L. Agassiz, Upon glaciers, moraines, and erratic blocks, New Philos. J. Edinburgh, vol.24, pp.863-883, 1838.

R. B. Alley, FIRN DENSIFICATION BY GRAIN-BOUNDARY SLIDING : A FIRST MODEL, Le Journal de Physique Colloques, vol.48, issue.C1, pp.249-256, 1987.
DOI : 10.1051/jphyscol:1987135

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00226281

D. L. Anderson and C. S. Benson, The densification and diagenesisof snow, Ice and Snow, pp.391-411, 1963.

M. Anklin, J. Schwander, B. Stauffer, J. Tschumi, A. Fuchs et al., CO 2 record between 40 and 8 kyr BP from the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.102545, issue.26, pp.12539-12565, 1997.

D. Archer and E. Maier-reimer, Effect of deep-sea sedimentary calcite preservation on atmospheric CO2 concentration, Nature, vol.367, issue.6460, pp.260-263, 1994.
DOI : 10.1038/367260a0

L. Arnaud, Modélisation de la transformation de la neige en glace à la surface des calottes polaires ; Etude du transport des gaz dans ces milieux poreux, Thèse de Doctorat, 1997.

A. C. Ashworth and J. W. Hoganson, The magnitude and rapidity of the climate change marking the end of the Pleistocene in the mid-latitudes of South America, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.101, issue.3-4, pp.263-270, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-0182(93)90018-E

E. Bard, B. Hamelin, R. G. Fairbanks, and A. Zindler, Calibration of the 14C timescale over the past 30,000 years using mass spectrometric U???Th ages from Barbados corals, Nature, vol.345, issue.6274, pp.405-410, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/345405a0

E. Bard, B. Hamelin, and R. G. Fairbanks, U-Th ages obtained by mass spectrometry in corals from Barbados: sea level during the past 130,000 years, Nature, vol.346, issue.6283, pp.456-458, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/346456a0

E. Bard, F. Rostek, and C. Sonzogni, Interhemispheric synchrony of the last deglaciation inferred from alkenone palaeothermometry, Nature, vol.385, issue.6618, pp.707-710, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/385707a0

J. Barnola, D. Raynaud, A. Neftel, and H. Oeschger, Comparison of CO2 measurements by two laboratories on air from bubbles in polar ice, Nature, vol.60, issue.5916, pp.410-413, 1983.
DOI : 10.1038/303410a0

J. Barnola, D. Raynaud, Y. S. Korotkevitch, and C. Lorius, Vostok ice core provides 160,000-year record of atmospheric CO2, Nature, vol.329, issue.6138, pp.408-414, 1987.
DOI : 10.1038/329408a0

J. M. Barnola, P. Pimienta, D. Raynaud, and Y. S. Korotkevitch, CO 2 -climate relationship as deduced from the Vostok ice core : a re-examination based on new measurements and on a re-evaluation of the air dating, pp.83-90, 1991.

J. Barnola and P. Duval, La transformation de la neige en glace à la surface des calottes polaires, Image de la Physique, pp.51-57, 1992.

J. Barnola, M. Anklin, J. Porcheron, D. Raynaud, J. Schwander et al., CO 2 evolution during the last millennium as recorded by Antarctic and Greenland ice, Tellus 47B, pp.264-272, 1995.

I. Basile, Origine des aérosols volcaniques et continentaux de la carotte de glace de Vostok (Antarctique, Thèse de Doctorat de l, 1997.

I. Basile, F. E. Grousset, M. Revel, J. Petit, P. E. Biscaye et al., Patagonian origin of glacial dust deposited in East Antarctica (Vostok and Dome C) during glacial stages 2, 4 and 6, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.146, issue.3-4, pp.573-589, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00255-5

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00756606

F. C. Bassinot, The astronomical theory of climate and the age of the Brunhes-Matuyama magnetic reversal, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.126, issue.1-3, pp.91-108, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(94)90244-5

M. Battle, M. Bender, T. Sowers, P. P. Tans, J. H. Butler et al., Atmospheric gas concentrations over the past century measured in air from firn at the South Pole, Nature, vol.383, issue.6597, pp.231-235, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/383231a0

M. Bender, L. Labeyrie, D. Raynaud, and C. Lorius, Isotopic composition of atmospheric O2 in ice linked with deglaciation and global primary productivity, Nature, vol.300, issue.6044, pp.349-352, 1985.
DOI : 10.1038/318349a0

M. Bender, T. Sowers, J. Barnola, and J. Chappellaz, ratio of the atmosphere during recent decades reflected in the composition of air in the firn at Vostok Station, Antarctica, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.247, issue.3, pp.189-192, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/93GL03548

M. Bender, T. Sowers, and L. Labeyrie, The Dole Effect and its variations during the last 130,000 years as measured in the Vostok Ice Core, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.15, issue.3, pp.363-376, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/94GB00724

M. Bender, T. Sowers, and V. Lipenkov, On the concentration of O 2 , N 2 , and Ar in trapped gases from ice cores, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.100, pp.9-18651, 1995.

C. S. Benson, Stratigraphic studies in the snow and firn of the Greenland ice sheet, SIPRE Res. Rep, vol.70, pp.76-83, 1962.

A. Berger, Le climat de la Terre, un passé pour quel avenir ?, 1992.

A. Berger, M. F. Loutre, and H. Gallée, Sensitivity of the LLN climate model to the astronomical and CO 2 forcings over the last 200 ky, Climate Dynamics, vol.14, issue.9, pp.615-629, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s003820050245

A. Berger, X. S. Li, and M. F. Loutre, Modelling northern hemisphere ice volume over the last 3Ma, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.18, issue.1
DOI : 10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00033-X

W. H. Berger and R. S. Keir, Glacial-Holocene changes in the atmospheric CO 2 and the deep-sea record, Climate Processes and Climate Sensitivity, pp.337-351, 1984.

T. Blunier, J. Scwander, B. Stauffer, T. F. Stocker, A. Dällenbach et al., increase with respect to the Younger Dryas Event, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.32, issue.21, pp.2683-2686, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97GL02658

T. Blunier, J. Chappellaz, J. Scwander, A. Dällenbach, B. Stauffer et al., Asynchrony of Antarctica and Greenland climate change during the last glacial period, Nature, vol.394, issue.6695, pp.739-743, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/29447

G. Bond, W. Broecker, S. Johnsen, J. Mcmanus, L. Labeyrie et al., Correlations between climate records from North Atlantic sediments and Greenland ice, Nature, vol.365, issue.6442, pp.143-147, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/365143a0

W. S. Broecker and J. Van-donk, record in deep-sea cores, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.71, issue.1, p.169, 1970.
DOI : 10.1029/RG008i001p00169

W. S. Broecker, Glacial to interglacial changes in ocean chemistry, Progress in Oceanography, vol.11, issue.2, pp.151-197, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0079-6611(82)90007-6

W. S. Broecker, D. M. Peteet, and D. Rind, Does the ocean-atmophere system have more than one stable mode of operation ?, Nature, pp.315-336, 1985.

W. S. Broecker and G. M. Henderson, changes, Paleoceanography, vol.48, issue.4, pp.352-364, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98PA00920

L. H. Burckle and D. W. Cooke, Late Pleistocene Eucampia antarctica Abundance Stratigraphy in the Atlantic Sector of the Southern Ocean, Micropaleontology, vol.29, issue.1, pp.6-10, 1983.
DOI : 10.2307/1485648

J. Chappellaz, J. M. Barnola, D. Raynaud, Y. S. Korotkevitch, and C. Lorius, Ice-core record of atmospheric methane over the past 160,000 years, Nature, vol.280, issue.6271, pp.127-131, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/345127a0

J. Chappellaz, T. Blunier, D. Raynaud, J. M. Barnola, J. Schwander et al., Synchronous changes in atmospheric CH4 and Greenland climate between 40 and 8 kyr BP, Nature, vol.366, issue.6454, pp.443-445, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/366443a0

J. Chappellaz, E. Brook, T. Blunier, and B. Malaizé, CH 4 and ? 18 O of O 2 records from Antarctic and Greenland ice : a clue for stratigraphic disturbance in the bottom part of the Greenland Ice Core Project and the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 ice cores, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.102, pp.12-26547, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01103841

P. Ciais, P. P. Tans, M. Trolier, J. W. White, and R. J. Francey, A Large Northern Hemisphere Terrestrial CO2 Sink Indicated by the 13C/12C Ratio of Atmospheric CO2, Science, vol.269, issue.5227, pp.1098-1102, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.269.5227.1098

C. M. Clapperton, Nature of environnemental changes in the South America at the Last Glacial Maximum, pp.189-208, 1993.

P. U. Clark, R. B. Alley, and D. Pollard, Northern Hemisphere Ice-Sheet Influences on Global Climate Change, Science, vol.286, issue.5442, pp.1104-1111, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.286.5442.1104

M. Climap-project, The Surface of the Ice-Age Earth, Science, vol.191, issue.4232, pp.1131-1137, 1976.
DOI : 10.1126/science.191.4232.1131

S. C. Colbeck, Air movement in snow due to wind pumping, Journal of Glaciaology, vol.35, issue.120, pp.209-213, 1989.

D. W. Cooke and J. D. Hays, Estimates of Antarctic Ocean seasonal sea-ice cover during glacial intervals, Antarctic Geoscience, pp.1017-1025, 1982.

H. Craig, C. C. Chou, J. A. Welhan, C. M. Stevens, and A. Engelkemeir, The Isotopic Composition of Methane in Polar Ice Cores, Science, vol.242, issue.4885, pp.1535-1539, 1988.
DOI : 10.1126/science.242.4885.1535

H. Craig, Y. Horibe, and T. Sowers, Gravitational Separation of Gases and Isotopes in Polar Ice Caps, Science, vol.242, issue.4886, pp.1675-1678, 1988.
DOI : 10.1126/science.242.4886.1675

J. Croll, Climate and Time in their geological relations, 1975.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139225182

X. Crosta, J. Pichon, and L. H. Burckle, Application of modern analog technique to marine Antarctic diatoms: Reconstruction of maximum sea-ice extent at the Last Glacial Maximum, Paleoceanography, vol.129, issue.5000, pp.284-297, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98PA00339

T. J. Crowley and C. L. Parkinson, Late Pleistocene variations in Antarctic sea ice I: effect of orbital insolation changes, Climate Dynamics, vol.6, issue.2, pp.85-91, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01080902

T. J. Crowley and C. L. Parkinson, Late Pleistocene variations in Antarctic sea ice II: effect of interhemispheric deep-ocean heat exchange, Climate Dynamics, vol.8, issue.2, pp.93-103, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01080903

T. J. Crowley, North Atlantic Deep Water cools the southern hemisphere, Paleoceanography, vol.242, issue.4, pp.489-497, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92PA01058

D. Blonde, G. Peltier, and W. R. , A One-Dimensional Model of Continental Ice Volume Fluctuations through the Pleistocene: Implications for the Origin of the Mid-Pleistocene Climate Transition, Journal of Climate, vol.4, issue.3, pp.318-344, 1991.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0318:AODMOC>2.0.CO;2

R. J. Delmas, J. M. Ascencio, and M. Legrand, Polar ice evidence that atmospheric CO2 20,000 yr BP was 50% of present, Nature, vol.273, issue.5752, pp.155-157, 1980.
DOI : 10.1038/284155a0

R. J. Delmas, A natural artefact in Greenland ice-core CO 2 measurements, pp.391-396, 1993.

K. L. Denman and A. E. Gargett, Biological-Physical Interactions in the Upper Ocean: The Role of Vertical and Small Scale Transport Processes, Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, vol.27, issue.1, pp.225-255, 1995.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.fl.27.010195.001301

D. M. Etheridge, L. P. Steele, R. L. Langenfelds, R. J. Francey, J. Barnola et al., over the last 1000 years from air in Antarctic ice and firn, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.18, issue.43, pp.4115-4128, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/95JD03410

H. Fischer, M. Wahlen, J. Smith, D. Mastroianni, and B. Deck, Ice Core Records of Atmospheric CO2 Around the Last Three Glacial Terminations, Science, vol.283, issue.5408, pp.1712-1714, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.283.5408.1712

K. Fleming, P. Johnston, Y. Yokoyama, K. Lambeck, and J. Chappell, Refining the eustatic sealevel curve since the Last Glacial Maximum using far-and intermediate-field sites, Earth and Planetary sience Letters, pp.327-342, 1998.

R. J. Francey, P. P. Tans, C. E. Allison, I. G. Enting, J. W. White et al., Changes in oceanic and terrestrial carbon uptake since 1982, Changes in oceanic and terrestrial carbon uptake since 1982, pp.326-330, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/373326a0

L. M. François, C. Delire, P. Warnant, and G. Munhoven, Modelling the glacial-interglacial changes in the continental biosphere, Global and Planetary Change, pp.16-17, 1998.

R. François, M. A. Altabet, E. Yu, D. M. Sigman, M. P. Bacon et al., Contribution of the Southern Ocean surface-water stratification to low atmospheric CO 2 concentrations during the last glacial period, Nature, vol.389, issue.6654, pp.929-935, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/40073

A. L. Gordon, Seasonality of Southern Ocean sea ice, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.56, issue.116, pp.4193-4197, 1981.
DOI : 10.1029/JC086iC05p04193

C. Genthon, J. M. Barnola, D. Raynaud, C. Lorius, J. Jouzel et al., Vostok ice core: climatic response to CO2 and orbital forcing changes over the last climatic cycle, Nature, vol.329, issue.6138, pp.414-418, 1987.
DOI : 10.1038/329414a0

A. J. Gow, H. T. Ueda, and D. E. Garfield, Antarctic Ice Sheet: Preliminary Results of First Core Hole to Bedrock, Science, vol.161, issue.3845, pp.1011-1013, 1968.
DOI : 10.1126/science.161.3845.1011

P. M. Grootes, M. Stuiver, J. W. White, S. J. Johnsen, and J. Jouzel, Comparison of oxygen isotope records from the GISP2 and GRIP Greenland ice cores, Nature, vol.366, issue.6455, pp.203-207, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/366552a0

F. E. Grousset, P. E. Biscaye, M. Revel, J. R. Petit, K. Pye et al., Antarctic (Dome C) ice-core dust at 18 k.y. B.P.: Isotopic constraints on origins, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.111, issue.1, pp.175-182, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-821X(92)90177-W

E. D. Hausman and M. B. Mcelroy, Role of sea-surface temperature and ocean circulation changes in the reorganization of the global carbon cycle at the Last Glacial Termination, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.32, issue.2, pp.371-381, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1998GB900025

J. D. Hays, J. Imbrie, and N. J. Shackleton, Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages, Science, vol.194, issue.4270, pp.1121-1132, 1976.
DOI : 10.1126/science.194.4270.1121

G. M. Henderson and N. C. Slowey, Evidence from U -Th dating against northern hemisphere forcing of the penultimate deglaciation, Nature, vol.404, issue.6773, pp.61-66, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35003541

M. M. Herron and C. C. Langway, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.14, issue.93, pp.373-385, 1980.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022143000015239

C. J. Heusser, Southern Westerlies during the Last Glacial Maximum, Quaternary Research, vol.12, issue.03, pp.423-425, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-8398(79)90018-5

P. P. Hesse and G. H. Mctainsh, Last Glacial Maximum to Early Holocene Wind Strength in the Mid-latitudes of the Southern Hemisphere from Aeolian Dust in the Tasman Sea, Quaternary Research, vol.22, issue.03, pp.343-349, 1999.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1974)013<0512:ARACDN>2.0.CO;2

T. Ikeda, T. Uchida, and S. Mae, The effect of pressure on the formation of air-hydrate crystals, Proc. NIPR Symp, pp.14-23, 1993.

T. Ikeda, H. Fukazawa, S. Mae, L. Pepin, P. Duval et al., Extreme fractionation of gases caused by formation of clathrate hydrates in Vostok Antarctic Ice, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.2, issue.1, pp.91-94, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1998GL900220

J. Imbrie and J. Z. Imbrie, Modeling the Climatic Response to Orbital Variations, Science, vol.207, issue.4434, pp.943-953, 1980.
DOI : 10.1126/science.207.4434.943

J. Imbrie, The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate : Support from a revised chronology of the marine ? 18 O record, Milankovitch and Climate, part 1, pp.269-305, 1984.

J. Imbrie, On the Structure and Origin of Major Glaciation Cycles 1. Linear Responses to Milankovitch Forcing, Paleoceanography, vol.14, issue.16, pp.701-738, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92PA02253

J. Imbrie, On the structure and origin of major glaciation cycles 2. The 100,000-year cycle, Paleoceanography, vol.23, issue.6, pp.699-735, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/93PA02751

A. Indermühle, Holocene carbon-cycle dynamics based on CO 2 trapped in ice at Taylor Dome, Antarctica, Nature, vol.398, pp.121-126, 1999.

A. Indermühle, E. Monin, B. Stauffer, and T. F. Stocker, Atmospheric CO 2 concentration from 60 to 20 kyr BP from the Taylor Dome ice core, Antarctica, Geophysical Research Letters, pp.735-738, 2000.

J. T. Houghton, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate change 1994, radiative forcing of climate change, 1994.

J. T. Houghton, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Climate Change 1995 the science of climate, 1995.

M. H. Iriondo and N. O. Garcia, Climatic variations in the Argentine plains during the last 18,000 years, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.101, issue.3-4, pp.209-220, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-0182(93)90013-9

S. J. Johnsen, H. B. Clausen, W. Dansgaard, K. Fuhrer, N. Gundestrup et al., Irregular glacial interstadials recorded in a new Greenland ice core, Nature, vol.359, issue.6393, pp.311-313, 1992.
DOI : 10.1038/359311a0

E. P. Jones and A. R. Coote, Oceanic CO 2 produced by the precipitation of CaCO 3 from brines in sea ice, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.86, pp.11-11041, 1981.

S. Joussaume, Climat d'hier à demain, 1993.

J. Jouzel, L. Merlivat, J. Petit, and C. Lorius, Climatic information over the last century deduced from a detailed isotopic record in the south pole snow, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.20, issue.4, pp.4-2693, 1983.
DOI : 10.1029/JC088iC04p02693

J. Jouzel and L. Merlivat, Deuterium and oxygen 18 in precipitation: Modeling of the isotopic effects during snow formation, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.80, issue.7, pp.11749-11757, 1984.
DOI : 10.1029/JD089iD07p11749

J. Jouzel, C. Lorius, J. Petit, C. Genthon, N. I. Barkov et al., Vostok ice core: a continuous isotope temperature record over the last climatic cycle (160,000 years), Nature, vol.329, issue.6138, pp.402-408, 1987.
DOI : 10.1038/329403a0

J. Jouzel, J. Petit, and D. Raynaud, ABSTRACT, Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, vol.32, issue.04, pp.349-355, 1990.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1964.tb00181.x

. Jouzel, Extending the Vostok ice-core record of palaeoclimate to the penultimate glacial period, Nature, vol.364, issue.6436, pp.407-412, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/364407a0

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00000767

J. Jouzel, The two-step shape and timing of the past deglaciation in Antarctica, Climate Dynamics, pp.151-161, 1995.

J. Jouzel, Climatic interpretation of the recently extended Vostok ice records, Climate Dynamics, pp.513-521, 1996.

J. Jouzel, Validity of the temperature reconstruction from water isotopes in ice cores, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.316, issue.C12, pp.26471-26487, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JC01283

A. P. Kapitsa, J. K. Ridley, G. Robin, Q. De, M. J. Siegert et al., A large deep freshwater lake beneath the ice of central East Antarctica, Nature, vol.381, issue.6584, pp.684-686, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/381684a0

C. D. Keeling, The concentration and isotopic abundances of atmospheric carbon dioxide in natural areas, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.13, pp.277-298, 1958.

R. F. Keeling and S. R. Shertz, Seasonal and interannual variations in atmospheric oxygen and implications for the global carbon cycle, Nature, vol.358, issue.6389, pp.723-727, 1992.
DOI : 10.1038/358723a0

R. F. Keeling, R. P. Najjar, M. L. Bender, and P. T. Tans, What atmospheric oxygen measurements can tell us about the global carbon cycle, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.21, issue.1, pp.37-67, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/92GB02733

R. F. Keeling, S. C. Piper, and M. Heimann, Global and hemispheric CO2 sinks deduced from changes in atmospheric O2 concentration, Nature, vol.381, issue.6579, pp.218-221, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/381218a0

T. Keffer, D. G. Martinson, and B. H. Corliss, The Position of the Gulf Stream During Quaternary Glaciations, Science, vol.241, issue.4864, pp.440-442, 1988.
DOI : 10.1126/science.241.4864.440

R. S. Keir, Are atmospheric CO2 content and pleistocene climate connected by wind speed over a polar mediterranean sea?, Global and Planetary Change, vol.8, issue.1-2, pp.59-68, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0921-8181(93)90063-T

S. Kim, T. J. Crowley, and A. Stssel, Local Orbital Forcing of Antarctic Climate Change During the Last Interglacial, Science, vol.280, issue.5364, pp.728-730, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.280.5364.728

G. Krinner, C. Genthon, and J. Jouzel, signals, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.1, issue.22, pp.2825-2828, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97GL52891

N. Kumar, R. F. Anderson, R. A. Mortlock, P. N. Froelich, P. Kubik et al., Increased biological productivity and export production in the glacial Southern Ocean, Nature, vol.53, issue.6558, pp.675-680, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/378675a0

L. Labeyrie, Hydrographic changes of the Southern Ocean (southeast Indian sector) over the last 230 kyr, Paleoceanography, vol.1, issue.11, pp.57-76, 1996.

N. Lefèvre and A. J. Watson, concentrations, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.379, issue.8, pp.727-736, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1999GB900034

V. Lipenkov and . Ya, Formation and decomposition of air hydrates in glacier ice, Mater. Glyatsol. Issled, vol.65, pp.49-58, 1989.

C. Lorius, J. Jouzel, C. Ritz, L. Merlivat, N. I. Barkov et al., A 1500,000-year climatic record from Antarctic ice, Nature, pp.316-591, 1985.

C. Lorius, J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, J. Hansen, L. Treut et al., The ice-core record: climate sensitivity and future greenhouse warming, Nature, vol.89, issue.6289, pp.139-145, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/342758a0

B. Malaizé, D. Paillard, J. Jouzel, and D. Raynaud, The Dole effect over the last two glacial-interglacial cycles, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.8, issue.D12, pp.14199-14208, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1999JD900116

J. H. Martin, change: The Iron Hypothesis, Paleoceanography, vol.31, issue.1, pp.1-13, 1990.
DOI : 10.1029/PA005i001p00001

P. Martinerie, Teneur en gaz des glaces polaires. Variations géographiques actuelles, variations au cours du dernier cycle climatique dans la région de Vostok, Thèse de Doctorat, 1990.

T. A. Mashiotta, D. W. Lea, and H. J. Spero, Glacial???interglacial changes in Subantarctic sea surface temperature and ??18O-water using foraminiferal Mg, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, vol.170, issue.4, pp.417-432, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-821X(99)00116-8

M. Mélières, M. Rossignol-stick, and B. Malaizé, O change of atmospheric oxygen for the last 200 kyrs, as revealed by Mediterranean sapropels, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.18, issue.10, pp.1235-1238, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97GL01025

M. Milankovitch, Théorie mathématique des phénomènes produits par la radiation solaire, 1920.

S. L. Miller, Clathrate Hydrates of Air in Antarctic Ice, Science, vol.165, issue.3892, pp.489-490, 1969.
DOI : 10.1126/science.165.3892.489

R. A. Muller, Glacial cycles and extraterrestrial accretion, 1994.

R. A. Muller and G. J. Macdonald, Glacial Cycles and Astronomical Forcing, Science, vol.277, issue.5323, p.215, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.277.5323.215

A. Neftel, H. Oeschger, J. Schwander, B. Stauffer, and R. Zumbrunn, Ice core sample measurements give atmospheric CO2 content during the past 40,000 yr, Nature, vol.191, issue.5846, pp.220-223, 1982.
DOI : 10.1038/295220a0

A. Neftel, H. Oeschger, J. Schwander, and B. Stauffer, Carbon dioxide concentration in bubbles of natural cold ice, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.87, issue.21, pp.4116-4120, 1983.
DOI : 10.1021/j100244a025

A. Neftel, H. Oeschger, T. Staffelbach, and B. Stauffer, CO 2 record in the Byrd ice core 50, Nature, vol.331, pp.0-5, 1988.

B. N. Opdyke and J. C. Walker, Return of the coral reef hypothesis: Basin to shelf partitioning of CaCO3 and its effect on atmospheric CO2, Geology, vol.20, issue.8, pp.733-736, 1992.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0733:ROTCRH>2.3.CO;2

D. Paillard, L. Labeyrie, and P. Yiou, Macintosh Program performs time-series analysis, Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union, vol.77, issue.39, pp.379-386, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96EO00259

D. Paillard, The timing of the Pleistocene glaciations from a simple multiple-state climate model, Nature, vol.391, issue.6665, pp.378-381, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/34891

D. E. Parker, P. D. Jones, A. Bevan, and C. K. Folland, Interdecadal changes of surface temperature since the late nineteenth century, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.68, issue.9/10, pp.14373-14399, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/94JD00548

L. Pepin, Clathrates d'air dans les glaces des calottes polaires : étude des gaz occlus par micro-spectrométrie Raman, 1996.

J. Petit, M. Briat, and A. Royer, Ice age aerosol content from East Antarctic ice core samples and past wind strength, Nature, vol.8, issue.5831, pp.391-394, 1981.
DOI : 10.1038/293391a0

J. Petit, L. Mounier, J. Jouzel, Y. S. Korotkevitch, V. I. Kotlyakov et al., Palaeoclimatological and chronological implications of the Vostok core dust record, Paleoclimatological implications of the Vostok core dust record, pp.56-58, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/343056a0

J. R. Petit, Four climate cycles in Vostok ice core, Nature, vol.387, issue.6631, p.359, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/387359a0

J. R. Petit, Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420 000 years from the Vostok ice core, Antarctica, Nature, vol.399, issue.6735, pp.429-436, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/20859

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00756651

N. Peybernès, Etude des variations passées du rapport 13 C/ 12 C du CO 2 atmosphérique à partir de l'analyse des glaces polaires, 1999.

P. B. Price, Kinetics of Conversion of Air Bubbles to Air Hydrate Crystals in Antarctic Ice, Science, vol.267, issue.5205, pp.1802-1804, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.267.5205.1802

M. E. Raymo, W. F. Ruddiman, and P. N. Froelich, Influence of late Cenozoic mountain building on ocean geochemical cycles, Geology, vol.16, issue.7, pp.649-653, 1988.
DOI : 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016<0649:IOLCMB>2.3.CO;2

M. E. Raymo, The Himalayas, organic carbon burial, and climate in the Miocene, Paleoceanography, vol.212, issue.(17), Spring Me, pp.399-404, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/94PA00289

M. E. Raymo, The timing of major climate terminations, Paleoceanography, vol.77, issue.17, pp.577-585, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97PA01169

M. E. Raymo, PALEOCLIMATE:Glacial Puzzles, Science, vol.281, issue.5382, pp.1467-1468, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.281.5382.1467

D. Raynaud and . Lebel, Total gas content and surface elevation of polar ice sheets, Nature, vol.281, issue.5729, pp.289-291, 1980.
DOI : 10.1038/243283a0

D. Raynaud and J. Barnola, An Antarctic ice core reveals atmospheric CO2 variations over the past few centuries, Nature, vol.65, issue.6017, pp.309-311, 1985.
DOI : 10.1038/315309a0

D. Raynaud, J. Jouzel, J. Barnola, J. Chappellaz, R. J. Delmas et al., The Ice Record of Greenhouse Gases, Science, vol.259, issue.5097, pp.926-934, 1993.
DOI : 10.1126/science.259.5097.926

C. Ritz, Un modèle thermodynamique d'évolution pour le bassin Antarctique Vostok ? glacier Byrd : sensibilité aux valeurs des paramètres mal connus, Thèse de Doctorat d'état, 1992.

V. Rommelaere, L. Arnaud, and J. Barnola, Reconstructing recent atmospheric trace gas concentrations from polar firn and bubbly ice data by inverse methods, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.102, issue.D25, pp.30069-30083, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD02653

W. F. Ruddiman, A. Mcintyre, and M. E. Raymo, Paleoenvironnemental results from North Atlantic sites 607 and 609, Initial Rep, Deep Sea Drill. Proj, vol.94, pp.855-877, 1986.

W. F. Ruddiman, M. E. Raymo, D. G. Martjinson, B. M. Clement, and J. Backman, Pleistocene evolution: Northern hemisphere ice sheets and North Atlantic Ocean, Paleoceanography, vol.1, issue.4, pp.353-412, 1989.
DOI : 10.1029/PA004i004p00353

A. N. Salamatin, V. Y. Lipenkov, N. I. Barkov, J. Jouzel, J. Petit et al., Ice core age dating and paleothermometer calibration based on isotope and temperature profiles from deep boreholes at Vostok Station (East Antarctica), Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.12, issue.6, pp.8-8963, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD02253

A. Sanyal, N. G. Hemming, G. N. Hanson, and W. S. Broecker, Evidence for a higher pH in the glacial ocean from boron isotopes in foraminifera, Nature, vol.373, issue.6511, pp.234-236, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/373234a0

J. L. Sarmiento and J. R. Toggweiler, A new model for the role of the oceans in determining atmospheric PCO2, Nature, vol.85, issue.5960, pp.621-624, 1984.
DOI : 10.1038/308621a0

J. Schwander, The transformation of snow to ice and the occlusion of gases, The environmental Record in Glaciers and Ice Sheets

N. J. Shackleton, Carbon-13 in Uvigerina : Tropical rainforest history and the Equatorial Pacific carbonate dissolution cycle, In : The fate of fossil fuel CO 2 in the Oceans, pp.401-427, 1977.

N. J. Shackleton, M. A. Hall, J. Line, and C. Shuxi, Carbon isotope data in core V19-30 confirm reduced carbon dioxide concentration in the ice age atmosphere, Nature, vol.88, issue.5941, pp.319-322, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-8398(81)90018-9

N. J. Shackleton and N. G. Pisias, Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide, Orbital Forcing, and Climate, Sundquist et W.S, pp.303-317, 1985.
DOI : 10.1029/GM032p0303

N. J. Shackleton, J. Le, A. Mix, and M. A. Hall, Carbon isotope records from pacific surface waters and atmospheric carbon dioxide, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.11, issue.4, pp.387-400, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0277-3791(92)90021-Y

G. Shaffer, Effects of the Marine Biota on Global Carbon Cycling, pp.431-455, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-84608-3_18

H. Shoji and C. C. , Air hydrate inclusions in fresh ice core, Nature, vol.165, issue.5874, pp.548-550, 1982.
DOI : 10.1038/298548a0

H. Shoji and C. C. Langway, MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATIONS OF THE AIR HYDRATE-BUBBLE. TRANSFORMATION PROCESS IN GLACIER ICE, Le Journal de Physique Colloques, vol.48, issue.C1, pp.1-551, 1987.
DOI : 10.1051/jphyscol:1987175

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00226321

U. Siegenthaler and J. L. Sarmiento, Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean, Nature, vol.365, issue.6442, pp.119-125, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/365119a0

I. Simmonds and T. H. Jacka, Relationships between the Interannual Variability of Antarctic Sea Ice and the Southern Oscillation, Journal of Climate, vol.8, issue.3, pp.637-647, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<0637:RBTIVO>2.0.CO;2

H. J. Smith, H. Fischer, M. Wahlen, D. Mastroianni, and B. Deck, Dual modes of the carbon cycle since the Last Glacial Maximum, Nature, vol.400, issue.6741, pp.248-250, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/22291

T. Sowers, M. Bender, and D. Raynaud, Elemental and isotopic composition of occluded O 2 and N 2 in polar ice, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.94, pp.4-5137, 1989.

T. Sowers, M. Bender, D. Raynaud, and Y. S. Korotkevitch, The ? 18 O of atmospheric O 2 from air inclusions in the Vostok ice core: Timing of CO 2 and ice volume changes during the penultimate deglaciation, Paleoceanography, vol.6, pp.676-696, 1991.

T. Sowers and M. Bender, Climate Records Covering the Last Deglaciation, Science, vol.269, issue.5221, pp.210-214, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.269.5221.210

T. Sowers, An interlaboratory comparison of techniques for extracting and analyzing trapped gases in ice cores, Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, vol.60, issue.C12, pp.26527-26538, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JC00633

T. Staffelbach, B. Stauffer, A. Sigg, and H. Oeschger, CO 2 measurements from polar ice cores: more data from different sites, pp.91-96, 1991.

E. J. Steig, E. J. Brook, J. W. White, C. M. Sucher, M. L. Bender et al., Synchronous Climate Changes in Antarctica and the North Atlantic, Synchronous climate changes in Antarctica and the North Atlantic, pp.92-95, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.282.5386.92

B. B. Stephens and R. F. Keeling, The influence of Antarctic sea ice on glacial???interglacial CO2 variations, Nature, vol.90, issue.6774, pp.171-174, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35004556

F. A. Street-perrott, R. Huang, R. A. Perrott, G. Eglinton, P. Barker et al., Impact of Lower Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide on Tropical Mountain Ecosystems, Science, vol.278, issue.5342, pp.1422-1426, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.278.5342.1422

T. Takahashi, W. S. Broecker, and S. Langer, Redfield ratio based on chemical data from isopycnal surfaces, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.5, issue.C4, pp.6907-6924, 1985.
DOI : 10.1029/JC090iC04p06907

J. R. Toggweiler and B. Samuels, Is the magnitude of the deep outflow from the Atlantic Ocean actually governed by southern hemisphere winds ?, NATO ASI Series, I 15, The global carbon cycle, 1993.

J. R. Toggweiler, by ventilation of the ocean's deepest water, Paleoceanography, vol.379, issue.1-124, plates, pp.571-588, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1999PA900033

J. Tranchant, Manuel pratique de chromatographie en phase gazeuse, 1968.

T. Uchida, T. Hondoh, S. Mae, P. Duval, and V. Lipenkov, In-situ observations of growth process of clathrate air-hydrates inder hydrostatic pressure, Physics and Chemistry of ice, Eds. Maeno N.et Hondoh T, pp.121-125, 1992.

T. Uchida, S. Mae, T. Hondoh, P. Duval, and V. Lipenkov, Measurements of surface energy of airhydrate crystals in Vostok ice core, Antarctica, Proc. NIPR Symp, pp.1-6, 1993.

T. Uchida, T. Hondoh, S. Mae, P. Duval, and V. Lipenkov, Effects of temperature and pressure on the transformation rate from air bubbles to air-hydrate crystals in ice sheets, Annals of Glaciology, vol.7, pp.143-147, 1994.
DOI : 10.1126/science.161.3845.1011

T. Uchida, T. Hondoh, S. Mae, V. Lipenkov, and P. Duval, Abstract, Journal of Glaciology, vol.12, issue.134, pp.79-86, 1994.
DOI : 10.1038/298548a0

T. Uchida, S. Mae, T. Hondoh, V. Lipenkov, P. Duval et al., Growth process of airhydrates and diffusion of air molecules in deep ice sheet, Proc. NIPR Symp, pp.140-148, 1994.

F. Vimeux, V. Masson, J. Jouzel, and J. R. Petit, Glacial-interglacial changes in ocean surface conditions in the Southern hemisphere, Nature, vol.398, issue.6726, pp.410-413, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/18860

C. Waelbroeck, J. Jouzel, L. Labeyrie, C. Lorius, M. Labracherie et al., Comparing the Vostok ice deuterium record and series from Southern Ocean core MD 88-770 over the last two glacial-interglacial cycles, Climate Dynamics, pp.113-123, 1995.

M. Wahlen, D. Allen, B. Deck, and A. Herchenroder, concentrations (1530 to 1940 AD) in air occluded in the GISP 2 Ice Core from central Greenland, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.60, issue.106, pp.1457-1460, 1991.
DOI : 10.1029/91GL01724

E. W. Wolff and S. Martin, Sea ice as a source of sea salt aerosol in polar region, pp.10-12, 1998.

E. Balbon, Variabilité climatique et circulation thermohaline dans l'Océan Atlantique Nord et en mer de Norvège au cours du stade isotopique marin 5, 2000.

E. Bard, B. Hamelin, and R. G. Fairbanks, U-Th ages obtained by mass spectrometry in corals from Barbados: sea level during the past 130,000 years, Nature, vol.346, issue.6283, pp.456-458, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/346456a0

E. Bard, B. Hamelin, M. Arnold, L. Montaggioni, G. Cabioch et al., Deglacial sea-level record from Tahiti corals and the timing of global meltwater discharge, Nature, vol.382, issue.6588, pp.241-244, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/382241a0

E. Bard, F. Rostek, and C. Sonzogni, Interhemispheric synchrony of the last deglaciation inferred from alkenone palaeothermometry, Nature, vol.385, issue.6618, pp.707-710, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/385707a0

J. Barnola, P. Pimienta, D. Raynaud, and Y. S. Korotkevitch, CO 2 -climate relationship as deduced from the Vostok ice core: a re-examination based on new measurements and on a re-evaluation of the air dating, pp.83-90, 1991.

M. Bender, L. Labeyrie, D. Raynaud, and C. Lorius, Isotopic composition of atmospheric O2 in ice linked with deglaciation and global primary productivity, Nature, vol.300, issue.6044, pp.349-352, 1985.
DOI : 10.1038/318349a0

M. Bender, T. Sowers, and L. Labeyrie, The Dole Effect and its variations during the last 130,000 years as measured in the Vostok Ice Core, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.15, issue.3, pp.363-376, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/94GB00724

A. Berger, M. Loutre, and H. Gallée, Sensitivity of the LLN climate model to the astronomical and CO 2 forcings over the last 200 ky, Climate Dynamics, vol.14, issue.9, pp.615-629, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s003820050245

J. Raynaud, H. B. Jouzel, C. Clausen, S. J. Hammer, and . Johnsen, Asynchrony of Antarctica and Greenland climate change during the last glacial period, Nature, vol.394, pp.739-743, 1998.

W. S. Broecker and G. M. Henderson, changes, Paleoceanography, vol.48, issue.4, pp.352-364, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98PA00920

J. Chappellaz, J. Barnola, D. Raynaud, Y. S. Korotkevitch, and C. Lorius, Ice-core record of atmospheric methane over the past 160,000 years, Nature, vol.280, issue.6271, pp.345-127, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/345127a0

A. C. Clement, R. Seager, and M. A. , Orbital controls on the El Ni??o/Southern Oscillation and the tropical climate, Paleoceanography, vol.10, issue.4, pp.441-456, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1999PA900013

H. Fischer, M. Wahlen, J. Smith, B. Mastroianni, and . Deck, Ice Core Records of Atmospheric CO2 Around the Last Three Glacial Terminations, Science, vol.283, issue.5408, pp.1712-1714, 1999.
DOI : 10.1126/science.283.5408.1712

H. Gallée, J. P. Van-ypersele, T. Fichefet, I. Marsiat, C. Tricot et al., Simulation of the last glacial cycle by a coupled, sectorially averaged climate???ice sheet model: 1. The climate model, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.44, issue.D7
DOI : 10.1029/91JD00874

H. Gallée, J. P. Van-ypersele, T. Fichefet, C. Tricot, and A. Berger, Simulation of the last glacial cycle by a coupled, sectorially averaged climate???ice sheet model: 1. The climate model, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.44, issue.D7, pp.13139-13161, 1991.
DOI : 10.1029/91JD00874

G. M. Henderson and N. C. Slowey, Evidence from U -Th d ating against Northern Hemisphere forcing of the penultimate deglaciation, Nature, vol.404, issue.6773, pp.61-66, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35003541

N. J. Prell and . Shackleton, The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised chronology of the marine ? 18 O record, NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Milankovitch and Climate, pp.269-305, 1984.

I. and C. Change, The Science of Climate Change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group I. WMO-UNEP, 1995.

M. Sowers, F. Stievenard, P. Yiou, and . Yiou, Extending the Vostok ice-core record of paleoclimate to the penultimate glacial period, Nature, vol.364, pp.407-412, 1993.

M. Duplessy, E. Paterne, J. Michel, M. Duprat, J. Caralp et al., Hydrographic changes of the Southern Ocean (southeast Indian sector) over the last 230 kyr, Paleoceanography, vol.11, issue.1, pp.57-76, 1996.

X. S. Li, A. Berger, and M. Loutre, CO 2 and Northern Hemisphere ice volume variations over the middle and late Quaternary, Climate Dynamics, vol.14, issue.7-8, pp.7-8, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s003820050240

C. Lorius, J. Jouzel, D. Raynaud, J. Hansen, and H. L. Treut, The ice-core record: climate sensitivity and future greenhouse warming, Nature, vol.89, issue.6289, pp.347-139, 1990.
DOI : 10.1038/342758a0

M. F. Loutre and A. Berger, Future climatic changes: are we enterin an exceptionally long interglacial? Climatic change, pp.61-90, 2000.

B. Malaizé, D. Paillard, J. Jouzel, and D. Raynaud, The Dole effect over the last two glacialinterglacial cycles, 1ournal of Geophysical Research, pp.14199-14208, 1999.

M. Mélières, M. Rossignol-stick, and B. Malaizé, O change of atmospheric oxygen for the last 200 kyrs, as revealed by Mediterranean sapropels, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.18, issue.10, pp.1235-1238, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97GL01025

C. Lipenkov, L. Lorius, C. Pépin, E. Ritz, M. Saltzman et al., Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420,000 years from the Vostok ice core, pp.429-436, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00756651

M. E. Raymo, The timing of major climate terminations, Paleoceanography, vol.77, issue.17, pp.577-585, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97PA01169

T. Sowers, M. Bender, L. Labeyrie, D. G. Martinson, J. Jouzel et al., 000-year Vostok-SPECMAP common temporal framework, Paleoceanography, vol.135, issue.86, pp.737-766, 1993.