great Toba eruption, Geology, pp.15-913, 1987.

W. I. Rose and C. A. Chesner, Worldwide dispersal of ash and gases from earth's largest known eruption: Toba, Sumatra, 75 ka, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.89, issue.3, pp.269-275, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-0182(90)90068-I

F. Rémy, P. Shaeffer, and B. Legrésy, Ice flow physical processes derived from the ERS-1 high-resolution map of the Antarctica and Greenland ice sheets, Geophysical Journal International, vol.139, issue.3, pp.645-656, 1999.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-246x.1999.00964.x

A. N. Salamatin, V. Y. Lipenkov, N. I. Barkov, J. Jouzel, J. R. Petit et al., Ice core age dating and paleothermometer calibration based on isotope and temperature profiles from deep boreholes at Vostok Station (East Antarctica), Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.12, issue.6, pp.8963-8977, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD02253

A. N. Salamatin, V. Y. Lipenkov, and K. V. Blinov, Vostok (Antarctica) climate record time-scale deduced from the analysis of a borehole-temperature profile, Annals of Glaciology, vol.20, pp.207-214, 1994.
DOI : 10.1017/S0260305500016463

A. Schramm, M. Stein, and S. L. Goldstein, Calibration of the 14C time scale to >40 ka by 234U???230Th dating of Lake Lisan sediments (last glacial Dead Sea), Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.175, issue.1-2, pp.27-40, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00279-4

H. Schulz, U. Rad, and H. Erlenkeuser, Correlation between Arabian Sea and Greenland climate oscillations of the past 110,000 years, Nature, vol.393, issue.75, pp.54-57, 1998.

J. Schwander, J. Jouzel, C. U. Hammer, J. ?. Petit, R. Udisti et al., A tentative chronology for the EPICA Dome Concordia Ice Core, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.102, issue.22, pp.28-4243, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000GL011981

J. Severinghaus, T. Sowers, E. Brook, R. Alley, and M. Bender, Timing of abrupt climate change at the end of the younger dryas interval from thermally fractionated gases in polar ice, Nature, pp.391-141, 1998.

J. P. Severinghaus and E. J. Brook, Abrupt Climate Change at the End of the Last Glacial Period Inferred from Trapped Air in Polar Ice, Science, vol.286, issue.5441, pp.286-930, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.286.5441.930
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01103737

N. J. Shackleton, The 100,000-Year Ice-Age Cycle Identified and Found to Lag Temperature, Carbon Dioxide, and Orbital Eccentricity, Science, vol.289, issue.5486, pp.289-1897, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.289.5486.1897

N. J. Shackleton, M. A. Hall, and E. Vincent, Phase relationships between millennial-scale events 64,000-24,000 years ago, Paleoceanography, vol.12, issue.6, pp.15-565, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/2000PA000513

G. Siani, M. Paterne, E. Michel, R. Sulpizio, A. Sbrana et al., Mediterranean Sea Surface Radiocarbon Reservoir Age Changes Since the Last Glacial Maximum, Science, vol.294, issue.5548, p.294, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1063649

J. Southon, Abstract, Quaternary Research, vol.264, issue.01, pp.32-37, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/qres.2001.2295

T. Sowers and M. Bender, Climate Records Covering the Last Deglaciation, Science, vol.269, issue.5221, pp.210-214, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.269.5221.210

T. Sowers, M. Bender, L. Labeyrie, J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud et al., year Vostok ? SPECMAP common temporal framework, Paleoceanography, vol.135, issue.86, pp.0-737, 1993.

T. A. Sowers, M. Bender, D. Raynaud, and Y. L. Korotkevich, The ? 15 N of O 2 in air trapped in polar ice : a tracer of gas transport in the firn and a possible constraint on ice age?gas age differences, J. Geophys. Res, issue.15, pp.97-15683, 1992.

B. Stenni, V. Masson, S. J. Johnsen, J. Jouzel, E. Longinelli et al., An Oceanic Cold Reversal During the Last Deglaciation, Science, vol.293, issue.5537, p.293, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1059702

B. B. Stephens and R. F. Keeling, The influence of Antarctic sea ice on glacial?interglacial CO 2 variations, Nature, issue.6774, pp.404-171, 2000.

I. E. Tabacco, A. Passerini, F. Corbelli, and M. Gorman, Determination of the surface and bed topography at Dome C, East Antarctica, Journal of Glaciology, vol.15, issue.146, pp.185-191, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/95GL00110

A. Tarantola, Inverse poblem theory: methods for data fitting and model parameter estimation, 1987.

A. Vernekar, Long?period global variations of incoming solar radiation, Meteorol. Monogr, vol.12, issue.34, 1972.

F. Vimeux, K. Cuffey, J. Jouzel, M. Stievenard, and J. R. Petit, New Insights into Southern Hemisphere temperature changes from Vostok ice cores using deuterium excess correction, In preparation, 2002.

R. N. Vostretov, D. N. Dmitriyev, O. F. Putikov, K. V. Blinov, and S. V. Mitin, The main results of geophysical studies of deep boreholes and ice core in East Antarctica, pp.172-178, 1984.

C. Waelbroeck, L. Labeyrie, E. Michel, J. C. Duplessy, J. F. Mcmanus et al., Sea-level and deep water temperature changes derived from benthic foraminifera isotopic records, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.21, issue.1-3, pp.295-305, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-3791(01)00101-9
URL : http://hdl.handle.net/1885/92263

C. Waelbroeck, J. ?. Duplessy, E. Michel, L. Labeyrie, D. Paillard et al., The timing of the last deglaciation in North Atlantic climate records, Nature, vol.348, issue.6848, pp.412-724, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/35089060

C. Waelbroeck, J. Jouzel, L. Labeyrie, C. Lorius, M. Labracherie et al., A comparison of the Vostok ice deuterium record and series from Southern Ocean core MD 88-770 over the last two glacial-interglacial cycles, Climate Dynamics, vol.12, issue.2, pp.113-123, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00223724

G. Wagner, J. Beer, C. Laj, C. Kissel, J. Masarik et al., Chlorine-36 evidence for the Mono Lake event in the Summit GRIP ice core, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.181, issue.1-2, pp.1-6, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(00)00196-5

Y. J. Wang, H. Cheng, R. L. Edwards, Z. S. An, J. Y. Wu et al., A High-Resolution Absolute-Dated Late Pleistocene Monsoon Record from Hulu Cave, China, Science, vol.294, issue.5550, pp.294-2345, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1064618

O. Watanabe, J. Jouzel, F. Parrenin, H. Shoji, and J. Johnsen, Remarkable temperature change similarities accross Antartica during the last three glacial?interglacial cycles, 2002.

O. Watanabe, K. Kamiyama, H. Motoyama, Y. Fujii, H. Shoji et al., The paleoclimate record in the ice core at Dome Fuji station, East Antarctica, Annals of Glaciology, vol.29, issue.1, pp.176-178, 1999.
DOI : 10.3189/172756499781821553

F. Yiou, G. M. Raisbeck, S. Baumgartner, J. Beer, C. Hammer et al., Beryllium 10 in the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core at Summit, Greenland, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.102, issue.C12, pp.26783-26794, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JC01265
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00007641

G. A. Zielinski, P. A. Mayewski, and K. Taylor, Potential atmospheric impact of the Toba Mega-Eruption ???71,000 years ago, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.264, issue.3, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96GL00706

M. De-angelis, N. I. Barkov, and V. N. Petrov, Aerosol concentrations over the last climatic cycle (160 kyr) from an Antarctic ice core, Nature, vol.325, issue.6102, pp.325-318, 1985.
DOI : 10.1038/325318a0

U. Von-grafenstein, H. Erlenkeuser, J. Müller, J. Jouzel, and S. Johnsen, The cold event 8200 years ago documented in oxygen isotope records of precipitation in Europe and Greenland, Climate Dynamics, vol.14, issue.2, pp.73-81, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s003820050210

U. Von-grafenstein, H. Erlenkeuser, A. Brauer, J. Jouzel, and S. J. Johnsen, A Mid-European Decadal Isotope-Climate Record from 15,500 to 5000 Years B.P., Science, vol.284, issue.5420, pp.284-1654, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.284.5420.1654