A. Eshmanova, G. Ivanov, A. Kabulova, E. Luchitskaia, and . Baevski??mbaevski??baevski??m, Parameters of high definition ECG and dispersion ECG mapping on the background of amlodipin and myostimulation during 7-day dry immersion, Aviakosm Ekolog Med, vol.43, pp.40-43, 2009.

A. Evdokimova, A. Radzevich, F. Solo-'veva, T. Vinokhodova, V. Mamaev et al., Orthostatic tolerance and the status of central and peripheral hemodynamics during 7-day ''dry'' immersion in persons with neurocirculatory asthenia of the hypertensive type, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.23, pp.62-65, 1989.

N. Foldager, T. Andersen, F. Jessen, P. Ellegaard, C. Stadeager et al., Central venous pressure in humans during microgravity, J Appl Physiol, vol.81, pp.408-412, 1996.

A. Fomin, Blood fibrinogen during 7-day water immersion and short-term space flight, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.15, pp.83-85, 1981.

I. Fomin, V. Orlov, A. Radzevich, and G. Leskin, Effect of water immersion on indices of central hemodynamics in subjects older than 45 years, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.19, pp.37-40, 1985.

S. Fortney, V. Schneider, and J. Greenleaf, The physiology of bed rest Handbook of physiology, chap 39, pp.889-939, 1996.

J. Fritsch-yelle, J. Charles, and M. Jones, Microgravity decreases heart rate and arterial pressure in humans, J Appl Physiol, vol.80, pp.910-914, 1996.

Q. Fu, B. Levine, J. Pawelczyk, A. Ertl, A. Diedrich et al., Cardiovascular and sympathetic neural responses to handgrip and cold pressor stimuli in humans before, during and after spaceflight, The Journal of Physiology, vol.78, issue.suppl. 4, pp.653-664, 2002.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2002.025098

O. Gazenko, A. Grigoriev, and I. Kozlovskaya, Mechanisms of acute and chronic effects of microgravity, Physiologist, vol.30, issue.1, 1987.

A. Genin and V. Galichii, Features of external respiration and pulmonary hyperemia in man during immersion, Aviakosm Ekolog Med, vol.29, pp.28-32, 1995.

A. Genin, M. Aiu, and V. Shashkov, Status of human hemodynamics during water immersion in different postures of immersion, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.22, pp.7-10, 1988.

F. Gerstenbrand and I. Kozlovskaya, Neurological findings after 72-hours exposure to water immersion In: David V (ed) Life science research in space, pp.117-120, 1990.

G. Gevlich, L. Grigor-'eva, M. Bo??kobo??ko, and I. Kozlovskaia, Evaluation of skeletal muscle tonus by the method of recording transverse rigidity, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.17, pp.86-89, 1983.

K. Gogolev, E. Aleksandrova, and E. Shul-'zhenko, Comparative assessment of changes during antiorthostatic hypokinesia and immersion in man, Hum Physiol, vol.6, pp.392-396, 1980.

O. Golovkina, Human reaction of external respiration and gas exchange in the acute period of adaptation to water immersion, 1982.

J. Greenleaf, Physiological responses to prolonged bed rest and fluid immersion in humans, J Appl Physiol, vol.57, pp.619-633, 1984.

J. Greenleaf, Exercise Thermoregulation with Bed Rest, Confinement, and Immersion Deconditioning, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.24, issue.1 Thermoregulat, pp.741-750, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00635373

J. Greenleaf, E. Bernauer, H. Young, J. Morse, R. Staley et al., Fluid and electrolyte shifts during bed rest with isometric and isotonic exercise, J Appl Physiol, vol.42, pp.59-66, 1977.

A. Grigor-'ev, Effect of small gravitational loads on human water-salt metabolism and kidney function during prolonged immersion, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.13, pp.27-31, 1979.

A. Grigor-'ev, I. Kozlovskaia, and B. Shenkman, The role of support afferents in organisation of the tonic muscle system, Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova, vol.90, pp.508-521, 2004.

L. Grigor-'eva and I. Kozlovskaia, Effect of 7-day immersion hyperkinesia on the response-strength properties of human skeletal muscles, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.17, pp.21-25, 1983.

L. Grigor-'eva and I. Kozlovskaia, Effect of 7-day immersion hypokinesia on the characteristics of precise movements, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.19, pp.38-42, 1985.

H. Gunga, A. Werner, A. Stahn, M. Steinach, T. Schlabs et al., The Double Sensor???A non-invasive device to continuously monitor core temperature in humans on earth and in space, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol.169, pp.63-68, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resp.2009.04.005

J. Homick, M. Reschke, and E. Viller, The effects of prolonged exposure to weightlessness on postural equilibrium, Biomedical results from Skylab, pp.104-112, 1977.

I. Khkh, L. Simonov, and S. Vtoryi, Changes in regional and central hemodynamics during a 7-day immersion in water, 1987.

V. Il-'in, A. Kriukov, A. Volozhin, L. Istranov, E. Istranova et al., Investigation of dysbiosis developing during ''dry'' immersion and methods of correction, Aviakosm Ekolog Med, vol.42, pp.70-74, 2008.

V. Ilyin, N. Kirjuhkhina, and N. Usanova, Autostrains lactobacilli based probiotics for dysbacteriosis prophylaxis of humans in artificial environment Available via http, Conference proceedings of 3rd international probiotic conference 4?7, 2008.

E. Il-'yina-kakueva, N. Petrova, and V. Portugalov, Influence of spaceflight on skeletal muscles and muscle neural apparatus, Effects of dynamic factors of spaceflight on animals. M. Nauka, pp.95-104, 1979.

M. Iunusov, V. Orlov, and T. Vinokhodova, Effect of the model of ''dry'' immersion on the indicators of water?electrolyte metabolism and aldosterone and cortisol in the plasma of persons with different levels of body water, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.19, pp.42-45, 1985.

S. Ivanov and E. Bogomazov, Dry'' immersion and prospects of its use in clinical practice, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.22, pp.4-6, 1988.

S. Ivanov and L. Markova, Use of a ''dry'' immersion method in the treatment of hypertensive crisis, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.24, pp.40-42, 1990.

A. Ivanov, I. Goncharov, A. Davydkin, and V. Lavrov, Changes in several indicators of blood rheology in experiments simulating weightlessness, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.17, pp.25-30, 1983.

S. Ivanova, B. Morukov, G. Maksimov, B. Niu, O. Labetskaia et al., Investigation of the morphofunctional properties of human red blood cells under the conditions of 7-day dry immersion, Aviakosm Ekolog Med, vol.43, pp.43-47, 2009.

B. Afonin and E. Sedova, [Digestive system functioning during simulation of the microgravity effects on humans by immersion], Eur J Appl Physiol REFERENCES Aviakosm Ekolog Med, vol.1, issue.43, pp.48-52, 2009.

A. Agouni, A. Lagrue-lak-hal, P. Ducluzeau, H. Mostefai, C. Draunet-busson et al., Endothelial Dysfunction Caused by Circulating Microparticles from Patients with Metabolic Syndrome, The American Journal of Pathology, vol.173, issue.4, pp.1210-1219, 2008.
DOI : 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080228

G. Al-massarani, H. Vacher-coponat, P. Paul, L. Arnaud, A. Loundou et al., Kidney Transplantation Decreases the Level and Procoagulant Activity of Circulating Microparticles, American Journal of Transplantation, vol.307, issue.Pt 1, pp.550-557, 2009.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02532.x

N. Amabile, A. Guérin, A. Leroyer, Z. Mallat, C. Nguyen et al., Circulating Endothelial Microparticles Are Associated with Vascular Dysfunction in Patients with End-Stage Renal Failure, Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, vol.16, issue.11, pp.3381-3388, 2005.
DOI : 10.1681/ASN.2005050535

S. Blair, H. Kohl-3rd, R. Paffenbarger, . Jr, D. Clark et al., Physical fitness and all-cause mortality. A prospective study of healthy men and women, JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, vol.262, issue.17, pp.2395-2401, 1989.
DOI : 10.1001/jama.262.17.2395

M. Bleeker, D. Groot, P. Rongen, G. Rittweger, J. Felsenberg et al., Vascular adaptation to deconditioning and the effect of an exercise countermeasure: results of the Berlin Bed Rest study, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.99, issue.4
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00118.2005

M. Bleeker, D. Groot, P. Poelkens, F. Rongen, G. Smits et al., Vascular adaptation to 4 wk of deconditioning by unilateral lower limb suspension, AJP: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol.288, issue.4, pp.1747-1755, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpheart.00966.2004

M. Boisseau, Roles of mechanical blood forces in vascular diseases. A clinical overview, Clin Hemorheol, vol.33, pp.201-207, 2005.

C. Boulanger, N. Amabile, A. Guérin, B. Pannier, A. Leroyer et al., In Vivo Shear Stress Determines Circulating Levels of Endothelial Microparticles in End-Stage Renal Disease, Hypertension, vol.49, issue.4, pp.902-908, 2007.
DOI : 10.1161/01.HYP.0000259667.22309.df

C. Boulanger, A. Leroyer, N. Amabile, and A. Tedgui, Microparticules endoth??liales circulantes??: un nouveau marqueur du dysfonctionnement vasculaire, Annales de Cardiologie et d'Ang??iologie, vol.57, issue.3, pp.149-154, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ancard.2008.02.016

D. Bulut, K. Maier, N. Bulut-streich, J. Börgel, C. Hanefeld et al., Circulating Endothelial Microparticles Correlate Inversely With Endothelial Function in Patients With Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction, Journal of Cardiac Failure, vol.14, issue.4, pp.336-340, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cardfail.2007.11.002

R. Busse and I. Fleming, Vascular Endothelium and Blood Flow, Handb Exp Pharmacol, vol.176, pp.43-78, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-36028-X_2

G. Chironi, C. Boulanger, A. Simon, F. Dignat-george, J. Freyssinet et al., Endothelial microparticles in diseases, Cell and Tissue Research, vol.13, issue.1868, pp.143-151, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00441-008-0710-9

A. Craig and M. Dvorak, Thermal regulation duriy water immersion, J Appl Physiol, vol.21, pp.1577-1585, 1966.

J. Cracowski, C. Minson, M. Salvat-melis, and J. Halliwill, Methodological issues in the assessment of skin microvascular endothelial function in humans, Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, vol.27, issue.9, pp.503-508, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tips.2006.07.008

D. Groot, P. Bleeker, M. Hopman, and M. , Magnitude and Time Course of Arterial Vascular Adaptations to Inactivity in Humans, Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, vol.34, issue.2, pp.65-71, 2006.
DOI : 10.1249/00003677-200604000-00005

D. Groot, P. , V. Kuppevelt, D. Pons, C. Snoek et al., Time Course of Arterial Vascular Adaptations to Inactivity and Paralyses in Humans, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.35, issue.12, pp.1977-1985, 2003.
DOI : 10.1249/01.MSS.0000099088.21547.67

C. Demiot, F. Dignat-george, J. Fortrat, F. Sabatier, C. Gharib et al., WISE 2005: chronic bed rest impairs microcirculatory endothelium in women, AJP: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol.293, issue.5, pp.3159-3164, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpheart.00591.2007

D. Dill and D. Costill, Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration, J Appl Physiol, vol.37, pp.247-248, 1974.

S. Durand, M. Tartas, P. Bouye, A. Koitka, J. Saumet et al., Prostaglandins participate in the late phase of the vascular response to acetylcholine iontophoresis in humans, The Journal of Physiology, vol.231, issue.3, pp.811-819, 2004.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2004.069997

L. Farkas, D. Farkas, K. Ask, A. Möller, J. Gauldie et al., VEGF ameliorates pulmonary hypertension through inhibition of endothelial apoptosis in experimental lung fibrosis in rats, Vascular adaptation to deconditioning and the effect of an exercise countermeasure: results of the Berlin Bed Rest study, pp.1298-1311, 2009.
DOI : 10.1172/JCI36136

C. Boulanger, N. Amabile, and A. Tedgui, Circulating Microparticles: A Potential Prognostic Marker for Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease, Hypertension, vol.48, issue.2, pp.180-186, 2006.
DOI : 10.1161/01.HYP.0000231507.00962.b5

G. Colditz, Economic costs of obesity and inactivity, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.31, issue.Supplement 1, pp.663-667, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199911001-00026

F. George, Microparticles in vascular diseases, Thrombosis Research, vol.122, issue.1, pp.55-59, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/S0049-3848(08)70020-3

N. Hamburg, C. Mcmackin, A. Huang, S. Shenouda, M. Widlansky et al., Physical Inactivity Rapidly Induces Insulin Resistance and Microvascular Dysfunction in Healthy Volunteers, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol.27, issue.12, pp.2650-2656, 2007.
DOI : 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.153288

C. Hesse, H. Siedler, S. Luntz, B. Arendt, R. Goerlich et al., Modulation of endothelial and smooth muscle function by bed rest and hypoenergetic, low-fat nutrition, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.99, issue.6, pp.2196-2203, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00888.2005

N. Navasiolava, F. Dignat-george, F. Sabatier, I. Larina, C. Demiot et al., Enforced physical inactivity increases endothelial microparticle levels in healthy volunteers, AJP: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol.299, issue.2, 2010.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpheart.00152.2010
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00629846

M. Pratt, C. Macera, and G. Wang, Higher Direct Medical Costs Associated With Physical Inactivity, The Physician and Sportsmedicine, vol.6, issue.2, pp.63-70, 2000.
DOI : 10.3810/psm.2000.10.1237

J. Shoemaker, C. Hogeman, D. Silber, K. Gray, M. Herr et al., Head-down-tilt bed rest alters forearm vasodilator and vasoconstrictor responses, J Appl Physiol, vol.84, pp.1756-1762, 1998.

C. Stuart, R. Shangraw, M. Prince, E. Peters, and R. Wolfe, Bed-rest-induced insulin resistance occurs primarily in muscle, Metabolism, vol.37, issue.8, pp.802-806, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0026-0495(88)90018-2

M. Widlansky, N. Gokce, J. Keaney, . Jr, and J. Vita, The clinical implications of endothelial dysfunction, Journal of the American College of Cardiology, vol.42, issue.7, pp.1149-1160, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0735-1097(03)00994-X

M. Hargens, A. R. Meyer, J. U. Arnaud, and S. B. , Postural responses of head and foot cutaneous microvascular flow and their sensitivity to bed rest, Editorial Focus H244 AJP-Heart Circ Physiol ? VOL 299 ? AUGUST 2010 ? www.ajpheart.org References Aratow, pp.246-251, 1991.

G. Belcaro, M. Grigg, S. Vasdekis, A. Rulo, D. Christopoulos et al., Evaluation of the effects of elastic compression in patients with postphlebitic limbs by laser-Doppler flowmetry, Phlebologie, vol.41, pp.797-802, 1988.

N. M. Navasiolava, Skin vascular resistance in the standing position increases significantly after 7 days of dry immersion, Autonomic Neuroscience Auton. Neurosci, 2010.

G. Belcaro, G. Laurora, M. R. Cesarone, M. T. De-sanctis, and L. Incandela, Microcirculatory effects of elastic stockings in diabetic microangiopathy: a 24- week study, J Cardiovasc Surg, vol.34, pp.479-482, 1993.

V. A. Convertino, Mechanisms of microgravity induced orthostatic intolerance: implications for effective countermeasures, J Gravit Physiol, vol.9, pp.1-13, 2002.

M. Coupe, J. Fortrat, I. Larina, G. Gauquelin-koch, C. Gharib et al., Cardiovascular deconditioning: From autonomic nervous system to microvascular dysfunctions, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol.169, pp.10-12, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resp.2009.04.009

C. G. Crandall, J. M. Johnson, V. A. Convertino, P. B. Raven, and K. A. Engelke, Altered thermoregulatory responses after 15 days of head-down tilt, J Appl Physiol, vol.77, pp.1863-1867, 1994.

C. G. Crandall, M. Shibasaki, T. E. Wilson, J. Cui, and B. D. Levine, Prolonged head-down tilt exposure reduces maximal cutaneous vasodilator and sweating capacity in humans, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.94, issue.6, pp.2330-2336, 2003.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00790.2002

J. Cui, T. E. Wilson, and C. G. Crandall, Orthostatic challenge does not alter skin sympathetic nerve activity in heat-stressed humans, Autonomic Neuroscience, vol.116, issue.1-2, pp.54-61, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.autneu.2004.08.009

D. Groot, P. C. Bleeker, M. W. Hopman, and M. T. , Magnitude and Time Course of Arterial Vascular Adaptations to Inactivity in Humans, Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, vol.34, issue.2, pp.65-71, 2006.
DOI : 10.1249/00003677-200604000-00005

C. Demiot, F. Dignat-george, J. Fortrat, F. Sabatier, C. Gharib et al., chronic bed rest impairs microcirculatory endothelium in women, Am J Physiol, vol.293, pp.3159-3164, 2005.

D. B. Dill and D. L. Costill, Calculation of percentage changes in volumes of blood, plasma, and red cells in dehydration, J Appl Physiol, vol.37, pp.247-248, 1974.

A. K. Eshmanova, Heart rate variability and myocardium state: effect of " dry " immersion Available via http, 2009.

A. K. Eshmanova, E. S. Luchinskaia, and R. M. Baevskii, Investigation into vegetative regulation of blood circulation during 7-day dry immersion [in Russian], Aviakosm Ekolog Med, vol.42, pp.45-51, 2008.

A. Gabrielsen and P. Norsk, Effect of spaceflight on the subcutaneous venoarteriolar reflex in the human lower leg, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.103, issue.3, pp.959-962, 2007.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00899.2006

A. Gabrielsen, P. Norsk, R. Videbaek, and O. Henriksen, Effect of microgravity on forearm subcutaneous vascular resistance in humans, J Appl Physiol, vol.79, pp.434-438, 1995.

A. Gabrielsen, Y. Suzuki, and P. Norsk, Preservation of veno-arteriolar reflex in the skin following 20 days of head down bed rest in humans, J Gravit Physiol, vol.6, pp.103-104, 1999.

J. E. Greenleaf, Exercise Thermoregulation with Bed Rest, Confinement, and Immersion Deconditioning, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.24, issue.1 Thermoregulat, pp.741-750, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00635373

A. I. Grigor-'ev, I. B. Kozlovskaia, and B. S. Shenkman, The role of support afferents in organisation of the tonic muscle system [in Russian], Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova, vol.90, pp.508-521, 2004.

N. M. Hamburg, C. J. Mcmackin, A. L. Huang, S. M. Shenouda, M. E. Widlansky et al., Physical Inactivity Rapidly Induces Insulin Resistance and Microvascular Dysfunction in Healthy Volunteers, Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol.27, issue.12, pp.2650-2656, 2007.
DOI : 10.1161/ATVBAHA.107.153288

C. Hesse, H. Siedler, S. P. Luntz, B. M. Arendt, R. Goerlich et al., Modulation of endothelial and smooth muscle function by bed rest and hypoenergetic, low-fat nutrition, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.99, issue.6, pp.2196-2203, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00888.2005

R. L. Hughson, L. Quintin, G. Annat, Y. Yamamoto, and C. Gharib, Spontaneous baroreflex by sequence and power spectral methods in humans,, Clinical Physiology, vol.71, issue.6, pp.663-676, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-2236(89)90111-2

A. Kamiya, S. Iwase, D. Michikami, Q. Fu, T. Mano et al., Increased vasomotor sympathetic nerve activity and decreased plasma nitric oxide release after head-down bed rest in humans: disappearance of correlation between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator, Neuroscience Letters, vol.281, issue.1, pp.21-24, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3940(00)00804-1

M. Jr, S. Piccinetti, A. Nappi, G. Mancini, S. Caniato et al., Clinical, functional and quality of life changes after balneokinesis with sulphurous water in patients with varicose veins, Vasa, vol.32, pp.26-30, 2003.

D. Michikami, A. Kamiya, Q. Fu, S. Iwase, T. Mano et al., Attenuated thermoregulatory sweating and cutaneous vasodilation after 14-day bed rest in humans, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.96, issue.1, pp.107-114, 2004.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00025.2003

N. M. Navasiolava, F. Dignat-george, F. Sabatier, I. M. Larina, C. Demiot et al., Enforced physical inactivity increases endothelial microparticle levels in healthy volunteers, AJP: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol.299, issue.2, 2010.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpheart.00152.2010
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00629846

K. Okazaki, Q. Fu, E. R. Martini, R. Shook, C. Conner et al., Vasoconstriction during venous congestion: effects of venoarteriolar response, myogenic reflexes, and hemodynamics of changing perfusion pressure, AJP: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology, vol.289, issue.5, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpregu.00804.2004

A. Pavy-le-traon, M. Heer, M. V. Narici, J. Rittweger, and J. Vernikos, From space to Earth: advances in human physiology from 20??years of bed rest studies (1986???2006), European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.80, issue.Suppl, pp.143-194, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-007-0474-z

L. B. Rowell, Human cardiovascular adjustments to exercise and thermal stress, Physiol Rev, vol.54, pp.75-159, 1974.

E. B. Shulzhenko and I. F. Vil-vilyams, The possibility to maintain a long term water immersion by using the method of " dry immersion " [in Russian], Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.10, pp.82-84, 1976.

S. F. Vissing, N. H. Secher, and R. G. Victor, Mechanisms of cutaneous vasoconstriction during upright posture, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol.159, issue.2, pp.131-138, 1997.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-201X.1997.573344000.x

T. E. Wilson, M. Shibasaki, J. Cui, B. D. Levine, and C. G. Crandall, Effects of 14 days of head-down tilt bed rest on cutaneous vasoconstrictor responses in humans, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.94, issue.6, pp.2113-2118, 2003.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00067.2002

T. E. Wilson, J. Cui, and C. G. Crandall, Mean body temperature does not modulate eccrine sweat rate during upright tilt, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.98, issue.4, pp.1207-1212, 2005.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00648.2004

L. F. Zhang, Vascular adaptation to microgravity, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.97, issue.4, pp.2415-2430, 2001.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00534.2003

O. Anashkin and S. Beliaev, Effect of sidnocarb during 7-day water immersion on the cardiorespiratory system under physical load (Russian), Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.16, pp.28-31, 1982.

E. Belin-de-chantemele, G. Gauquelin-koch, M. Duvareille, N. Pellet, C. Gharib et al., Blood volume measurement: The comparison of pulse dye densitometry and Dill and Costill's methods, Life Sciences, vol.78, issue.14, pp.1564-1569, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.07.025

B. Cauliez, M. Berthe, and A. Lavoinne, Brain natriuretic peptide: physiological, biological and clinical aspects, Ann Biol Clin, vol.63, pp.15-25, 2005.

M. Epstein, Renal, Endocrine, and Hemodynamic Effects of Water Immersion in Humans, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/cphy.cp040237

A. Eshmanova, G. Ivanov, and A. Kabulova, Parameters of high definition ECG and dispersion ECG mapping on the background of amlodipin and myostimulation during 7- day dry immersion (Russian), Aviakosm Ekolog Med, vol.43, pp.40-43, 2009.

K. Gogolev, E. Aleksandrova, and E. Shul-'zhenko, Comparative assessment of changes during antiorthostatic hypokinesia and immersion in man (Russian), Hum Physiol, vol.6, pp.392-396, 1980.

J. Greenleaf, Physiological responses to prolonged bed rest and fluid immersion in humans, J Appl Physiol, vol.57, pp.619-633, 1984.

A. Grigor-'ev, I. Kozlovskaia, and B. Shenkman, The role of support afferents in organisation of the tonic muscle system (Russian), Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova, vol.90, pp.508-521, 2004.

M. Iunusov, V. Orlov, and T. Vinokhodova, Effect of the model of "dry" immersion on the indicators of water-electrolyte metabolism and aldosterone and cortisol in the plasma of persons with different levels of body water (Russian), Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.19, pp.42-45, 1985.

S. Iwase, Y. Sugiyama, and C. Miwa, Effects of three days of dry immersion on muscle sympathetic nerve activity and arterial blood pressure in humans, Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, vol.79, issue.2-3, pp.156-164, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-1838(99)00076-4

B. Levine, J. Zuckerman, and J. Pawelczyk, Cardiac Atrophy After Bed-Rest Deconditioning : A Nonneural Mechanism for Orthostatic Intolerance, Circulation, vol.96, issue.2, pp.517-525, 1997.
DOI : 10.1161/01.CIR.96.2.517

M. Perhonen, F. Franco, and L. Lane, Cardiac atrophy after bed rest and spaceflight, 2001.

J. Scharhag, K. George, and R. Shave, Exercise-Associated Increases in Cardiac Biomarkers, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.40, issue.8, pp.1408-1415, 2008.
DOI : 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318172cf22

E. Shulzhenko, R. Tigranyan, V. Panfilov, and I. Bzhalava, PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTIONS DURING ACUTE ADAPTATION TO REDUCED GRAVITY, REFERENCES 1. V. E. Vorob'ev, pp.175-179, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-08-024436-5.50023-8

E. A. Deitch, Bacterial translocation or lymphatic drainage of toxic products from the gut: What is important in human beings?, Surgery, vol.131, issue.3, pp.241-244, 2002.
DOI : 10.1067/msy.2002.116408

M. A. Frey, C. M. Tomaselli, and W. G. Hoffler, Cardiovascular Responses to Postural Changes: Differences with Age for Women and Men, The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol.32, issue.5, pp.394-402, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1552-4604.1994.tb04979.x

L. J. Magnotti and E. A. Deitch, Burns, Bacterial Translocation, Gut Barrier Function, and Failure, Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation, vol.26, issue.5, pp.383-391, 2005.
DOI : 10.1097/01.bcr.0000176878.79267.e8

R. D. Prisby, M. K. Wilkerson, and E. M. Sokoya, Endothelium-dependent vasodilation of cerebral arteries is altered with simulated microgravity through nitric oxide synthase and EDHF mechanisms, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.101, issue.1, pp.348-353, 2006.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00941.2005

J. H. Xue, L. F. Zhang, J. Ma, and M. J. Xie, Differential regulation of L-type Ca2+ channels in cerebral and mesenteric arteries after simulated microgravity in rats and its intervention by standing, AJP: Heart and Circulatory Physiology, vol.293, issue.1, pp.691-701, 2007.
DOI : 10.1152/ajpheart.01229.2006

L. F. Zhang, Vascular adaptation to microgravity, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.97, issue.4, pp.1584-1585, 2004.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00534.2003

W. C. Aird and K. Buttenschoen, Endothelium in health and disease Endotoxemia and endotoxin tolerance in patients with ARDS, Pharmacol. Reports Langenbecks Arch. Surg, vol.60, issue.3934, pp.139-143, 2008.

G. Adams, V. Caiozzo, and K. Baldwin, Skeletal muscle unweighting: spaceflight and ground-based models, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.95, issue.6, pp.2185-2201, 2003.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00346.2003

B. Afonin and E. Sedova, Digestive system functioning during simulation of the microgravity effects on humans by immersion, Aviakosm Ekolog Med, vol.43, pp.48-52, 2009.

O. Anashkin and S. Beliaev, Effect of sidnocarb during 7-day water immersion on the cardiorespiratory system under physical load, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.16, pp.28-31, 1982.

L. Bey and M. Hamilton, Suppression of skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase activity during physical inactivity: a molecular reason to maintain daily low-intensity activity, The Journal of Physiology, vol.4, issue.2, pp.673-682, 2003.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.045591

H. Berg, G. Dudley, T. Haggmark, H. Ohlsen, and P. Tesch, Effects of lower limb unloading on skeletal muscle mass and function in humans, J Appl Physiol, vol.70, pp.1882-1885, 1991.

A. Bergouignan, I. Momken, D. Schoeller, N. S. Zahariev, A. Lescure et al., Regulation of Energy Balance during Long-Term Physical Inactivity Induced by Bed Rest with and without Exercise Training, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol.95, issue.3, pp.1045-53, 2010.
DOI : 10.1210/jc.2009-1005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00462337

C. Blomqvist, Regulation of the systemic circulation at microgravity and during readaptation to 1G, Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise, vol.28, issue.10
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199610000-00025

M. Brown, A. Foley, E. Hasser, and M. Foley, A successful alternative to the traditional hindlimb suspension method in the rat, J Gravit Physiol, vol.12, pp.43-50, 2005.

J. Buckey, . Jr, L. Lane, B. Levine, D. Watenpaugh et al., Orthostatic intolerance after spaceflight, J Appl Physiol, vol.81, pp.7-18, 1996.

J. Cacioppo and L. Hawkley, Social Isolation and Health, with an Emphasis on Underlying Mechanisms, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, vol.46, issue.3x, pp.39-52, 2003.
DOI : 10.1353/pbm.2003.0063

A. Caspi, H. Harrington, T. Moffitt, B. Milne, and R. Poulton, Socially Isolated Children 20 Years Later, Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, vol.160, issue.8, pp.805-811, 2006.
DOI : 10.1001/archpedi.160.8.805

N. Charkoudian, Skin Blood Flow in Adult Human Thermoregulation: How It Works, When It Does Not, and Why, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol.78, issue.5, pp.603-615, 2003.
DOI : 10.4065/78.5.603

S. Chien, Rheology in the microcirculation in normal and low flow states, Adv Shock Res, vol.8, pp.71-80, 1982.

V. Convertino, Exercise and Adaptation to Microgravity Environments, Handbook of physiology. III
DOI : 10.1002/cphy.cp040236

V. Convertino, G-factor as a tool in basic research: mechanisms of orthostatic tolerance, J Gravit Physiol, vol.6, pp.73-76, 1999.

V. Convertino, Mechanisms of microgravity induced orthostatic intolerance: implications for effective countermeasures, J Gravit Physiol, vol.9, pp.1-13, 2002.

D. Cooper, M. Milic, J. Tafur, P. Mills, W. Bardwell et al., Adverse Impact of Mood on Flow-Mediated Dilation, Psychosomatic Medicine, vol.72, issue.2, pp.122-129, 2010.
DOI : 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181cdbfc0

M. Coupé, J. Fortrat, I. Larina, G. Gauquelin-koch, C. Gharib et al., Cardiovascular deconditioning: From autonomic nervous system to microvascular dysfunctions, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol.169, pp.10-12, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.resp.2009.04.009

S. Dauphinee and A. Karsan, Lipopolysaccharide signaling in endothelial cells, Laboratory Investigation, vol.86, issue.1, pp.9-22, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/labinvest.3700366

A. Diedrich, S. Paranjape, and D. Robertson, Plasma and Blood Volume in Space, The American Journal of the Medical Sciences, vol.334, issue.1, pp.80-85, 2007.
DOI : 10.1097/MAJ.0b013e318065b89b

K. Engelke, D. Doerr, C. Crandall, and V. Convertino, Application of acute maximal exercise to protect orthostatic tolerance after simulated microgravity, Am J Physiol, vol.271, pp.837-847, 1996.

S. Fortney, V. Schneider, and J. Greenleaf, The Physiology of Bed Rest, Physiology, vol.5, issue.S604, pp.889-939, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/cphy.cp040239

J. Fritsch-yelle, P. Whitson, R. Bondar, and T. Brown, Subnormal norepinephrine release relates to presyncope in astronauts after spaceflight, J Appl Physiol, vol.81, pp.2134-2141, 1996.

J. Greenleaf, Physiological responses to prolonged bed rest and fluid immersion in humans, J Appl Physiol, vol.57, pp.619-633, 1984.

A. Grigor-'ev and A. Egorov, Phenomenology and mechanisms of changes in the basic functions of the human body in weightlessness, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.22, pp.4-17, 1988.

A. Grigoriev, C. Huntoon, B. Morukov, H. Lane, I. Larina et al., The study of the interaction of endocrine and renal systems and circulatory factors in the maintaining of volume and electrolyte homeostasis in microgravity: Russian-American project, Orbital station MIR [in Russian], pp.69-85, 2002.

A. Grigor-'ev, I. Kozlovskaia, and B. Shenkman, The role of support afferents in organisation of the tonic muscle system [in Russian, Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova, vol.90, pp.508-521, 2004.

A. Guyton, Nervous regulation of the circulation and rapid control of arterial pressure, Medical Physiology. W.B. Saunders Company, pp.194-204, 1991.

C. Hornstein, Stress, anxiety and cardiovascular disease: an interdisciplinary approach [in Spanish], Vertex, vol.15, pp.21-31, 2004.

C. Huntoon, . Leach, A. Grigoriev, and N. Yuv, Fluid and Electrolyte Regulation in Spaceflight

. Iarullin-kh-kh, L. Simonov, and S. Vtoryi, Changes in regional and central hemodynamics during a 7- day immersion in water [in Russian], Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.21, pp.45-50, 1987.

S. Iwase, Y. Sugiyama, C. Miwa, A. Kamiya, T. Mano et al., Effects of three days of dry immersion on muscle sympathetic nerve activity and arterial blood pressure in humans, Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, vol.79, issue.2-3, pp.156-164, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-1838(99)00076-4

J. Karemaker and J. Berecki-gisolf, 24-h blood pressure in Space: The dark side of being an astronaut, Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology, vol.169
DOI : 10.1016/j.resp.2009.05.006

D. Kellogg, . Jr, Y. Liu, I. Kosiba, O. Donnell et al., Role of nitric oxide in the vascular effects of local warming of the skin in humans, J Appl Physiol, vol.86, pp.1185-1190, 1999.

N. Kokova, Effect of water-salt dietary supplements on tolerance to head-pelvis acceleration after 7 days of "dry" immersion and during normal motor activity, Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.18, pp.33-37, 1984.

A. Kotovskaia and I. Williams, The short-arm centrifuge: history and possible uses in cosmonautics and health care services, Aviakosm Ekolog Med, vol.38, pp.3-11, 2004.

E. Kovalenko, Chief methods of modeling the biological effects of weightlessness [in Russian], Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.11, pp.3-9, 1977.

I. Kozlovskaia, Fundamental and applied objectives of investigation in dry immersion, Human Physiology, vol.36, issue.7
DOI : 10.1134/S0362119710070108

I. Kozlovskaya, Dry immersion as a powerful tool in studies of sensory-motor effects of microgravity, 5th International Head-out Water Immersion Symposium: research simulations to model microgravity

L. Lamb, P. Stevens, and J. Rl, Hypokinesia secondary to chair rest from 4 to 10 days, Aerosp Med, vol.36, pp.755-763, 1965.

L. Lamb, R. Johnson, and P. Stevens, Cardiovascular deconditioning during chair rest, Aerosp Med, vol.35, pp.646-649, 1964.

C. Low, K. Salomon, and K. Matthews, Chronic Life Stress, Cardiovascular Reactivity, and Subclinical Cardiovascular Disease in Adolescents, Psychosomatic Medicine, vol.71, issue.9, pp.927-931, 2009.
DOI : 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181ba18ed

K. Mel-'nik, A. Artamonov, T. Miller, and A. Voronov, Effects of mechanic stimulation of the foot support zones on locomotion kinematics during 7-day dry immersion, Aviakosm Ekolog Med, vol.40, pp.61-65, 2006.

E. Monos, G. Raffai, G. Dörnyei, G. Nádasy, and E. Fehér, Structural and functional responses of extremity veins to long-term gravitational loading or unloading???lessons from animal systems, Acta Astronautica, vol.60, issue.4-7, pp.406-414, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actaastro.2006.09.027

E. Morey-holton and R. Globus, Hindlimb unloading rodent model: technical aspects, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.92, issue.4, pp.1367-1377, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00969.2001

X. Musacchia, D. Deavers, G. Meininger, and T. Davis, A model for hypokinesia: effects on muscle atrophy in the rat, J Appl Physiol, vol.48, pp.479-486, 1980.

T. Nickel, A. Deutschmann, H. Hanssen, C. Summo, and U. Wilbert-lampen, Modification of endothelial biology by acute and chronic stress hormones, Microvascular Research, vol.78, issue.3, pp.364-369, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mvr.2009.07.008

A. Nicogossian, C. Huntoon, and S. Pool, Space Physiology and Medicine, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4939-6652-3

P. Norsk, C. Drummer, N. Christensen, M. Cirillo, M. Heer et al., Revised hypothesis and future perspectives, American Journal of Kidney Diseases, vol.38, issue.3, pp.696-698, 2001.
DOI : 10.1053/ajkd.2001.27769

S. Ogoh, S. Volianitis, P. Nissen, D. Wray, N. Secher et al., Carotid baroreflex responsiveness to head-up tilt-induced central hypovolaemia: effect of aerobic fitness, The Journal of Physiology, vol.51, issue.2, pp.601-608, 2003.
DOI : 10.1113/jphysiol.2003.046029

N. Panferova, Cardiovascular system during hypokinesia of varying duration and intensity [in Russian], Kosm Biol Aviakosm Med, vol.10, pp.15-20, 1976.

A. Pavy-le-traon, M. Heer, M. Narici, J. Rittweger, and J. Vernikos, From space to Earth: advances in human physiology from 20??years of bed rest studies (1986???2006), European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.80, issue.Suppl, pp.143-194, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-007-0474-z

V. Petrov, A. Yua, V. Arkhangelskii, V. Bengin, V. Bondarenko et al., Radiation safety of manned flights at " Mir " space station, Orbital station MIR [in Russian], pp.187-229, 2001.

G. Plante, Vascular response to stress in health and disease, Metabolism, vol.51, issue.6, pp.25-30, 2002.
DOI : 10.1053/meta.2002.33187

G. Raffai, C. Cseko, L. Kocsis, L. Dézsi, and E. Monos, Does long-term experimental antiorthostasis lead to cardiovascular deconditioning in the rat?, Physiol Res, vol.58, pp.57-67, 2009.

A. Salathé, De l`anémie et de la congestion cérébrales provoquées mécaniquement chez les animaux, par l`attitude verticale ou par un mouvement giratoire, Physiologie Expérimentale. Travaux du laboratoire de M. Marey, vol.3, pp.251-272, 1877.

I. Sayenko, The characteristics of activity spinal mechanisms in microgravity conditions, 2007.

D. Sayenko, A. Artamonov, O. Ivanov, and I. Kozlovskaya, Effect of 6 days of support withdrawal on characteristics of balance function, J Gravit Physiol, vol.12, pp.33-34, 2005.

E. Shulzhenko and I. Vil-vilyams, Simulation of the human body deconditioning with the method of " dry " immersion, Xth K.E. Tziolkovski, vol.readings, pp.39-47, 1975.

E. Shulzhenko, I. Vil-vilyams, A. Grigoryev, K. Gogolev, and M. Khudyakova, Prevention of human deconditioning during prolonged immersion in water, Life Sci Space Res, vol.15, pp.219-224, 1977.

A. Spady and . Jr, Prototype of a New Lunar-Gravity Simulator for Astronaut Mobility Studies, Human Factors, vol.11, issue.5, pp.441-449, 1969.
DOI : 10.1177/001872086901100504

V. Stepantsov, A. Eremin, and M. Tikhonov, Means and methods of physical training in human in longterm flights [in Russian] In: Weightlessness (medico-biological studies), p.299, 1974.

A. Steptoe, N. Owen, S. Kunz-ebrecht, and L. Brydon, Loneliness and neuroendocrine, cardiovascular, and inflammatory stress responses in middle-aged men and women, Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol.29, issue.5, pp.593-611, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0306-4530(03)00086-6

C. Stump, J. Overton, and C. Tipton, Influence of single hindlimb support during simulated weightlessness in the rat, J Appl Physiol, vol.68, pp.627-634, 1990.

S. Suzuki, R. Mizuno, F. Ikomi, and T. Ohhashi, Head-down tilt posture elicits transient lymphocyte mobilization from the iliac, but not mesenteric, lymph nodes of rats, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.105, issue.5, pp.1595-1601, 2008.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.90415.2008

D. Thijssen, A. Maiorana, O. Driscoll, G. Cable, N. Hopman et al., Impact of inactivity and exercise on the vasculature in humans, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.91, issue.Suppl 1, pp.845-875, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-009-1260-x

J. Vernikos, D. Ludwig, A. Ertl, C. Wade, L. Keil et al., Effect of standing or walking on physiological changes induced by head down bed rest: implications for spaceflight, Aviat Space Environ Med, vol.67, pp.1069-1079, 1996.

I. Vil-viliams, A. Kotovskaya, G. Nikolashin, and V. Lukjanuk, Modern view on the short-arm centrifuge as a potential generator of artificial gravity in piloted missions, J Gravit Physiol, vol.8, pp.145-146, 2001.

R. Zhang, J. Zuckerman, J. Pawelczyk, and B. Levine, Effects of head-down-tilt bed rest on cerebral hemodynamics during orthostatic stress, J Appl Physiol, vol.83, pp.2139-2184, 1997.

L. Zhang, Vascular adaptation to microgravity, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.97, issue.4, pp.2415-2445, 2001.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00534.2003