B. R. Nanda and S. Satpathy, Spin-Polarized Two-Dimensional Electron Gas at Oxide Interfaces, Physical Review Letters, vol.101, issue.12, p.127201, 2008.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.127201

I. B. Bersuker, Electronic Structure and Properties of Transition Metal Compounds (introduction to the theory, 1996.

R. Burns, Mineralogical Applications of Crystal Field Theory , second edition, 1993.

C. Zener, Shells in the Transition Metals, Physical Review, vol.81, issue.3, p.440, 1951.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.81.440

P. W. Anderson and H. Hasegawa, Considerations on Double Exchange, Physical Review, vol.100, issue.2, p.675, 1955.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.100.675

N. Abdelmoula, J. Dhahri, K. Guidara, E. Dhahri, and J. C. Joubert, The effect of a cation radii on physical properties of doped manganites, Phase Transitions, vol.70, issue.3, pp.197-210, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.82.403

J. M. Coey and M. Viret, Advances in Physics 48, pp.167-293, 1999.

J. Kanamori, Superexchange interaction and symmetry properties of electron orbitals, Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, vol.10, issue.2-3, pp.87-98, 1959.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-3697(59)90061-7

R. Maezono, S. Ishihara, and N. Nagaosa, Phase diagram of manganese oxides, Physical Review B, vol.58, issue.17, p.11583, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.58.11583

]. C. Adamo, X. Ke, P. Schiffer, A. Soukiassian, M. Waru-sawithana et al., Electrical and magnetic properties of (SrMnO3)n???(LaMnO3)2n superlattices, Applied Physics Letters, vol.92, issue.11, p.112508, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2842421

T. Hotta, M. Moraghebi, A. Feiguin, A. Moreo, S. Yunoki et al., Unveiling New Magnetic Phases of Undoped and Doped Manganites, Physical Review Letters, vol.90, issue.24, p.247203, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.247203

J. S. Zhou and J. B. Goodenough, Perovskites, Physical Review Letters, vol.96, issue.24, p.247202, 2006.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.247202

C. Aruta, C. Adamo, A. Galdi, P. Orgiani, V. Bisogni et al., superlattices, Physical Review B, vol.80, issue.14, p.140405, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.80.140405

]. E. Dagotto, T. Hotta, and A. Moreo, Colossal magnetoresistant materials: the key role of phase separation, Physics Reports, vol.344, issue.1-3, pp.1-153, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00121-6

C. Barone, A. Galdi, N. Lampis, L. Maritato, F. Miletto-granozio et al., Charge density waves enhance the electronic noise of manganites, Physical Review B, vol.80, issue.11, p.115128, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.80.115128

A. Ohtomo and H. Y. Hwang, A high-mobility electron gas at the LaAlO3/SrTiO3 heterointerface, Nature, vol.427, issue.6973, p.423, 2004.
DOI : 10.1038/nature02308

C. Aruta, S. Amoruso, R. Bruzzese, X. Wang, D. Maccariello et al., Pulsed laser deposition of SrTiO3/LaGaO3 and SrTiO3/LaAlO3: Plasma plume effects, Applied Physics Letters, vol.97, issue.25, p.252105, 2010.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3529487

]. A. Bhattacharya, S. J. May, S. G. Velthuis, M. Warusawithana, X. Zhai et al., Superlattices, Physical Review Letters, vol.100, issue.25, p.257203, 2008.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.257203

M. A. Herman, Physical problems concerning effusion processes of semiconductors in molecular beam epitaxy, Vacuum, vol.32, issue.9, p.555, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-207X(82)93785-X

B. R. Nanda and S. Satpathy, superlattices, Physical Review B, vol.79, issue.5, p.54428, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.79.054428

]. G. Schütz, W. Wagner, W. Wilhelm, and P. Kienle, Absorption of circularly polarized x rays in iron, Physical Review Letters, vol.58, issue.7, p.737, 1987.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.737

B. T. Thole, P. Carra, F. Sette, and G. Van-der-laan, X-ray circular dichroism as a probe of orbital magnetization, Physical Review Letters, vol.68, issue.12, p.1943, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1943

]. P. Carra, B. T. Thole, M. Altarelli, and X. Wang, X-ray circular dichroism and local magnetic fields, Physical Review Letters, vol.70, issue.5, p.694, 1993.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.694

C. T. Chen, Y. U. Idzerda, H. Lin, and N. V. Smith, Experimental Confirmation of the X-Ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism Sum Rules for Iron and Cobalt, Physical Review Letters, vol.75, issue.1, p.152, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.152

A. Teramura, T. Tanaka, and J. Jo, Transition Elements, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol.65, issue.4, p.1053, 1996.
DOI : 10.1143/JPSJ.65.1053

M. Räkers, An x-ray spectroscopic study of novel materials for electronic applications, 2009.

]. B. Gilbert, B. H. Frazer, A. Belz, P. G. Conrad, K. H. Neal-son et al., Multiple Scattering Calculations of Bonding and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy of Manganese Oxides, The Journal of Physical Chemistry A, vol.107, issue.16, pp.2839-2847, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/jp021493s

T. Saitoh, studied by photoemission and x-ray-absorption spectroscopy, Physical Review B, vol.51, issue.20, p.13942
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.51.13942

C. Aruta, G. Ghiringhelli, V. Bisogni, L. Braicovich, N. B. Brookes et al., Orbital occupation, atomic moments, and magnetic ordering at interfaces of manganite thin films, Physical Review B, vol.80, issue.1, p.14431, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.80.014431

E. E. Fullerton, I. K. Schuller, H. Vanderstraeten, and Y. Bruynseraede, Structural refinement of superlattices from x-ray diffraction, Trinanjan Datta [48], p.9292, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.45.9292

H. B. Zhao, K. J. Smith, G. Fan, A. Lüpke, S. D. Bhattacharya et al., Superlattices, Physical Review Letters, vol.100, issue.11, p.117208, 2008.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.117208
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00986110

M. Woo-lcyrz, R. Hory´nhory´n, F. Bourée, and E. Bukowska, Structural defects in LaMnO3 phase studied by neutron diffraction, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol.353, issue.1-2, p.170, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0925-8388(02)01313-0

]. A. Gupta, T. R. Mcguire, P. R. Duncombe, M. Rupp, J. Z. Sun et al., ???1) films, Applied Physics Letters, vol.67, issue.23, p.3494, 1995.
DOI : 10.1063/1.115258

P. Orgiani, C. Aruta, R. Ciancio, A. Galdi, and L. , Enhanced transport properties in LaxMnO3????? thin films epitaxially grown on SrTiO3 substrates: The profound impact of the oxygen content, Applied Physics Letters, vol.95, issue.1, p.13510, 2009.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3168649

G. Ghiringhelli, M. Matsubara, C. Dallera, F. Fracassi, A. Tagliaferri et al., edge measurements and assessment of their interpretation, Physical Review B, vol.73, issue.3, pp.35111-78, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.73.035111

]. O. Rader, W. Gudat, D. Schmitz, C. Carbone, and W. , Magnetic circular x-ray dichroism of submonolayer Mn on Fe(100), Physical Review B, vol.56, issue.9, pp.5053-5056, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.56.5053

T. K. Nath, R. A. Rao, D. Lavric, C. B. Eom, L. Wu et al., Effect of three-dimensional strain states on magnetic anisotropy of La0.8Ca0.2MnO3 epitaxial thin films, Applied Physics Letters, vol.74, issue.11, p.1615, 1999.
DOI : 10.1063/1.123634

]. Y. Konishi, Z. Fang, M. Izumi, T. Manako, M. Kasai et al., Orbital-State-Mediated Phase-Control of Manganites, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol.68, issue.12, p.3790, 1999.
DOI : 10.1143/JPSJ.68.3790

K. B. Garg, N. L. Saini, B. R. Sekhar, R. K. Singhal, B. Doyle et al., and quasi-2D manganite systems, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.20, issue.5, p.55215, 2008.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/20/5/055215

]. K. Asokan, K. V. Rao, J. C. Jan, J. W. Chiou, W. F. Pong et al., BY X-RAY ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY, Surface Review and Letters, vol.09, issue.02, p.1053, 2002.
DOI : 10.1142/S0218625X02003330
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00414524

]. S. Mathews, R. Ramesh, T. Venkatesan, and J. Benedetto, Ferroelectric Field Effect Transistor Based on Epitaxial Perovskite Heterostructures, Science, vol.276, issue.5310, p.238, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.276.5310.238

]. T. Wu, S. B. Ogale, J. E. Garrison, B. Nagaraj, A. Biswas et al., Electroresistance and Electronic Phase Separation in Mixed-Valent Manganites, Physical Review Letters, vol.86, issue.26, p.5998, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.5998

M. A. Seigler, P. A. Van-der-heijden, A. E. Litvinov, and R. E. Rottmayer, Current-perpendicular-to-plane multilayer sensors for magnetic recording, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.39, issue.3, p.1855, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/TMAG.2003.809859

K. Aoshima, N. Funabashi, K. Machida, Y. Miyamoto, N. Kawamura et al., Spin transfer switching in current-perpendicular-to-plane spin valve observed by magneto-optical Kerr effect using visible light, Applied Physics Letters, vol.91, issue.5, p.52507, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2767770

]. N. Ashkenov, M. Schubert, E. Twerdowski, H. V. Wenckstern, B. N. Mbenkum et al., Rectifying semiconductor-ferroelectric polarization loops and offsets in Pt???BaTiO3???ZnO???Pt thin film capacitor structures, Thin Solid Films, vol.486, issue.1-2, pp.153-157, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tsf.2004.11.226

J. Mannhart, J. G. Bednorz, K. A. Müller, D. G. Schlom, and J. Ströbel, Electric field effect in high-Tc superconductors, Journal of Alloys and Compounds, vol.195, pp.519-525, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0925-8388(93)90791-K

]. T. Zhao, S. B. Ogale, S. R. Shinde, R. Ramesh, R. Droopad et al., Colossal magnetoresistive manganite-based ferroelectric field-effect transistor on Si, Applied Physics Letters, vol.84, issue.5, p.750, 2004.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1644321

T. Park, H. Kanki, H. Lee, T. Tanaka, and . Kawai, CuPc/PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3/(La,Ba)MnO3 field effect transistor heterojunction photomemory, Solid-State Electronics, vol.47, issue.12, pp.2221-2224, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-1101(03)00201-6

T. Wu, S. B. Ogale, J. E. Garrison, B. Nagara, A. Biswas et al., Electroresistance and Electronic Phase Separation in Mixed-Valent Manganites, Physical Review Letters, vol.86, issue.26, p.5998, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.5998

G. Herranz, B. Martinez, J. Fontcuberta, F. Sanchez, M. V. Garcia-cuenca et al., Impact of microstructure on transport properties of nanometric epitaxial SrRuO3 films, Applied Physics Letters, vol.82, issue.1, p.85, 2003.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1533848

F. Sanchez, G. Herranz, I. C. Infante, C. Ferrater, M. V. Garcia-cuenca et al., Growth modes and self-organization in the epitaxy of ferromagnetic SrRuO3 on SrTiO3(001), Progress in Solid State Chemistry, vol.34, issue.2-4, pp.213-221, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.progsolidstchem.2005.11.034

]. L. Klein, J. S. Dodge, T. H. Geballe, A. Kapitulnik, A. F. Marshall et al., epitaxial films, Applied Physics Letters, vol.66, issue.18, p.2427, 1995.
DOI : 10.1063/1.113962

]. G. Herranz, B. Martinez, J. Fontcuberta, F. Sanchez, C. Ferrater et al., epitaxial films, Physical Review B, vol.67, issue.17, p.174423, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.67.174423
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00154487

L. Klein, J. Dodge, C. H-ahn, J. Reiner, T. Mieville et al., Transport and magnetization in the badly metallic itinerant ferromagnet, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.8, issue.48, pp.10111-10126, 1996.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/8/48/026

J. Maria, H. L. Mckinstry, and S. Trolier-mckinstry, Origin of preferential orthorhombic twinning in SrRuO3 epitaxial thin films, Applied Physics Letters, vol.76, issue.23, p.3382, 2000.
DOI : 10.1063/1.126654

J. Choi, C. B. Eom, G. Rijnders, H. Rogalla, and D. H. Blank, Growth mode transition from layer by layer to step flow during the growth of heteroepitaxial SrRuO3 on (001) SrTiO3, Applied Physics Letters, vol.79, issue.10, p.1447, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1389837

]. F. Ricci, M. F. Bevilacqua, F. Miletto-granozio, and U. Scotti-di-uccio, thin films, Physical Review B, vol.65, issue.15, p.155428, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.155428

]. Q. Gan, R. A. Rao, and C. B. Eom, Control of the growth and domain structure of epitaxial SrRuO3 thin films by vicinal (001) SrTiO3 substrates, Applied Physics Letters, vol.70, issue.15, p.1962, 1997.
DOI : 10.1063/1.118792

G. Rijnders, D. H. Blank, J. Choi, and C. B. Eom, Enhanced surface diffusion through termination conversion during epitaxial SrRuO3 growth, Applied Physics Letters, vol.84, issue.4, p.505, 2004.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1640472

L. Klein, J. Dodge, C. H-ahn, J. Reiner, T. Mieville et al., Transport and magnetization in the badly metallic itinerant ferromagnet, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.8, issue.48, pp.10111-10126, 1996.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/8/48/026

B. A. Strukov and A. P. Levanyuk, Ferroelectric Phenomena in Crystals, Physical Foundations
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-60293-1

J. F. Scott, Ferroelectric Memories, 2000.

R. Resta, Macroscopic polarization in crystalline dielectrics: the geometric phase approach, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.66, issue.3, pp.899-915, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.66.899

G. Y. Yang, G. D. Lian, E. C. Dickey, C. A. Randall, D. E. Barber et al., Oxygen nonstoichiometry and dielectric evolution of BaTiO3. Part II???insulation resistance degradation under applied dc bias, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.96, issue.12, p.7500, 2004.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1809268

]. S. Picozzi and C. Ederer, First principles studies of multiferroic materials, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.21, issue.30, p.303201, 2009.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/21/30/303201

W. Prellier, M. P. Singh, and P. , The single-phase multiferroic oxides: from bulk to thin film, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.17, issue.30, pp.803-832, 2005.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/17/30/R01

]. A. Palewicz, I. Sosnowska, R. Przenioslo, and A. W. Hewat, Crystal Structure at Low Temperatures, Acta Physica Polonica A, vol.117, issue.2, p.296, 2009.
DOI : 10.12693/APhysPolA.117.296

D. Lebeugle, D. Colson, A. Forget, M. Viret, P. Bonville et al., single crystals, Physical Review B, vol.76, issue.2, p.24116, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.76.024116

]. H. Béa, B. Dupé, S. Fusil, R. Mattana, E. Jacquet et al., Evidence for Room-Temperature Multiferroicity in a Compound with a Giant Axial Ratio, Physical Review Letters, vol.102, issue.21, p.217603, 2009.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.217603

H. Béa, M. Bibes, A. Barthélémy, K. Bouzehouane, E. Jacquet et al., Influence of parasitic phases on the properties of BiFeO3 epitaxial thin films, Applied Physics Letters, vol.87, issue.7, p.72508, 2009.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2009808

]. W. Eerenstein, F. D. Morrison, J. F. Scott, and N. D. Mathur, Growth of highly resistive BiMnO3 films, Applied Physics Letters, vol.87, issue.10, p.101906, 2005.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2039988

]. A. David, . Ph, R. V. Boullay, N. Mangalam, W. Barrier et al., Microstructure of epitaxial strained BiCrO3 thin films, Applied Physics Letters, vol.96, issue.22, p.221904, 2010.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3435486

A. Sambri, S. Amoruso, X. Wang, F. M. Granozio, and R. Bruzzese, Plume propagation dynamics of complex oxides in oxygen, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.104, issue.5, p.53304, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2975363

P. Orgiani, R. Ciancio, A. Galdi, S. Amoruso, and L. Maritato, Physical properties of La0.7Ba0.3MnO3????? complex oxide thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition technique, Applied Physics Letters, vol.96, issue.3, p.32501, 2010.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3292588

J. Maria, S. Trolier-mckinstry, D. G. Schlom, M. E. Hawley, and G. W. Brown, The influence of energetic bombardment on the structure and properties of epitaxial SrRuO3 thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.83, issue.8, pp.4373-4379, 1998.
DOI : 10.1063/1.367195

]. P. Rundqvist, A. Vorobiev, S. Gevorgian, and K. Khamchane, dc and microwave resistivities of SrRuO3 films deposited on SrTiO3, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.93, issue.2, pp.1291-1297, 2003.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1530723

E. Langenberg, M. Varela, M. V. Garcia-cuenca, C. Ferrater, F. Sanchez et al., Thin films in ternary Bi???Mn???O system obtained by pulsed laser deposition, Materials Science and Engineering: B, vol.144, issue.1-3, pp.138-142, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mseb.2007.07.080

W. Eerenstein, F. D. Morrison, J. F. Scott, and N. D. Mathur, Growth of highly resistive BiMnO3 films, Applied Physics Letters, vol.87, issue.10, p.101906, 2005.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2039988

Q. Xu, H. Zai, D. Wu, T. Qiu, and M. X. Xu, The magnetic properties of Bi(Fe0.95Co0.05)O3 ceramics, Applied Physics Letters, vol.95, issue.11, p.112510, 2009.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3233944

M. P. Singh, K. D. Truong, P. Fournier, P. Rauwel, E. Rauwel et al., A radical approach to promote multiferroic coupling in double perovskites, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.321, issue.11, pp.1743-1747, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.02.003

D. Bao, N. Mizutani, X. Yao, and L. Zhang, Structural, dielectric, and ferroelectric properties of compositionally graded (Pb,La)TiO[sub 3] thin films with conductive LaNiO[sub 3] bottom electrodes, Applied Physics Letters, vol.77, issue.7, p.1041, 2000.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1289063

J. L. Garcia-munoz, J. Rodriguez-carvajal, P. Lacorre, and J. B. Torrance, =La,Pr,Nd,Sm): Electronically induced structural changes across the metal-insulator transition, Physical Review B, vol.46, issue.8, p.4414, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.46.4414

O. Trithaveesak, J. Schubert, . Ch, and . Buchal, Ferroelectric properties of epitaxial BaTiO3 thin films and heterostructures on different substrates, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.98, issue.11, p.114101, 2005.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2135891

. Le, XLD indique que la substitution La-Mn induit un ordre orbital qui est tout le contraire de celui prévu vue la déformation induite par contrainte