C. 7. Construction, . Du, . Global, and . Dimensionnement, Charge Modèles identifiés Modèles selectionné Paramètres 1 M

M. Ln, 3 m=-4.79, sigma=0

. Le-trafic-Étudié-dans-cette-thèse-est-un-trafic-homogène-adapté-À-un-contexte-spécifique, Une extension de ces travaux est d'adapter notre approche au contexte multi-classes des clients. Ce changement de contexte induit un changement de méthodologie. Les modifications commencent par la classification du trafic suivant les différents profiles de consommation de ressources (processeur, disque, etc), Les modifications concernent également la nature de la charge expérimentale à injecter et les algorithmes de résolutions utilisés. 146 Conclusion et perspectives

L. Petit-lexique-des-termes-de-la-complexité, [3] Brouwer theorem, Encyclopaedia of Mathematics, 2002.

T. F. Abdelzaher, K. G. Shin, and N. Bhatti, Performance guarantees for Web server end-systems: a control-theoretical approach, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, vol.13, issue.1, pp.80-96, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/71.980028

C. Amza, A. Chanda, A. L. Cox, S. Elnikety, R. Gil et al., Specification and implementation of dynamic Web site benchmarks, 2002 IEEE International Workshop on Workload Characterization, pp.3-13, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/WWC.2002.1226489

J. Arnaud, Automated control of internet services, Proceedings of the Fifth International Workshop on Feedback Control Implementation and Design in Computing Systems and Networks, pp.7-12, 2010.

J. Arnaud and S. Bouchenak, Adaptive internet services through performance and availability control, Proceedings of the 2010 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, SAC '10, pp.444-451, 2010.
DOI : 10.1145/1774088.1774182
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.612.3689

G. Balbo and G. Serazzi, Asymptotic analysis of multiclass closed queueing networks : Common bottleneck* 1. Performance Evaluation, pp.51-72, 1996.

G. Balbo and G. Serazzi, Asymptotic analysis of multiclass closed queueing networks : Multiple bottlenecks* 1. Performance Evaluation, pp.115-152, 1997.

Y. Bard, Some extensions to multiclass queueing network analysis, Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Modelling and Performance Evaluation of Computer Systems : Performance of Computer Systems table of contents, pp.51-62, 1979.

F. Baskett, K. M. Chandy, R. R. Muntz, and F. G. Palacios, Open, Closed, and Mixed Networks of Queues with Different Classes of Customers, Journal of the ACM, vol.22, issue.2, pp.248-260, 1975.
DOI : 10.1145/321879.321887

B. Baynat, Théorie des files d'attente, des chaînes de Markov aux réseaux à forme produit, 2000.

M. Bertoli, G. Casale, and G. Serazzi, Java modelling tools, 2006.

M. Bertoli, G. Casale, and G. Serazzi, Java modelling tools : an open source suite for queueing network modelling and workload analysis, Proceedings of QEST 2006 Conference, pp.119-120, 2006.

M. Bertoli, G. Casale, and G. Serazzi, The JMT Simulator for Performance Evaluation of Non-Product-Form Queueing Networks, 40th Annual Simulation Symposium (ANSS'07), pp.3-10, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/ANSS.2007.41

M. Bertoli, G. Casale, and G. Serazzi, JMT, ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, vol.36, issue.4, pp.10-15, 2009.
DOI : 10.1145/1530873.1530877

G. Bolch, Leistungsbewertung von Rechensystemen, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-322-96667-4

G. Bolch, S. Greiner, H. De-meer, and K. S. Trivedi, Queueing networks and Markov chains. modelling and Performance Evaluation with Computer Science Applications, 2006.

G. Bolch, S. Greiner, H. De-meer, and K. S. Trivedi, Queueing networks and Markov chains, 2005.

E. Bruneton, Fractal adl tutorial 1.2, France Telecom R&D, 2004.

E. Bruneton, T. Coupaye, M. Leclercq, V. Quéma, and J. B. Stefani, An open component model and its support in java. Component-Based Software Engineering, pp.7-22, 2004.

R. M. Bryant, A. E. Krzesinski, M. S. Lakshmi, and K. M. Chandy, The MVA priority approximation, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol.2, issue.4, p.359, 1984.
DOI : 10.1145/357401.357406

K. M. Chandy and D. Neuse, Linearizer: a heuristic algorithm for queueing network models of computing systems, Communications of the ACM, vol.25, issue.2, 1982.
DOI : 10.1145/358396.358403

]. W. Chiu, Design for scalability-an update, 2001.

P. Chylla, Zur Modellierung und approximativen Leistungsanalyse von Vielteilnehmer- Rechensystemen. Dessertation, 1986.

O. Consortium and . Jasmine, the smart tool for your soa platform management, 2011.

R. B. Agostino and M. A. Stephens, Goodness-of-fit techniques, CRC, 1986.

B. Dillenseger, CLIF, a framework based on Fractal for flexible, distributed load testing, annals of telecommunications - annales des t??l??communications, vol.3983, issue.1-2, pp.101-120, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s12243-008-0067-9

E. Varoquaux, Ecriture en java d'un moteur d'exécution optimisé de scénarios d'injection de charge pour une plate-forme de mesure de performances, 2005.

D. L. Eager, D. J. Sorin, and M. K. Vernon, AMVA techniques for high service time variability, Proceedings of the 2000 ACM SIGMETRICS international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems, pp.217-228, 2000.

E. Gelenbe, G. Pujolle, and J. Nelson, Introduction to queueing networks, 1987.

A. Gilat, MATLAB : An Introduction with Applications 2nd Edition, 2004.

P. Ginger, B. , R. , and O. N. Loadrunner, software and website, 2007.

W. Gordon and G. Newell, Closed Queuing Systems with Exponential Servers, Operations Research, vol.15, issue.2, pp.254-265, 1967.
DOI : 10.1287/opre.15.2.254

D. Gross, Fundamentals of Queueing Theory, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/9781118625651

E. H. Halili, Apache JMeter : A practical beginner's guide to automated testing and performance measurement for your websites, 2008.

R. Ihaka and R. Gentleman, R : A language for data analysis and graphics, Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol.5, issue.3, pp.299-314, 1996.

N. Instruments, Retrospective network analysis, 2007.

J. R. Jackson, Networks of Waiting Lines, Operations Research, vol.5, issue.4, pp.518-521, 1957.
DOI : 10.1287/opre.5.4.518

R. K. Jain, The Art of Computer Systems Performance Analysis : Techniques for Experimental Design, Measurement, Simulation, and modelling, 1991.

G. Jung, G. Swint, J. Parekh, C. Pu, and A. Sahai, Detecting bottleneck in n-tier it applications through analysis. Large Scale Management of Distributed Systems, pp.149-160, 2006.

A. Kamra, V. Misra, and E. M. Nahum, Yaksha: a self-tuning controller for managing the performance of 3-tiered web sites, Twelfth IEEE International Workshop on Quality of Service, 2004. IWQOS 2004., pp.47-56, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/IWQOS.2004.1309356

M. Karlsson and M. Covell, Dynamic black-box performance model estimation for selftuning regulators, ICAC '05 : Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Automatic Computing, pp.172-182, 2005.

J. O. Kephart and D. M. Chess, The vision of autonomic computing, Computer, vol.36, issue.1, pp.41-50, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/MC.2003.1160055

L. Kleinrock, Queueing systems Computer applications, 1976.

L. Kleinrock, Queueing Systems, 1975.

P. Kraus, Prévision et maîtrise des performances d'un système informatique, 2005.

P. Kuehn, Approximate Analysis of General Queuing Networks by Decomposition, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.27, issue.1, pp.113-126, 1979.
DOI : 10.1109/TCOM.1979.1094270

P. Kuehn and G. Siegen, Approximate Analysis of General Queuing Networks by Decomposition, IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.27, issue.1, pp.113-126, 1979.
DOI : 10.1109/TCOM.1979.1094270

P. Lafaye-de-micheaux, R. Drouilhet, and B. Liquet, Le Logiciel R. Maîtriser le langage , effectuer des analyses statistiques, Collection Statistiques et Probabilités appliquées, p.9782817801148, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00717499

A. Law and W. D. Kelton, Simulation Modeling and Analysis (Industrial Engineering and Management Science Series). McGraw-Hill Science, 1999.

J. and L. Boudec, Performance Evaluation Lecture Notes (Methods, Practice and Theory for the Performance Evaluation of Computer and Communication Systems, 2009.

L. R. Lipsky, Queuing theory : A linear algebraic approach, 2008.

M. Litoiu, A performance analysis method for autonomic computing systems, ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems, vol.2, issue.1, 2007.
DOI : 10.1145/1216895.1216898

J. D. Little, A proof for the queuing formula : L= ?w, Operations Research, pp.383-387, 1961.

Y. Lu, T. Abdelzaher, . Ch, . Lu, X. Sha et al., Feedback control with queueingtheoretic prediction for relative delay guarantees in web servers, RTAS '03 : Proceedings of the The 9th IEEE Real-Time and Embedded Technology and Applications Symposium, p.208, 2003.

S. Malkowski, M. Hedwig, J. Parekh, C. Pu, and A. Sahai, Bottleneck Detection Using Statistical Intervention Analysis, Managing Virtualization of Networks and Services, pp.122-134, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/11907466_13
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.84.5761

R. Marie, /1/N queues, ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, vol.9, issue.2, pp.117-125, 1980.
DOI : 10.1145/1009375.806155

R. Marie, An Approximate Analytical Method for General Queueing Networks, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.5, issue.5, pp.530-538, 1979.
DOI : 10.1109/TSE.1979.234214

D. A. Menascé, D. Barbará, and R. Dodge, Preserving QoS of e-commerce sites through self-tuning, Proceedings of the 3rd ACM conference on Electronic Commerce , EC '01, pp.224-234, 2001.
DOI : 10.1145/501158.501186

D. A. Menasce and V. A. Almeida, Capacity Planning for Web Services : metrics, models, and methods, 2001.

D. A. Menasce, V. A. Almeida, L. W. Dowdy, D. A. Menasce, M. N. Bennani et al., Capacity Planning and Performance Modeling : From Mainframes to Client-Server Systems On the use of online analytic performance models in self-managing and self-organizing computer systems, 1994.

G. Millot, Comprendre et réaliser les tests statistiques avec R : Manuel pour les débutants, 2009.

S. Morgenthaler, Introduction à la statistique. PPUR presses polytechniques, 2007.

K. Nagaraja, . Oliveira, R. P. Bianchini, T. D. Martin, and . Nguyen, Understanding and dealing with operator mistakes in internet services, OSDI04 : In Proceedings of the 6th conference on Symposium on Opearting Systems Design and Implementation, pp.1-76, 2004.

D. Neuse and K. Chandy, SCAT, ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review, vol.10, issue.3, pp.59-79, 1981.
DOI : 10.1145/1010629.805476

J. Parekh, G. Jung, G. Swint, C. Pu, and A. Sahai, Issues in Bottleneck Detection in Multi-Tier Enterprise Applications, 200614th IEEE International Workshop on Quality of Service, pp.302-303, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/IWQOS.2006.250489

G. Pujolle and W. Ai, A Solution For Multiserver And Multiclass Open Queueing Networks, INFOR: Information Systems and Operational Research, vol.24, issue.3, pp.221-230, 1986.
DOI : 10.1080/03155986.1986.11732007

F. Rafamantanantsoa, P. Laurenot, and A. Aussem, Analyse, modélisation et contrôle en, 2005.

D. S. Reginald, The dynamics of internet traffic : Self-similarity, self-organization, and complex phenomena. CoRR, abs/0807, 2008.

M. Reiser, Mean value analysis of queueing networks, a new look at an old problem, 4th Int. Symp. on Modelling and performance Evaluation of computer Systems, pp.63-67, 1979.

M. Reiser and H. Kobayashi, On the convolution algorithm for separable queuing networks, Proceedings of the 1976 ACM SIGMETRICS conference on Computer performance modeling measurement and evaluation , SIGMETRICS '76, pp.109-117, 1976.
DOI : 10.1145/800200.806187

M. Reiser and S. S. Venberg, Mean value analysis of closed multichain queueing networks, J. ACM, pp.313-323, 1980.

S. I. Resnick, Heavy tail modeling and teletraffic data: special invited paper, The Annals of Statistics, vol.25, issue.5, pp.1805-1869, 1997.
DOI : 10.1214/aos/1069362376

N. Salmi, . Harbaoui, J. Dillenseger, and . Vincent, Model-Based Performance Anticipation in Multi-tier Autonomic Systems : Methodology and Experiments, International Journal On Advances in Networks and Services, vol.3, issue.3, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00993647

P. Schweitzer, Approximate analysis of multiclass closed networks of queues, International conference on stochastic control and optimization, pp.25-29, 1979.

K. Sevcik and I. Mitarni, The Distribution of Queuing Network States at Input and Output Instants, Journal of the ACM, vol.28, issue.2, 1981.
DOI : 10.1145/322248.322257

B. Sotomayor, K. Keahey, and I. Foster, Combining batch execution and leasing using virtual machines, Proceedings of the 17th international symposium on High performance distributed computing, HPDC '08, pp.87-96, 2008.
DOI : 10.1145/1383422.1383434

B. Sotomayor, R. S. Montero, I. M. Llorente, and I. Foster, Virtual Infrastructure Management in Private and Hybrid Clouds, IEEE Internet Computing, vol.13, issue.5, pp.14-22, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/MIC.2009.119

W. Stewart, Introduction to the Numerical Solution of Markov Chains, 1994.

M. W. Sturm, R. , and M. Jander, Foundations of Service Level Management, 2003.

G. S. Swint, G. Jung, C. Pu, and A. Sahai, Automated Staging for Built-to-Order Application Systems, 2006 IEEE/IFIP Network Operations and Management Symposium NOMS 2006, pp.361-372, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/NOMS.2006.1687566

M. Tenenhaus, Statistique : Méthodes pour décrire, expliquer et prévoir. Dunod, 2007.

B. W. Turnbull, The empirical distribution function with arbitrarily grouped, censored and truncated data, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B (Methodological), vol.38, issue.3, pp.290-295, 1976.

B. Urgaonkar, P. J. Shenoy, A. Chandra, and P. Goyal, Dynamic provisioning of multi-tier internet applications, ICAC, pp.217-228, 2005.

G. Urroz, Numerical and Statistical Methods with SCILAB for Science and Engineering, 2001.

L. Verlaine, F. Hardange, F. Biard, and D. Elias, Tests de performance des applications Web : retours d'expérience : l'usine e-testing de France Télécom Eyrolles, 2003.

H. Wang, Approximate MVA algorithms for solving queueing network models, 1997.

W. Whitt, The Queueing Network Analyzer, Bell System Technical Journal, vol.62, issue.9, pp.2817-2843, 1983.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1983.tb03204.x

W. Whitt, The Queueing Network Analyzer, Bell System Technical Journal, vol.62, issue.9, pp.2779-2815, 1983.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1983.tb03204.x

M. Woodside, T. Zheng, and M. Litoiu, Performance model estimation and tracking using optimal filters, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.34, issue.3, pp.391-406, 2008.

L. Yin, S. Uttamchandani, and R. Katz, An empirical exploration of black-box performance models for storage systems, MASCOTS '06 : Proceedings of the 14th IEEE International Symposium on modelling, Analysis, and Simulation, pp.433-440, 2006.

]. J. Zahorjan, K. C. Sevcik, D. L. Eager, and B. Galler, Balanced job bound analysis of queueing networks, 1982.

B. P. Zeigler, T. Praehofer, and . Kim, Theory of Modeling and Simulation, Second Edition, 2000.

T. Zheng, J. Yang, M. Woodside, M. Litoiu, and G. Iszlai, Tracking time-varying parameters in software systems with extended kalman filters, CASCON '05 : Proceedings of the 2005 conference of the Centre for Advanced Studies on Collaborative research, pp.334-345, 2005.