S. Stern and S. Mcneil, Nanotechnology Safety Concerns Revisited, Toxicological Sciences, vol.101, issue.1, pp.4-21, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/toxsci/kfm169

L. Mccauley and R. Mccauley, Nanotechnology: are occupational health nurses ready?, Aaohn J, vol.53, issue.12, pp.517-521, 2005.

N. Staggers, T. Mccasky, N. Brazelton, and R. Kennedy, Nanotechnology: The coming revolution and its implications for consumers, clinicians, and informatics, Nursing Outlook, vol.56, issue.5, pp.268-274, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.outlook.2008.06.004

Y. Ju-nam and J. Lead, Manufactured nanoparticles: an overview of their chemistry, interactions and potential environmental implications. The Science of the total environment, pp.1-3396, 2008.

H. Bouwmeester, S. Dekkers, M. Noordam, W. Hagens, A. Bulder et al., Review of health safety aspects of nanotechnologies in food production, Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol.53, issue.1, pp.52-62, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.yrtph.2008.10.008

P. Schulte and F. Salamanca-buentello, Ethical and Scientific Issues of Nanotechnology in the Workplace, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.115, issue.1, pp.5-12, 2007.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.9456

B. Mossman, J. Bignon, M. Corn, A. Seaton, and J. Gee, Asbestos: scientific developments and implications for public policy, Science, vol.247, issue.4940, pp.294-301, 1990.
DOI : 10.1126/science.2153315

A. Rai and T. Gupta, Asbestos an important insulating material; its varieties, properties and safe uses, Indian journal of environmental health, vol.44, issue.3, pp.220-224, 2002.

B. Castleman, Asbestos Products, Hazards, and Regulation, International Journal of Health Services, vol.45, issue.2, pp.295-307, 2006.
DOI : 10.2190/745C-9R7B-2V3R-CA16

W. Kreyling, M. Semmler-behnke, and W. Möller, Ultrafine Particle???Lung Interactions: Does Size Matter?, Journal of Aerosol Medicine, vol.19, issue.1, pp.74-83, 2006.
DOI : 10.1089/jam.2006.19.74

N. Englert, Fine particles and human health???a review of epidemiological studies, Toxicology Letters, vol.149, issue.1-3, pp.235-242, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.12.035

R. Schlesinger, N. Kunzli, G. Hidy, T. Gotschi, and M. Jerrett, The Health Relevance of Ambient Particulate Matter Characteristics: Coherence of Toxicological and Epidemiological Inferences, Inhalation Toxicology, vol.58, issue.4, pp.95-125, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/jech.58.1.18

K. Donaldson and C. Tran, INFLAMMATION CAUSED BY PARTICLES AND FIBERS, Inhalation Toxicology, vol.14, issue.1, pp.5-27, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/089583701753338613

K. Donaldson, V. Stone, C. Tran, W. Kreyling, and P. Borm, Nanotoxicology, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, vol.61, issue.9, pp.727-728, 2004.
DOI : 10.1136/oem.2004.013243

G. Oberdorster, E. Oberdorster, and J. Oberdorster, Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.113, issue.7, pp.823-839, 2005.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.7339

S. Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature, vol.354, issue.6348, pp.56-58, 1991.
DOI : 10.1038/354056a0

J. Giles, Top five in physics, Nature, vol.441, issue.7091, p.265, 2006.

S. Polizu, O. Savadogo, P. Poulin, and L. Yahia, Applications of Carbon Nanotubes-Based Biomaterials in Biomedical Nanotechnology, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol.6, issue.7, pp.1883-1904, 2006.
DOI : 10.1166/jnn.2006.197

Y. Lin, S. Taylor, H. Li, K. Fernando, L. Qu et al., Advances toward bioapplications of carbon nanotubes, Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol.14, issue.4, pp.527-541, 2004.
DOI : 10.1039/b314481j

M. Foldvari and M. Bagonluri, Carbon nanotubes as functional excipients for nanomedicines: I. pharmaceutical properties, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, vol.4, issue.3, pp.173-182, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nano.2008.04.002

A. Cassell, J. Raymakers, J. Kong, and H. Dai, Large Scale CVD Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.103, issue.31, pp.6484-6492, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/jp990957s

C. Journet, W. Maser, P. Bernier, A. Loiseau, M. De-la-chapelle et al., Large-scale production of single-walled carbon nanotubes by the electric-arc technique, Nature, vol.388, issue.6644, pp.756-758, 1997.

A. Thess, R. Lee, P. Nikolaev, H. Dai, P. Petit et al., Crystalline Ropes of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes, Science, vol.273, issue.5274, pp.483-487, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.273.5274.483

P. Nikolaev, M. Bronikowski, R. Bradley, F. Rohmund, D. Colbert et al., Gas-phase catalytic growth of single-walled carbon nanotubes from carbon monoxide, Chemical Physics Letters, vol.313, issue.1-2, pp.91-97, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2614(99)01029-5

C. Ge, F. Lao, W. Li, Y. Li, C. Chen et al., Quantitative Analysis of Metal Impurities in Carbon Nanotubes: Efficacy of Different Pretreatment Protocols for ICPMS Spectroscopy, Analytical Chemistry, vol.80, issue.24, pp.9426-9434, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/ac801469b

K. Donaldson, R. Aitken, L. Tran, V. Stone, R. Duffin et al., Carbon Nanotubes: A Review of Their Properties in Relation to Pulmonary Toxicology and Workplace Safety, Toxicological Sciences, vol.92, issue.1, pp.5-22, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/toxsci/kfj130

N. Mehra, A. Jain, N. Lodhi, R. Raj, V. Dubey et al., Challenges in the Use of Carbon Nanotubes for Biomedical Applications, Critical Reviews?? in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems, vol.25, issue.2, pp.169-206, 2008.
DOI : 10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.v25.i2.20

M. Foldvari and M. Bagonluri, Carbon nanotubes as functional excipients for nanomedicines: II. Drug delivery and biocompatibility issues, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine, vol.4, issue.3, pp.183-200, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nano.2008.04.003

S. Bachilo, M. Strano, C. Kittrell, R. Hauge, R. Smalley et al., Structure-Assigned Optical Spectra of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Science, vol.298, issue.5602, pp.2361-2366, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1078727

O. Connell, M. Bachilo, S. Huffman, C. Moore, V. Strano et al., Band Gap Fluorescence from Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Science, vol.297, issue.5581, pp.593-596, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1072631

D. A. Heller and S. , Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Spectroscopy in Live Cells: Towards Long-Term Labels and Optical Sensors, Advanced Materials, vol.13, issue.23, pp.2793-2799, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/adma.200500477

C. Freudiger, M. W. Saar, B. Lu, S. Holtom, G. He et al., Label-Free Biomedical Imaging with High Sensitivity by Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy, Science, vol.322, issue.5909, pp.1857-1861, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1165758

A. Rao, E. Richter, S. Bandow, B. Chase, P. Eklund et al., Diameter-Selective Raman Scattering from Vibrational Modes in Carbon Nanotubes, Science, vol.275, issue.5297, pp.187-191, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.275.5297.187

P. Cherukuri, S. Bachilo, S. Litovsky, and R. Weisman, Near-Infrared Fluorescence Microscopy of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Phagocytic Cells, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.126, issue.48, pp.15638-15639, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0466311

K. Welsher, Z. Liu, D. Daranciang, and H. Dai, Selective Probing and Imaging of Cells with Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Near-Infrared Fluorescent Molecules, Nano Letters, vol.8, issue.2, pp.586-590, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/nl072949q

M. Prato, K. Kostarelos, and A. Bianco, Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Design and Discovery, Accounts of Chemical Research, vol.41, issue.1, pp.60-68, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/ar700089b
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00281706

M. Schipper, N. Nakayama-ratchford, C. Davis, N. Kam, P. Chu et al., A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice, Nature Nanotechnology, vol.113, issue.4, pp.216-221, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nnano.2008.68

L. Lacerda, A. Bianco, M. Prato, and K. Kostarelos, Carbon nanotubes as nanomedicines: From toxicology to pharmacology???, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol.58, issue.14, pp.1460-1470, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.015
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00165311

A. Hirsch and O. Vostrowsky, Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes. Functional Molecular Nanostructures, pp.193-237, 2005.

S. Banerjee and T. , Covalent Surface Chemistry of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Advanced Materials, vol.15, issue.1, pp.17-29, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/adma.200401340

D. Tsyboulski, S. Bachilo, and R. Weisman, Versatile Visualization of Individual Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes with Near-Infrared Fluorescence Microscopy, Nano Letters, vol.5, issue.5, pp.975-979, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/nl050366f

S. Chaudhary, J. Kim, K. Singh, and M. Ozkan, Fluorescence Microscopy Visualization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Using Semiconductor Nanocrystals, Nano Letters, vol.4, issue.12, pp.2415-2419, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/nl048498g

Z. Liu, W. Cai, L. He, N. Nakayama, K. Chen et al., In vivo biodistribution and highly efficient tumour targeting of carbon nanotubes in mice, Nature Nanotechnology, vol.47, issue.1, pp.47-52, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nnano.2006.170

K. Faulds, R. Barbagallo, J. Keer, W. Smith, and D. Graham, SERRS as a more sensitive technique for the detection of labelled oligonucleotides compared to fluorescence, The Analyst, vol.129, issue.7, pp.567-568, 2004.
DOI : 10.1039/b406423b

Z. Liu, C. Davis, W. Cai, L. He, X. Chen et al., Circulation and long-term fate of functionalized, biocompatible single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice probed by Raman spectroscopy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.5, pp.1410-1415, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0707654105

L. Carlson, S. Maccagnano, M. Zheng, J. Silcox, and T. Krauss, Fluorescence Efficiency of Individual Carbon Nanotubes, Nano Letters, vol.7, issue.12, pp.3698-3703, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/nl072014+

S. Wray, M. Cope, D. Delpy, J. Wyatt, and E. Reynolds, Characterization of the near infrared absorption spectra of cytochrome aa3 and haemoglobin for the non-invasive monitoring of cerebral oxygenation, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, vol.933, issue.1, pp.184-192, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2728(88)90069-2

M. Strano, V. Moore, M. Miller, M. Allen, E. Haroz et al., The Role of Surfactant Adsorption during Ultrasonication in the Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.81-86, 2003.
DOI : 10.1166/jnn.2003.194

V. Moore, M. Strano, E. Haroz, R. Hauge, R. Smalley et al., Individually Suspended Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Various Surfactants, Nano Letters, vol.3, issue.10, pp.1379-1382, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/nl034524j

L. Choo-smith, H. Edwards, H. Endtz, J. Kros, F. Heule et al., Medical applications of Raman spectroscopy: From proof of principle to clinical implementation, Biopolymers, vol.39, issue.409, pp.1-9, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/bip.10064

C. Owen, I. Notingher, R. Hill, M. Stevens, and L. Hench, Progress in Raman spectroscopy in the fields of tissue engineering, diagnostics and toxicological testing, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, vol.4, issue.2, pp.1019-1023, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10856-006-0438-6

A. Jorio, M. Pimenta, G. Filho, R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus et al., Characterizing carbon nanotube samples with resonance Raman scattering, New Journal of Physics, vol.5, p.139, 2003.
DOI : 10.1088/1367-2630/5/1/139

M. Dresselhaus, G. Dresselhaus, A. Jorio, S. Filho, A. Samsonidze et al., Science and Applications of Single-Nanotube Raman Spectroscopy, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.19-37, 2003.
DOI : 10.1166/jnn.2003.189

V. Hadjiev, M. Iliev, S. Arepalli, P. Nikolaev, and B. Files, Raman scattering test of single-wall carbon nanotube composites, Applied Physics Letters, vol.78, issue.21, pp.3193-3195, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1373405

M. Peters, L. Mcneil, J. Lu, and D. Kahn, Structural phase transition in carbon nanotube bundles under pressure, Physical Review B, vol.61, issue.9, p.5939, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.61.5939

Z. Liu, X. Li, S. Tabakman, K. Jiang, S. Fan et al., Multiplexed Multicolor Raman Imaging of Live Cells with Isotopically Modified Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.130, issue.41, pp.13540-13541, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/ja806242t

S. Keren, C. Zavaleta, Z. Cheng, A. De-la-zerda, O. Gheysens et al., Noninvasive molecular imaging of small living subjects using Raman spectroscopy, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.15, pp.5844-5849, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0710575105

Z. Liu, K. Chen, C. Davis, S. Sherlock, Q. Cao et al., Drug Delivery with Carbon Nanotubes for In vivo Cancer Treatment, Cancer Research, vol.68, issue.16, pp.6652-6660, 2008.
DOI : 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1468

S. Iijima and T. Ichihashi, Single-shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter, Nature, vol.363, issue.6430, pp.603-605, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/363603a0

S. Vivekchand, R. Jayakanth, A. Govindaraj, and C. Rao, The Problem of Purifying Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Small, vol.388, issue.10, pp.920-923, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/smll.200500092

P. Wick, P. Manser, L. Limbach, U. Dettlaff-weglikowska, F. Krumeich et al., The degree and kind of agglomeration affect carbon nanotube cytotoxicity, Toxicology Letters, vol.168, issue.2, pp.121-131, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.08.019

K. Mosbah, J. Ruiz-cabello, Y. Berthezene, and Y. Cremillieux, Aerosols and gaseous contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging of the lung, Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging, vol.59, issue.5, pp.173-190, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/cmmi.252

E. Bannier, B. Neyran, K. Cieslar, J. Rivoire, R. Heidemann et al., Free Breathing Hyperpolarized 3He Lung Ventilation Spiral MR Imaging, Investigative Radiology, vol.44, issue.4, pp.185-191, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/RLI.0b013e3181965d52
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00606813

B. Hiba, N. Richard, M. Janier, and P. Croisille, Cardiac and respiratory double self-gated cine MRI in the mouse at 7 T, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol.54, issue.3, pp.506-513, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/mrm.20815
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00443282

N. Beckmann, B. Tigani, D. Ekatodramis, R. Borer, L. Mazzoni et al., Pulmonary edema induced by allergen challenge in the rat: Noninvasive assessment by magnetic resonance imaging, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol.17, issue.1, pp.88-95, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/1522-2594(200101)45:1<88::AID-MRM1013>3.0.CO;2-N

N. Beckmann, B. Tigani, R. Sugar, A. Jackson, G. Jones et al., Noninvasive detection of endotoxin-induced mucus hypersecretion in rat lung by MRI, American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol.283, issue.1, pp.22-30, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/ajplung.00373.2001

B. Tigani, E. Schaeublin, R. Sugar, A. Jackson, J. Fozard et al., Pulmonary Inflammation Monitored Noninvasively by MRI in Freely Breathing Rats, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.292, issue.1, pp.216-221, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/bbrc.2002.6633

H. Karmouty-quintana, C. Cannet, S. Zurbruegg, F. Ble, J. Fozard et al., Bleomycin-induced lung injury assessed noninvasively and in spontaneously breathing rats by proton MRI, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol.103, issue.4, pp.941-949, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jmri.21100

P. Haage, S. Karaagac, E. Spuntrup, H. Truong, T. Schmidt et al., Feasibility of Pulmonary Ventilation Visualization With Aerosolized Magnetic Resonance Contrast Media, Investigative Radiology, vol.40, issue.2, pp.85-88, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/00004424-200502000-00005

R. Edelman, H. Hatabu, E. Tadamura, W. Li, and P. Prasad, Noninvasive assessment of regional ventilation in the human lung using oxygen???enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, Nature Medicine, vol.199, issue.11, pp.1236-1239, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0730-725X(88)90475-4

D. Tyler, M. Robson, R. Henkelman, I. Young, and G. Bydder, Magnetic resonance imaging with ultrashort TE (UTE) PULSE sequences: Technical considerations, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol.78, issue.2, pp.279-289, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jmri.20851

M. Robson, P. Gatehouse, M. Bydder, and G. Bydder, Magnetic Resonance: An Introduction to Ultrashort TE (UTE) Imaging, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.27, issue.6, pp.825-846, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-200311000-00001

D. Kuethe, A. Caprihan, E. Fukushima, and R. Waggoner, Imaging lungs using inert fluorinated gases, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol.5, issue.1, pp.85-88, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/mrm.1910390114

S. Iijima, Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon, Nature, vol.354, issue.6348, pp.56-58, 1991.
DOI : 10.1038/354056a0

J. Giles, Top five in physics, Nature, vol.441, issue.7091, p.265, 2006.

A. Maynard, P. Baron, M. Foley, A. Shvedova, E. Kisin et al., Exposure to Carbon Nanotube Material: Aerosol Release During the Handling of Unrefined Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Material, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, vol.67, issue.1, pp.87-107, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199810)10:15<1157::AID-ADMA1157>3.0.CO;2-N

H. Kipen and D. Laskin, Smaller is not always better: nanotechnology yields nanotoxicology, AJP: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol.289, issue.5, pp.696-697, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/ajplung.00277.2005

G. Oberdorster, Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol.74, issue.1, pp.1-8, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s004200000185

C. Bussy, J. Cambedouzou, S. Lanone, E. Leccia, V. Heresanu et al., Carbon Nanotubes in Macrophages: Imaging and Chemical Analysis by X-ray Fluorescence Microscopy, Nano Letters, vol.8, issue.9, pp.2659-2663, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/nl800914m
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00331941

S. Stern and S. Mcneil, Nanotechnology Safety Concerns Revisited, Toxicological Sciences, vol.101, issue.1, pp.4-21, 2008.
DOI : 10.1093/toxsci/kfm169

S. Fain, F. Korosec, J. Holmes, O. Halloran, R. Sorkness et al., Functional lung imaging using hyperpolarized gas MRI, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol.53, issue.5, pp.910-923, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/jmri.20876

C. Richard, B. Doan, J. Beloeil, M. Bessodes, E. Toth et al., MRI Contrast Agents, Nano Letters, vol.8, issue.1, pp.232-236, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/nl072509z
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00257557

J. Choi, F. Nguyen, P. Barone, D. Heller, A. Moll et al., Multimodal Biomedical Imaging with Asymmetric Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Iron Oxide Nanoparticle Complexes, Nano Letters, vol.7, issue.4, pp.861-867, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/nl062306v

S. Vivekchand, R. Jayakanth, A. Govindaraj, and C. Rao, The Problem of Purifying Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes, Small, vol.388, issue.10, pp.920-923, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/smll.200500092

A. Moisala, A. Nasibulin, and E. Kauppinen, The role of metal nanoparticles in the catalytic production of single-walled carbon nanotubes -a review, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.15, 2003.

N. Edison, The difference in iron content measured between control and treated animals represent the iron from nanotubes

P. Nikolaev, Gas-Phase Production of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Carbon Monoxide: A Review of the HiPco Process, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, vol.4, issue.4, pp.307-316, 2004.
DOI : 10.1166/jnn.2004.066

D. Elgrabli, S. Abella-gallart, O. Aguerre-chariol, F. Robidel, F. Rogerieux et al., studies, Nanotoxicology, vol.6, issue.6, pp.266-278, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.08.019
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00963096

R. Baughman, A. Zakhidov, and W. De-heer, Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications, Science, vol.297, issue.5582, pp.787-792, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1060928

J. Muller, F. Huaux, N. Moreau, P. Misson, J. Heilier et al., Respiratory toxicity of multi-wall carbon nanotubes, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol.207, issue.3, pp.221-231, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.taap.2005.01.008

R. Service and . Nanotoxicology, NANOTOXICOLOGY: Nanotechnology Grows Up, Science, vol.304, issue.5678, pp.1732-1734, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.304.5678.1732

G. Oberdorster, Pulmonary effects of inhaled ultrafine particles, International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, vol.74, issue.1, pp.1-8, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s004200000185

A. Maynard, R. Aitken, T. Butz, V. Colvin, K. Donaldson et al., Safe handling of nanotechnology, Nature, vol.67, issue.7117, pp.267-269, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/444267a

C. Lam, J. James, R. Mccluskey, and R. Hunter, Pulmonary Toxicity of Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Mice 7 and 90 Days After Intratracheal Instillation, Toxicological Sciences, vol.77, issue.1, pp.126-134, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/toxsci/kfg243

C. Chou, H. Hsiao, Q. Hong, C. Chen, Y. Peng et al., Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Can Induce Pulmonary Injury in Mouse Model, Nano Letters, vol.8, issue.2, pp.437-445, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0723634

A. Shvedova, E. Kisin, R. Mercer, A. Murray, V. Johnson et al., Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mice, AJP: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol.289, issue.5, pp.698-708, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/ajplung.00084.2005

B. Driehuys and L. Hedlund, Imaging Techniques for Small Animal Models of Pulmonary Disease: MR Microscopy, Toxicologic Pathology, vol.58, issue.1, pp.49-58, 2007.
DOI : 10.1080/01926230601132048

M. Albert, G. Cates, B. Driehuys, W. Happer, B. Saam et al., Biological magnetic resonance imaging using laser-polarized 129Xe, Nature, vol.370, issue.6486, pp.199-201, 1994.
DOI : 10.1038/370199a0

B. Driehuys, G. Cofer, J. Pollaro, J. Mackel, L. Hedlund et al., Imaging alveolar-capillary gas transfer using hyperpolarized 129Xe MRI, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.103, issue.48, pp.18278-18283, 2006.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0608458103

C. Lam, J. James, R. Mccluskey, S. Arepalli, and R. Hunter, A Review of Carbon Nanotube Toxicity and Assessment of Potential Occupational and Environmental Health Risks, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, vol.287, issue.22, pp.189-217, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/toxsci/kfg228

C. Muhlfeld, B. Rothen-rutishauser, D. Vanhecke, F. Blank, P. Gehr et al., Visualization and quantitative analysis of nanoparticles in the respiratory tract by transmission electron microscopy, Particle and Fibre Toxicology, vol.4, issue.1, p.11, 2007.
DOI : 10.1186/1743-8977-4-11

M. Lewin, N. Carlesso, C. Tung, X. Tang, C. D. Scadden et al., Tat peptide-derivatized magnetic nanoparticles allow in vivo tracking and recovery of progenitor cells, Nature biotechnology, vol.18, issue.4, pp.410-414, 2000.

M. Viallon, Y. Berthezene, M. Decorps, M. Wiart, V. Callot et al., Laser-polarized3He as a probe for dynamic regional measurements of lung perfusion and ventilation using magnetic resonance imaging, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol.42, issue.1, pp.1-4, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1522-2594(200007)44:1<1::AID-MRM1>3.0.CO;2-U

A. Vignaud, X. Maitre, G. Guillot, E. Durand, L. De-rochefort et al., Magnetic susceptibility matching at the air-tissue interface in rat lung by using a superparamagnetic intravascular contrast agent: Influence on transverse relaxation time of hyperpolarized helium-3, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol.15, issue.1, pp.28-33, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/mrm.20576

A. Faraj, A. Lacroix, G. Alsaid, H. Elgrabi, D. Stupar et al., Longitudinal3He and proton imaging of magnetite biodistribution in a rat model of instilled nanoparticles, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol.113, issue.6, pp.1298-1303, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/mrm.21571
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00963121

V. Stupar, Y. Berthezene, E. Canet, H. Tournier, D. Dupuich et al., Helium3 Polarization Using Spin Exchange Technique: Application to Simultaneous Pulmonary Ventilation/Perfusion Imaging in Small Animals, Investigative Radiology, vol.38, issue.6, pp.334-340, 2003.
DOI : 10.1097/01.RLI.0000066250.86614.32

V. Stupar, E. Canet-soulas, S. Gaillard, H. Alsaid, N. Beckmann et al., Retrospective cine3He ventilation imaging under spontaneous breathing conditions: a non-invasive protocol for small-animal lung function imaging, NMR in Biomedicine, vol.37, issue.2, pp.104-112, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/nbm.1086
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00443473

B. Leong, J. Coombs, C. Sabaitis, D. Rop, and C. Aaron, Quantitative morphometric analysis of pulmonary deposition of aerosol particles inhaled via intratracheal nebulization, intratracheal instillation or nose-only inhalation in rats, Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol.18, issue.2, pp.149-160, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1263(199803/04)18:2<149::AID-JAT490>3.0.CO;2-L

N. Beckmann, B. Tigani, L. Mazzoni, and J. Fozard, MRI of lung parenchyma in rats and mice using a gradient-echo sequence, NMR in Biomedicine, vol.265, issue.5, pp.297-306, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/nbm.706

H. Quintana, C. Cannet, E. Schaeublin, S. Zurbruegg, R. Sugar et al., Identification with MRI of the pleura as a major site of the acute inflammatory effects induced by ovalbumin and endotoxin challenge in the airways of the rat, AJP: Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, vol.291, issue.4, pp.651-657, 2006.
DOI : 10.1152/ajplung.00303.2005

K. Fujimoto, Usefulness of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating solitary pulmonary nodules, Cancer Imaging, vol.8, issue.1, pp.36-44, 2008.
DOI : 10.1102/1470-7330.2008.0009

M. Yamamuro, V. Gerbaudo, R. Gill, F. Jacobson, D. Sugarbaker et al., Morphologic and functional imaging of malignant pleural mesothelioma, European Journal of Radiology, vol.64, issue.3, pp.356-366, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.08.010

C. Faculté-de-pharmacie and . Umr, Paris Figure2: CNR variation of Sinerem, raw (R-), purified (P-) and functionalized (f-) SWCNT injected groups compared to control values at 5h, D1, D2, D7 and D14 investigation time point in the (a) spleen, (b) liver, and (c) kidneys, Asterisks indicate statistically different values from the control group

R. Baughman, A. Zakhidov, and W. De-heer, Carbon Nanotubes--the Route Toward Applications, Science, vol.297, issue.5582, pp.787-792, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1060928

P. Ajayan and J. Tour, Materials Science: Nanotube composites, Nature, vol.106, issue.7148, pp.1066-1068, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/4471066a

Y. Liu and H. Wang, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology tackles tumours, Nature Nanotechnology, vol.25, issue.1, pp.20-21, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nnano.2006.188

C. Sayes, F. Liang, J. Hudson, J. Mendez, W. Guo et al., Functionalization density dependence of single-walled carbon nanotubes cytotoxicity in vitro, Toxicology Letters, vol.161, issue.2, pp.135-142, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.toxlet.2005.08.011

P. Raja, J. Connolley, G. Ganesan, L. Ci, P. Ajayan et al., Impact of carbon nanotube exposure, dosage and aggregation on smooth muscle cells, Toxicology Letters, vol.169, issue.1, pp.51-63, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.12.003

F. Fischbach and H. Bruhn, Assessment of in vivo 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the liver: a review, Liver International, vol.I, issue.3, pp.297-307, 2008.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01647.x

Y. Wang, M. Bollard, H. Keun, H. Antti, O. Beckonert et al., Spectral editing and pattern recognition methods applied to high-resolution magic-angle spinning 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of liver tissues, Analytical Biochemistry, vol.323, issue.1, pp.26-32, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ab.2003.07.026

E. Holmes, O. Cloarec, and J. Nicholson, Toxicity, Journal of Proteome Research, vol.5, issue.6, pp.1313-1320, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/pr050399w

V. Righi, C. Durante, M. Cocchi, C. Calabrese, D. Febo et al., Discrimination of healthy and neoplastic human colon tissues by ex vivo HR-MAS NMR spectroscopy and chemometric analyses, 2009.

J. Liu, A. Rinzler, H. Dai, J. Hafner, R. Bradley et al., Fullerene Pipes, Science, vol.280, issue.5367, pp.1253-1256, 1998.
DOI : 10.1126/science.280.5367.1253

C. Jung and P. Jacobs, Physical and chemical properties of superparamagnetic iron oxide MR contrast agents: Ferumoxides, ferumoxtran, ferumoxsil, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol.13, issue.5, pp.661-674, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0730-725X(95)00024-B

A. Jorio, M. Pimenta, A. Filho, R. Saito, G. Dresselhaus et al., Characterizing carbon nanotube samples with resonance Raman scattering, New Journal of Physics, vol.5, pp.139-139, 2003.
DOI : 10.1088/1367-2630/5/1/139
URL : http://doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/5/1/139

L. Wei, P. Liao, H. Wu, X. Li, F. Pei et al., Metabolic profiling studies on the toxicological effects of realgar in rats by 1H NMR spectroscopy, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol.234, issue.3, pp.314-325, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.taap.2008.11.010

C. Shi, C. Wu, A. Cao, H. Sheng, X. Yan et al., NMR-spectroscopy-based metabonomic approach to the analysis of Bay41-4109, a novel anti-HBV compound, induced hepatotoxicity in rats, Toxicology Letters, vol.173, issue.3, pp.161-167, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.07.010

S. Garrod, E. Humpher, S. Connor, J. Connelly, M. Spraul et al., High-resolution1H NMR and magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopic investigation of the biochemical effects of 2-bromoethanamine in intact renal and hepatic tissue, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol.34, issue.5, pp.781-790, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/mrm.1106

P. Espandiari, J. Zhang, L. Schnackenberg, T. Miller, A. Knapton et al., Age???related differences in susceptibility to toxic effects of valproic acid in rats, Journal of Applied Toxicology, vol.52, issue.5, pp.628-637, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/jat.1314

J. Tsuji, A. Maynard, P. Howard, J. James, C. Lam et al., Research Strategies for Safety Evaluation of Nanomaterials, Part IV: Risk Assessment of Nanoparticles, Toxicological Sciences, vol.89, issue.1, pp.42-50, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/toxsci/kfi339

B. Wallau, A. Schmitz, and S. Perry, Lung morphology in rodents (Mammalia, Rodentia) and its implications for systematics, Journal of Morphology, vol.3061, issue.3, pp.228-248, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-4687(200012)246:3<228::AID-JMOR6>3.0.CO;2-G

D. Vairavapandian, P. Vichchulada, and M. Lay, Preparation and modification of carbon nanotubes: Review of recent advances and applications in catalysis and sensing, Analytica Chimica Acta, vol.626, issue.2, pp.119-129, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.aca.2008.07.052

Y. Lin, S. Taylor, H. Li, K. Fernando, L. Qu et al., Advances toward bioapplications of carbon nanotubes, Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol.14, issue.4, pp.527-541, 2004.
DOI : 10.1039/b314481j

Y. Liu and H. Wang, Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology tackles tumours, Nature Nanotechnology, vol.25, issue.1, pp.20-21, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nnano.2006.188

M. Hamoudeh, A. Faraj, A. Canet-soulas, E. Bessueille, F. Leonard et al., Elaboration of PLLA-based superparamagnetic nanoparticles: Characterization, magnetic behaviour study and in vitro relaxivity evaluation, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol.338, issue.1-2, pp.248-257, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.01.023
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00443274

M. Hamoudeh, H. Fessi, H. Mehier, A. Faraj, A. Canet-soulas et al., Dirhenium decacarbonyl-loaded PLLA nanoparticles: Influence of neutron irradiation and preliminary in vivo administration by the TMT technique, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol.348, issue.1-2, pp.125-136, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.07.010
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00443275

K. Cie?lar, A. Faraj, A. Stupar, V. Gaillard, S. Crémillieux et al., HYPR method for increasing the performance of dynamic 3He MR ventilation imaging in rats

A. Faraj, G. Lacroix, H. Alsaid, D. Elgrabi, V. Stupar et al., Longitudinal3He and proton imaging of magnetite biodistribution in a rat model of instilled nanoparticles, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, vol.113, issue.6, pp.1298-1303, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/mrm.21571
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00963121

. Crémillieux, In Vivo Imaging of Carbon Nanotube Biodistribution using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nano Letters, vol.9, issue.3, pp.1023-1027, 2009.

. Crémillieux, Single-walled carbon nanotubes detection and evaluation of impact using multimodality imaging techniques in a 3-months follow-up study

A. Faraj, F. Fauvelle, G. Lacroix, Y. Crémillieux, and E. , Canet-Soulas: In vivo biodistribution and biological impacts of injected carbon nanotubes

. Fessi, Elaboration of PLLA-based superparamagnetic nanoparticles: Characterization, magnetic behaviour study and in vitro relaxivity evaluation, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol.338, pp.248-257, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00443274

M. Hamoudeh, H. Fessi, H. Mehier, A. Faraj, and E. , Dirhenium decacarbonyl-loaded PLLA nanoparticles: Influence of neutron irradiation and preliminary in vivo administration by the TMT technique, International Journal of Pharmaceutics, vol.348, issue.1-2, pp.125-136, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2007.07.010
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00443275

K. Cieslar, A. Faraj, V. Stupar, S. Gaillard, and Y. , Crémillieux: HYPR method for increasing the performance of dynamic 3He MR ventilation imaging in rats

M. Sigovan, M. Hamoudeh, A. Faraj, H. Fessi, and E. , Canet-Soulas: Positive Contrast with Therapeutic Iron Nanoparticles at 4.7T

A. Faraj, A. Besaad, K. Cieslar, G. Lacroix, E. Canet-soulas et al., Crémillieux: Evaluation longitudinale de l'impact des NTC utilisant l'IRM pulmonaire hélium-3

. Canet-soulas, In vivo Injection of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT): noninvasive detection and biological impacts using MR techniques, 2009.

A. Faraj, F. Fauvelle, G. Lacroix, Y. Crémillieux, and E. , Canet-Soulas: Injection in vivo des nanotubes de carbone: biodistribution et impact biologique par imagerie et spectroscopie de résonance magnétique (IRM et HRMAS) RITS2009

A. Faraj, A. Besaad, K. Cieslar, G. Lacroix, E. Canet-soulas et al., Crémillieux: Detection and evaluation of impact of instilled carbon nanotubes. A 3-months follow-up investigation using 3 He, proton lung MR, optical and electronic microscopy, ISMRM2009

K. Cieslar, A. Faraj, S. Gaillard, and Y. , Crémillieux: Single acquisition timeresolved T2* mapping in lungs using HYPR 3 He MRI, ISMRM2009

A. Faraj, S. Peyrol, A. Besaad, K. Cieslar, G. Lacroix et al., Crémillieux: Multimodality Imaging Techniques to assess Biodistribution and Nanotoxicity of SWCNT, World Molecular Imaging, 2008.

A. Faraj, K. Cieslar, G. Lacroix, S. Gaillard, E. Canet-soulas et al., Crémillieux: Assessment of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWCNT) biodistribution and biological impact using 3 Helium and Proton MRI in an intrapulmonary instilled rat model, 2008.