Q. A. Pankhurst, J. Connolly, S. K. Jones, and J. Dobson, Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.36, issue.13, pp.167-181, 2003.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/36/13/201

A. Senyei, K. Widder, and G. Czerlinski, Magnetic guidance of drug???carrying microspheres, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.49, issue.6, p.3578, 1978.
DOI : 10.1063/1.325219

T. Neuberger, B. Schopf, H. Hofmann, M. Hofmann, and B. , Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications: Possibilities and limitations of a new drug delivery system, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.293, issue.1, p.483, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.01.064

V. P. Torchilin, Multifunctional nanocarriers???, Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, vol.58, issue.14, p.1532, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.addr.2006.09.009

Y. Zhang, N. Kohler, and M. Q. Zhang, Surface modification of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles and their intracellular uptake, Biomaterials, vol.23, issue.7, p.1553, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00267-8

O. Veiseh, C. Sun, J. Gunn, N. Kohler, P. Gabikian et al., Optical and MRI Multifunctional Nanoprobe for Targeting Gliomas, Nano Letters, vol.5, issue.6, p.1003, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/nl0502569

B. Matthias, F. Dorken, R. Herrmann, P. Gurtler, N. Hohenberger et al., Clinical experiences with magnetic drug targeting: a phase I study with 4?-epidoxorubicin in 14 patients with advanced solid tumors, Cancer Research, vol.56, p.4686, 1996.

A. S. Lubbe, C. Alexiou, and C. Bergemann, Clinical Applications of Magnetic Drug Targeting, Journal of Surgical Research, vol.95, issue.2, p.200, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/jsre.2000.6030

A. S. Lubbe, C. Bergemann, J. Brock, and D. G. Mcclure, Physiological aspects in magnetic drug-targeting, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.194, issue.1-3, p.149, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-8853(98)00574-5

J. M. Gallo and U. Hafeli, Preclinical experiences with magnetic drug targeting: Tolerance and efficacy and clinical experiences with magnetic drug targeting: A phase I study with 4?- epidoxorubicin in 14 patients with advanced solid tumors, Cancer Research, vol.57, p.3063, 1997.

N. Kohler, C. Sun, J. Wang, and M. Q. Zhang, Methotrexate-Modified Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles and Their Intracellular Uptake into Human Cancer Cells, Langmuir, vol.21, issue.19, p.8858, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/la0503451

N. Kohler, C. Sun, A. Fichtenholtz, J. Gunn, C. Fang et al., Methotrexateimmobilized poly(ethylene glycol) magnetic nanoparticles for MR imaging and drug delivery, p.785, 2006.

C. Chouly, D. Pouliquen, I. Lucet, J. J. Jeune, and P. Jallet, Development of superparamagnetic nanoparticles for MRI: effect of particle size, charge and surface nature on biodistribution, Journal of Microencapsulation, vol.152, issue.3, p.245, 1996.
DOI : 10.1148/radiology.175.2.2326474

. Muller and . Stealth, corona-core nanoparticles surface modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG): influences of the corona (PEG chain length and surface density) and of the core composition on phagocytic uptake and plasma protein adsorption, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol.18, p.301, 2000.

S. M. Moghimi, A. C. Hunter, and J. C. Murray, Long-circulating and target-specific nanoparticles: theory to practice, Pharmacological Reviews, vol.53, p.283, 2001.

S. Suresh, Biomechanics and biophysics of cancer cells???, Acta Biomaterialia, vol.3, issue.4, p.413, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actbio.2007.04.002

M. Puig-de-morales-marinkovic, K. T. Turner, J. P. Butler, J. J. Fredberg, and S. Suresh, Viscoelasticity of the human red blood cell, AJP: Cell Physiology, vol.293, issue.2, p.597, 2007.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpcell.00562.2006

E. Sahai, Illuminating the metastatic process, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.23, issue.10, pp.737-749, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nrc2229

P. S. Steeg, Tumor metastasis: mechanistic insights and clinical challenges, Nature Medicine, vol.96, issue.8, p.895, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nm1469

G. P. Gupta and J. Massague, Cancer Metastasis: Building a Framework, Cell, vol.127, issue.4, p.679, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2006.11.001

M. R. Mourino, From Thales to Lauterbur, or from the lodestone to MR imaging: magnetism and medicine., Radiology, vol.180, issue.3, p.593, 1991.
DOI : 10.1148/radiology.180.3.1871268

A. H. Lu, E. L. Salabas, and F. Schuth, Magnetic Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Protection, Functionalization, and Application, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol.92, issue.8, p.1222, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/anie.200602866

R. S. Molday and D. Mackenzie, Immunospecific ferromagnetic iron-dextran reagents for the labeling and magnetic separation of cells, Journal of Immunological Methods, vol.52, issue.3, p.353, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1759(82)90007-2

C. Sangregorio, J. K. Wiemann, C. J. O-'connor, and Z. Rosenzweig, A new method for the synthesis of magnetoliposomes, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.85, issue.8, p.5699, 1999.
DOI : 10.1063/1.370256

H. Pardoe, W. Chua-anusorn, T. G. St, J. Pierre, and . Dobson, Structural and magnetic properties of nanoscale iron oxide particles synthesized in the presence of dextran or polyvinyl alcohol, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.225, issue.1-2, p.41, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-8853(00)01226-9

D. Hogemann, L. Josephson, R. Weissleder, and J. P. Basilion, Improvement of MRI Probes To Allow Efficient Detection of Gene Expression, Bioconjugate Chemistry, vol.11, issue.6, p.941, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/bc000079x

L. Levy, Y. Sahoo, K. S. Kim, E. J. Bergey, and P. N. Prasad, Nanochemistry:?? Synthesis and Characterization of Multifunctional Nanoclinics for Biological Applications, Chemistry of Materials, vol.14, issue.9, p.3715, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/cm0203013

Y. Zhang, N. Kohler, and M. Zhang, Surface modification of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles and their intracellular uptake, Biomaterials, vol.23, issue.7, p.1553, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00267-8

A. Tibbe, B. De-grooth, J. Greve, P. Liberti, G. Dolan et al., Optical tracking and detection of immunomagnetically selected and aligned cells, Nature Biotechnology, vol.17, p.1210, 1999.

B. Y. Kularatne, P. Lorigan, S. Browne, S. K. Suvarna, and M. O. Smith, Monitoring tumour cells in the peripheral blood of small cell lung cancer patients, Cytometry, vol.183, issue.3, p.160, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/cyto.10071

S. Morisada, N. Miyata, and K. Iwahori, Immunomagnetic separation of scum-forming bacteria using polyclonal antibody that recognizes mycolic acids, Journal of Microbiological Methods, vol.51, issue.2, p.141, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7012(02)00046-5

R. E. Zigeuner, R. Riesenberg, H. Pohla, A. Hofstetter, and R. Oberneder, Isolation of Circulating Cancer Cells From Whole Blood By Immunomagnetic Cell Enrichment and Unenriched Immunocytochemistry In Vitro, The Journal of Urology, vol.169, issue.2, p.701, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)63996-1

C. V. Mura, M. I. Becker, A. Orellana, and D. Wolff, Immunopurification of Golgi vesicles by magnetic sorting, Journal of Immunological Methods, vol.260, issue.1-2, p.263, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1759(01)00546-4

J. P. Hancock and J. T. Kemshead, A rapid and highly selective approach to cell separations using an immunomagnetic colloid, Journal of Immunological Methods, vol.164, issue.1, p.51, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1759(93)90275-C

P. A. Liberti, C. G. Rao, and L. W. Terstappen, Optimization of ferrofluids and protocols for the enrichment of breast tumor cells in blood, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.225, issue.1-2, p.301, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-8853(00)01254-3

F. Paul, D. Melville, S. Roath, and D. Warhurst, A bench top magnetic separator for malarial parasite concentration, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, vol.17, issue.6, p.2822, 1981.
DOI : 10.1109/TMAG.1981.1061711

N. Seesod, P. Nopparat, A. Hedrum, A. Holder, S. Thaithong et al., An integrated system using immunomagnetic separation, polymerase chain reaction, and colorimetric detection for diagnosis of Plasmodium Falciparum, American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.56, p.322, 1997.

W. K. Hofmann, S. De-vos, M. Komor, D. Hoelzer, W. Wachsman et al., Characterization of gene expression of CD34+ cells from normal and myelodysplastic bone marrow, Blood, vol.100, issue.10, p.3553, 2002.
DOI : 10.1182/blood.V100.10.3553

C. Delgratta, S. Dellapenna, P. Battista, L. Didonato, P. Vitullo et al., Detection and counting of specific cell populations by means of magnetic markers linked to monoclonal antibodies, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.40, p.671, 1995.

R. J. Whitman and . Colton, The BARC biosensor applied to the detection of biological warfare agents, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol.14, p.805, 2000.

M. Kala, K. Bajaj, and S. Sinha, Magnetic Bead Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Detects Antigen-Specific Binding by Phage-Displayed scFv Antibodies That Are Not Detected with Conventional ELISA, Analytical Biochemistry, vol.254, issue.2, p.263, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/abio.1997.2378

S. P. Yazdankhah, A. L. Hellemann, K. Ronningen, and E. Olsen, Rapid and sensitive detection of Staphylococcus species in milk by ELISA based on monodisperse magnetic particles, Veterinary Microbiology, vol.62, issue.1, p.17, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1135(98)00193-X

J. Dobson, Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery, Drug Development Research, vol.293, issue.1, p.55, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/ddr.20067

M. Ferrari, Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges, Nature Reviews Cancer, vol.62, issue.3, p.161, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/nrc1566

A. S. Wagenpfeil and . Lubbe, Locoregional cancer treatment with magnetic drug targeting, Cancer Research, vol.60, p.6641, 2000.

M. Brown and R. Semelka, MRI: basic principles and applications, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/0471467936

M. O. Leach, Spatially localised nuclear magnetic resonance, The Physics of Medical Imaging, 1988.

A. Elster and J. Burdette, Questions and Answers in Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2001.

P. C. Fannin and S. W. Charles, Measurement of the Neel relaxation of magnetic particles in the frequency range 1 kHz to 160 MHz, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.24, issue.1, p.76, 1991.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/24/1/013

A. Jordan, P. Wust, H. Fähling, W. John, A. Hinz et al., Inductive heating of ferrimagnetic particles and magnetic fluids: Physical evaluation of their potential for hyperthermia, International Journal of Hyperthermia, vol.167, issue.1, p.51, 1993.
DOI : 10.3109/02656739309061478

. Bacri, Biomedical applications of maghemite ferrofluid, Biochimie, vol.80, issue.379, 1998.

P. Grunberg, R. Schreiber, Y. Pang, M. B. Brodsky, and C. H. Sowers, Layered Magnetic Structures: Evidence for Antiferromagnetic Coupling of Fe Layers across Cr Interlayers, Physical Review Letters, vol.57, issue.19, p.2442, 1986.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.2442

S. S. Parkin, N. More, K. P. Roche-fe, and /. Cr, Oscillations in exchange coupling and magnetoresistance in metallic superlattice structures: Co/Ru, Co/Cr, and Fe/Cr, Physical Review Letters, vol.64, issue.19, p.2304, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.2304

S. S. Parkin, transition metals, Physical Review Letters, vol.67, issue.25, p.3598, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3598

M. Ruhrig, R. Schafer, A. Hubert, R. Mosler, J. A. Wolf et al., Domain Observations on Fe???Cr???Fe Layered Structnres. Evidence for a Biquadratic Coupling Effect, Physica Status Solidi (a), vol.25, issue.2, p.635, 1991.
DOI : 10.1002/pssa.2211250225

J. K. Kübler, Theory of itinerant electron magnetism, pp.256-266, 2000.

Y. Yafet, Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida range function of a one-dimensional free-electron gas, Physical Review B, vol.36, issue.7, p.3948, 1987.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.36.3948

R. Coehoorn, Period of oscillatory exchange interactions in Co/Cu and Fe/Cu multilayer systems, Physical Review B, vol.44, issue.17, p.9331, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.44.9331

P. Bruno and C. Chappert, Ruderman-Kittel theory of oscillatory interlayer exchange coupling, Physical Review B, vol.46, issue.1, p.261, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.46.261

D. M. Edwards, J. Mathon, R. B. Muniz, and M. S. Phan, Oscillations of the exchange in magnetic multilayers as an analog of de Haas???van Alphen effect, Physical Review Letters, vol.67, issue.4, p.493, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.493

K. H. Buschow and F. R. De-boer, Physics of magnetism and magnetic materials, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/b100503

P. Bruno, Interlayer exchange coupling: a unified physical picture, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.121, issue.1-3, p.248, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-8853(93)91197-F

P. Bruno, Theory of interlayer exchange interactions in magnetic multilayers, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.11, issue.48, p.9403, 1999.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/11/48/305

J. K. Kübler, Theory of itinerant electron magnetism, pp.254-279, 2000.

A. Bland and B. Heinrich, Ultrathin magnetic structures, 1994.

J. C. Slonczewski, Overview of interlayer exchange theory, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.150, issue.1, p.13, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-8853(95)00081-X

J. C. Slonczewski, Fluctuation mechanism for biquadratic exchange coupling in magnetic multilayers, Physical Review Letters, vol.67, issue.22, p.3172, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3172

J. Unguris, R. J. Celotta, and D. T. Pierce, Observation of two different oscillation periods in the exchange coupling of Fe/Cr/Fe(100), Physical Review Letters, vol.67, issue.1, p.140, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.140

S. Demokritov, E. Tsymbal, P. Grunberg, W. Zinn, and I. K. Schuller, Magnetic-dipole mechanism for biquadratic interlayer coupling, Physical Review B, vol.49, issue.1, p.720, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.49.720

D. L. Wappling and . Mills, T 3/2 dependence of the interlayer exchange coupling in ferromagnetic multilayers, Physical Review Letters, vol.88, p.167206, 2002.

C. J. Gutierrez, J. J. Krebs, M. E. Filipkowski, and G. A. Prinz, Strong temperature dependence of the 90?? coupling in Fe/Al/Fe(001) magnetic trilayers, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.116, issue.3, pp.305-310, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-8853(92)90106-X

J. C. Slonczewski, Origin of biquadratic exchange in magnetic multilayers (invited), Journal of Applied Physics, vol.73, issue.10, p.5957, 1993.
DOI : 10.1063/1.353483

B. D. Cullity, Introduction to magnetic materials, in Addison-Wesley series in metallurgy and materials, pp.131-136, 1972.

M. E. Filipkowski, J. J. Krebs, G. A. Prinz, and C. J. Gutierrez, Giant Near-90?? Coupling in Epitaxial CoFe/Mn/CoFe Sandwich Structures, Giant near-90° coupling in epitaxial CoFe/Mn/CoFe sandwich structure, p.1847, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1847

H. W. Xi and R. M. White, Coupling between two ferromagnetic layers separated by an antiferromagnetic layer, Physical Review B, vol.62, issue.6, p.3933, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.62.3933

B. Duplantier, Le mouvement brownien, " divers et ondoyant, Séminaire Poincaré, vol.1, pp.155-212, 2005.

A. Hynninen and M. Dijkstra, Phase behavior of dipolar hard and soft spheres, Physical review, p.51402, 2005.

M. J. Stevens and G. S. Grest, Coexistence in dipolar fluids in a field, Physical review letters 72, p.3686, 1994.

H. Morimoto and T. Maekawa, Cluster structures and cluster-cluster aggregations in a two-dimensional ferromagnetic colloidal system, Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, vol.33, issue.2, p.247, 2000.
DOI : 10.1088/0305-4470/33/2/302

G. B. Cotten and H. B. Elredge, Nanolevel magnetic separation model considering flow limitations, Separation science and technology 37, p.3755, 2002.
DOI : 10.1081/ss-120014830

B. Groh and S. Dietrich, Crystal structures and freezing of dipolar fluids, Physical review, p.21203, 2001.

A. Fu, W. Hu, L. Xu, R. J. Wilson, S. J. Osterfeld et al., Protein-Functionalized Synthetic Antiferromagnetic Nanoparticles for Biomolecule Detection and Magnetic Manipulation, Angewandte Chemie, vol.20, issue.9, pp.1648-1652, 2009.
DOI : 10.1002/ange.200803994

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2665302

Z. L. Wang, Structural Analysis of Self-Assembling Nanocrystal Superlattices, Advanced Materials, vol.10, issue.1, pp.13-30, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1521-4095(199801)10:1<13::AID-ADMA13>3.0.CO;2-W

P. C. Ohara, D. V. Leff, J. R. Heath, and W. M. Gelbart, Crystallization of Opals from Polydisperse Nanoparticles, Physical Review Letters, vol.75, issue.19, pp.3466-3470, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.3466

R. Tao and Q. Jiang, Simulation of structure formation in an electrorheological fluid, Physical review letters 73, pp.205-208, 1994.

R. Tao and J. M. Sun, Three-dimensional structure of induced electrorheological solid, Physical Review Letters, vol.67, issue.3, pp.398-401, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.398

R. Tao, Super-strong magnetorheological fluids, Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, vol.13, issue.50, pp.979-999, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0953-8984/13/50/202

S. S. Parkin, N. More, and K. P. Roche, Oscillations in exchange coupling and magnetoresistance in metallic superlattice structures: Co/Ru, Co/Cr, and Fe/Cr, Physical Review Letters, vol.64, issue.19, p.2304, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.2304

P. Bruno and C. Chappert, Ruderman-Kittel theory of oscillatory interlayer exchange coupling, Physical Review B, vol.46, issue.1, p.261, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.46.261

V. D. Buchel-'nikov, N. K. Dan-'shin, A. I. Linnik, L. T. Tsymbal, and V. G. Shavrov, Static and dynamic properties of a ferrite-garnet film in the neighborhood of orientational phase transitions, Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics, vol.95, issue.106, 2002.

J. C. Slonczewski, Fluctuation mechanism for biquadratic exchange coupling in magnetic multilayers, Physical Review Letters, vol.67, issue.22, p.3172, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3172

A. Krasyuk, S. A. Nepijko, A. Oelsner, C. M. Schneider, H. J. Elmers et al., Magnetic stray fields of patterned permalloy structures investigated by photoemission electron microscopy, Applied Physics A, vol.95, issue.4, pp.793-796, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s00339-007-4085-7

W. Hu, R. J. Wilson, C. M. Earhart, A. L. Koh, R. Sinclair et al., Synthetic antiferromagnetic nanoparticles with tunable susceptibilities, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.105, issue.7, pp.7-508, 2009.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3072028

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2685219

L. Torres, E. Martinez, L. Lopez-diaz, and J. Iniguez, Micromagnetic switching of patterned square magnetic nanostructures, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.89, issue.11, p.7585, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1355353

H. Joisten, T. Courcier, P. Balint, P. Sabon, J. Faure-vincent et al., Self-polarization phenomenon and control of dispersion of synthetic antiferromagnetic nanoparticles for biological applications, Applied Physics Letters, vol.97, issue.25, p.253112, 2010.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3518702

. Biologie-moléculaire-de-la-cellule, « cils et flagelles : structure et mouvement, pp.1079-1081, 1995.

J. B. Keller and S. I. Rubinow, Swimming of flagellated microorganisms, Swimming of flagellated microorganisms, p.151, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(76)85672-X

R. Dreyfus, J. Baudry, M. L. Roper, M. Fermigier, H. A. Stone et al., Microscopic artificial swimmers, Nature, vol.437, issue.7060, p.862, 2005.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04090

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00015847

D. J. Bell, S. Leutenegger, K. M. Hammar, L. X. Dong, and B. J. Nelson, Flagella-like Propulsion for Microrobots Using a Nanocoil and a Rotating Electromagnetic Field, Proceedings 2007 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp.10-14, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/ROBOT.2007.363136

S. Sudo, S. Segawa, and T. Honda, Magnetic Swimming Mechanism in a Viscous Liquid, Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures, vol.34, issue.4, p.189, 2006.
DOI : 10.1177/1045389X06055828