C. Wongsrichanalai, A. L. Pickard, W. H. Wernsdorfer, and S. R. Meshnick, Epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria, The Lancet Infectious Diseases, vol.2, issue.4, pp.209-218, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1473-3099(02)00239-6

S. Xiao, J. Yao, J. Utzinger, Y. Cai, J. Chollet et al., Selection and reversal of Plasmodium berghei resistance in the mouse model following repeated high doses of artemether, Parasitology Research, vol.92, issue.3, pp.215-219, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00436-003-1029-9

W. Ittarat, A. L. Pickard, P. Rattanasinganchan, P. Wilairatana, S. Looareesuwan et al., Recrudescence in artesunate-treated patients with falciparum malaria is dependent on parasite burden not on parasite factors, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.6820, pp.147-162, 2003.

S. Kumar and S. Srivastava, Establishment of artemisinin combination therapy as first line treatment for combating malaria: Artemisia annua sustainable supply chain of artemisinin, Curr. Sci, vol.8922, pp.1097-1102, 2005.

D. Ro, M. Ouellet, K. J. Fisher, K. L. Newman, J. M. Ndungu et al., Production of the antimalarial drug precursor artemisinic acid in engineered yeast, Nature, vol.272, issue.7086, pp.940-943, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nature04640

S. R. Meshnick, T. W. Tsang, F. B. Lin, H. Z. Pan, C. N. Chang et al., Activated oxygen mediates the antimalarial activity of qinghaosu, Prog. Clin. Biol. Res, vol.31324, pp.95-104, 1989.

M. A. Pfaller and D. J. Krogstad, Oxygen enhances the antimalarial activity of the imidazoles, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.3225, pp.660-665, 1983.

G. H. Posner, C. H. Oh, D. Wang, L. Gerena, W. K. Milhous et al., Mechanism-Based Design, Synthesis, and in vitro Antimalarial Testing of New 4-Methylated Trioxanes Structurally Related to Artemisinin: The Importance of a Carbon-Centered Radical for Antimalarial Activity, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol.37, issue.9, pp.1256-1258, 1994.
DOI : 10.1021/jm00035a003

A. Robert and B. Meunier, Characterization of the First Covalent Adduct between Artemisinin and a Heme Model, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.119, issue.25, pp.5968-5969, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/ja970412g

A. Robert, J. Cazelles, and B. Meunier, Characterization of the Alkylation Product of Heme by the Antimalarial Drug Artemisinin, Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol.133, issue.10, pp.1954-1057, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/1521-3773(20010518)40:10<1954::AID-ANIE1954>3.0.CO;2-9

A. Robert, Y. Coppel, and B. Meunier, Alkylation of heme by the antimalarial drug artemisinin, Chemical Communications, vol.29, issue.5, pp.414-416, 2002.
DOI : 10.1039/b110817b

A. Robert, Y. Coppel, and B. Meunier, NMR characterization of covalent adducts obtained by alkylation of heme with the antimalarial drug artemisinin, Inorganica Chimica Acta, vol.339, pp.488-496, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-1693(02)00940-4

K. Selmeczi, A. Robert, C. Claparols, and B. Meunier, by the antimalarial drug artemisinin, FEBS Letters, vol.17, issue.1-3, pp.245-24831, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-5793(03)01448-0

A. Robert, F. Benoit-vical, C. Claparols, and B. Meunier, The antimalarial drug artemisinin alkylates heme in infected mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, pp.13676-13680
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0500972102

S. A. Laurent, C. Loup, S. Mourgues, A. Robert, and B. Meunier, Heme Alkylation by Artesunic Acid and Trioxaquine DU1301, Two Antimalarial Trioxanes, ChemBioChem, vol.10, issue.4, pp.653-658, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/cbic.200400249

S. A. Laurent, A. Robert, and B. Meunier, C10-modified artemisinin derivatives: efficient heme-alkylating agents, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, vol.4434, pp.2060-2063, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/anie.200462556

W. Asawamahasakda, I. Ittarat, Y. Pu, H. Ziffer, and S. R. Meshnick, Reaction of antimalarial endoperoxides with specific parasite proteins., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.38, issue.8, pp.1854-1858, 1994.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.38.8.1854

J. Bhisutthibhan, X. Pan, P. A. Hossler, D. J. Walker, C. A. Yowell et al., The Plasmodium falciparum translationally controlled tumor protein homolog and its reaction with the antimalarial drug artemisinin Artemisinins target the SERCA of Plasmodium falciparum, J. Biol. Chem. Nature, vol.2733637, issue.424, pp.16192-16198, 1998.

Y. Yang, B. Little, and S. R. Meshnick, Alkylation of proteins by artemisinin. Effects of heme, pH, and drug structure, Biochem. Pharmacol, vol.4838, pp.569-573, 1994.

S. Jauréguiberry, L. Perez, L. Paris, F. Bricaire, M. Danis et al., Bilharzioses invasives, La Presse M??dicale, vol.34, issue.21, pp.1641-1645, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0755-4982(05)84241-1

M. Corachan, Schistosomiasis and International Travel, Clinical Infectious Diseases, vol.35, issue.4, pp.446-450, 2002.
DOI : 10.1086/341895

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.542.5639

M. A. Stirewalt and J. R. Hackey, Penetration of Host Skin by Cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni. I. Observed Entry into Skin of Mouse, Hamster, Rat, Monkey and Man, The Journal of Parasitology, vol.42, issue.6, pp.565-580, 1956.
DOI : 10.2307/3274873

M. A. Stirewalt, F. J. Kruidenier, R. A. Zussman, P. M. Bruman, and J. C. Petruska, Activity of the acetabular secretory apparatus of cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni under experimental conditions The role of ingested hemoglobin in the nutrition of Schistosoma mansoni, Exp. Parasitol. J. Parasitol, vol.111112, issue.56, pp.191-211, 1961.

P. J. Brindley, B. H. Kalinna, J. P. Dalton, S. R. Day, J. Y. Wong et al., Proteolytic degradation of host hemoglobin by schistosomes, Parasitology International, vol.47, pp.1-9, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S1383-5769(98)80112-8

J. D. Lawrence, A. R. Timms, and E. Bueding, The ingestion of red blood cells by Schistosoma mansoni Studies of a proteolytic enzyme from Schistosoma mansoni, J. Parasitol. Brit. J. Pharmacol, vol.591415, issue.14, pp.60-63, 1959.

W. P. Rogers, Haematological Studies on the Gut Contents of Certain Nematode and Trematode Parasites, Journal of Helminthology, vol.XXXI, issue.01, pp.53-62, 1940.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1926.0039

K. Kloetzel and R. M. Lewert, Pigment formation in Schistosoma mansoni infections in the white mouse, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.1517, pp.28-31, 1966.

C. A. Homewood, J. M. Jewsburry, and M. L. Chance, The pigment formed during haemoglobin digestion by malarial and schistosomal parasites, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Comparative Biochemistry, vol.43, issue.3, pp.517-523, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/0305-0491(72)90135-6

M. F. Oliveira, J. C. Avita, C. R. Torres, P. L. Oliveira, A. J. Tempone et al., Haemozoin in Schistosoma mansoni, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.111, issue.1, pp.217-221, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-6851(00)00299-1

M. F. Oliveira, S. W. Kycia, A. Gomez, A. J. Kosar, D. S. Bohle et al., Structural and morphological characterization of hemozoin produced by Schistosoma mansoni and Rhodnius prolixus, FEBS Lett, vol.57920, pp.6010-6016, 2005.

M. F. Oliveira, J. C. Avila, A. J. Tempone, C. Soares, J. B. Rumjanek et al., Inhibition of heme aggegation by chloroquine reduces Schistosoma mansoni infection The in vitro effects of various lysomotropic agents on the gut of Schistosoma mansoni schistosomula, J. Infect. Dis. J. Parasitol, vol.1902122, issue.77, pp.843-852, 1991.

D. Cioli, Chemotherapy of Schistosomiasis: An Update, Parasitology Today, vol.14, issue.10, pp.418-422, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-4758(98)01323-4

D. Cioli, L. Pica-mattoccia, and S. Archer, Drug resistance in schistosomes, Parasitology Today, vol.9, issue.5, pp.162-166, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-4758(93)90138-6

J. B. Christopherson and M. D. Cantab, THE SUCCESSFUL USE OF ANTIMONY IN BILHARZIOSIS, The Lancet, vol.192, issue.4958, pp.325-327, 1918.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)02807-0

P. Schmidt and M. Wilhelm, A New Group of Antischistosomal Compounds, Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English, vol.5, issue.10, pp.857-908, 1966.
DOI : 10.1002/anie.196608571

C. K. Shekhar, Schistosomiasis Drug Therapy and Treatment Considerations, Drugs, vol.42, issue.3, pp.379-405, 1991.
DOI : 10.2165/00003495-199142030-00004

T. E. Mansour and E. Bueding, THE ACTIONS OF ANTIMONIALS ON GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES OF SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI, British Journal of Pharmacology and Chemotherapy, vol.160, issue.4, pp.459-462, 1954.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1954.tb00861.x

N. M. Woolhouse, Biochemical and pharmacological effects in relation to the mode of action of antischistosomal drugs, Biochemical Pharmacology, vol.28, issue.16, pp.2413-2418, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-2952(79)90001-7

D. Cioli, L. Pica-mattoccia, and S. Archer, Antischistosomal drugs : past, present ? and future ? Pharmac. Ther [30] Harder S. Chemotherapeutic approaches to schistosomes : current knowledge and outlook [31] Bloom A. Studies of the mode of action of metrifonate and DDVP in schistosomes cholinesterase activity and the hepatic shift, Parasitol. Res. Acta Pharmacol. Toxicol, vol.6832, issue.49, pp.35-85, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0163-7258(95)00026-7

N. R. Gear, The effects of inhibitors on the hydrolysis of acetylcholine by four species of schistosoma, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Comparative Pharmacology, vol.55, issue.1, pp.5-10, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0306-4492(76)90003-4

G. C. Coles and J. I. Bruce, In vitro selection of drug resistant Schistosoma mansoni Evidence against rapid emergence of praziquantel resistance in Schistosoma haematobium, Int. J. Parasitol. Kenya. Emerg. Infect. Dis, vol.1735, issue.6, pp.767-771, 1987.

D. Rosi, G. Peruzzotti, E. W. Dennis, D. A. Berberian, H. Freele et al., Hycanthone, a new active metabolite of lucanthone Pica-Mattoccia L., Cioli D. Studies of the mode of action of oxamniquine and related schistosomicidal drugs, J. Med. Chem. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.103637, issue.34, pp.867-876, 1967.

R. Okun, New Medications-1981, Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol.21, issue.1, pp.597-604, 1981.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.pa.21.040181.003121

D. Cioli, L. Pica-mattoccia, S. Rosenberg, and S. Archer, Evidence for the mode of antischistosomal action of hycanthone, Life Sciences, vol.37, issue.2, pp.161-167, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0024-3205(85)90419-9

S. Archer, The Chemotherapy of Schistosomiasis, Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, vol.25, issue.1, pp.485-508, 1985.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.pa.25.040185.002413

S. H. Rogers and E. Bueding, Hycanthone Resistance: Development in Schistosoma mansoni, Science, vol.172, issue.3987, pp.1057-1058, 1971.
DOI : 10.1126/science.172.3987.1057

P. J. Brindley, Drug resistance to schistosomicides and other anthelmintics of medical significance, Acta Tropica, vol.56, issue.2-3, pp.213-231, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-706X(94)90064-7

D. Cioli, L. Pica-mattoccia, and R. Moroni, Schistosoma mansoni: Hycanthone/oxamniquine resistance is controlled by a single autosomal recessive gene, Experimental Parasitology, vol.75, issue.4, pp.425-432, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-4894(92)90255-9

H. Hof, O. Zak, E. Schweizert, and A. Denzler, Antibacterial activities of nitrothiazole derivatives, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.14, issue.1, pp.31-39, 1984.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/14.1.31

M. G. Taylor, A comparison of the susceptibility to niridazole of Schistosoma mansoni and S. intercalatum in mice, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.67, issue.2, pp.245-249, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0035-9203(73)90151-X

C. H. Robinson, E. Bueding, and J. Fisher, Relationship between structure, conformation and antischistosomal activity of nitroheterocyclic compounds, Mol. Pharmacol, vol.646, pp.604-616, 1970.

J. W. Tracy, B. A. Catto, and L. T. Webster, Jr Reductive metabolisme of niridazole by adult Schistosoma mansoni. Correlation with covalent binding to parasite macromolecules, Mol. Pharmacol, vol.2447, pp.291-299, 1983.

A. Davis, Field trials of ambilhar in the treatment of urinary bilharziosis in schoolchildren, pp.827-835, 1966.

E. Bueding, R. Batzinger, and G. Petterson, Antischistosomal and some toxicological properties of a nitrodiphenylaminoisothiocyanate (C9333-Go/CGP4540), Experientia, vol.1549, pp.604-606, 1976.

H. P. Striebel, 4-isothiocyanato-4'-nitrodiphenylamine (C9333-Go/CGP4540), an anthelminthic with an unusual spectrum of activity against intestinal nematodes, filariae and schistosomes, Experientia, vol.3250, pp.457-458, 1976.

G. M. Mkoji, J. M. Smith, and R. K. Prichard, Glutathione redox state, lipid peroxide levels, and activities of glutathione enzymes in oltipraz-treated adult Schistosoma mansoni, Biochemical Pharmacology, vol.38, issue.23, pp.4307-4313, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-2952(89)90530-3

B. Nare, J. M. Smith, and R. K. Prichard, Differential effects of oltipraz and its oxy-analogue on the viability of schistosoma mansoni and the activity of glutathione S-transferase, Biochemical Pharmacology, vol.42, issue.6, pp.1287-1292, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-2952(91)90267-9

S. S. Ansher, P. Dolan, and E. Bueding, Chemoprotective effects of two dithiolethiones and of butylhydroxyanisole against carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen toxicity, pp.932-935, 1983.

M. L. Clapper, L. C. Everley, L. A. Strobel, A. J. Townsend, and P. F. Engstrom, Coordinate induction of glutathion-S-transferase ?, µ and ? expression in murine liver after a single administration of oltipraz, Mol. Pharmacol, vol.4554, pp.469-474, 1994.

E. Bueding, J. Hawkins, and Y. N. Cha, Antischistosomal affects of cyclosporin A, Agents Actions, vol.1155, pp.380-383, 1981.

S. Botros, H. Sayed, H. El-dusoki, H. Sabry, I. Rabie et al., Efficacy of mirazid in comparison with praziquantel in egyptian Schistosoma mansoniinfected school children and households, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.7256, pp.119-123, 2005.

S. Botros, S. William, F. Ebeid, D. Cioli, N. Katz et al., Lack of evidence for an antischistosomal activity of myrrh in experimental animals, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.7157, pp.206-210, 2004.

M. J. Doenhoff and L. Pica-mattoccia, Praziquantel for the treatment of schistosomiasis: its use for control in areas with endemic disease and prospects for drug resistance, Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, vol.4, issue.2, pp.199-210, 2006.
DOI : 10.1586/14787210.4.2.199

S. Xiao and B. A. Catto, Comparative in vitro and in vivo activity of racemic praziquantel and its levorated isomer on Schistosoma mansoni, J. Infect. Dis, vol.159, pp.589-59261, 1989.

M. Wu, C. Wei, Z. Xu, H. Yuan, W. Lian et al., Comparison of the therapeutic afficacy and side effects of a single dose of levo-praziquantel with mixed isomer praziquantel in 278 cases of schistosomiasis japonica, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.4562, pp.345-349, 1991.

F. Westhoff and G. Blaschke, High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the stereoselective biotransformation of the chiral drug praziquantel, Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, vol.578, issue.2, pp.265-271, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-4347(92)80425-P

U. Staudt, G. Schmahl, G. Blaschke, and H. Mehlborn, Light and scanning electron microscopy studies on the effects of the enantiomers of praziquantel and its main metabolite on Schistosoma mansoni in vitro, Parasitol. Res, vol.7865, pp.392-397, 1992.

P. Andrews, Praziquantel: mechanisms of anti-schistosomal activity, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.29, issue.1, pp.129-156
DOI : 10.1016/0163-7258(85)90020-8

H. Harder, P. Andrews, and H. Thomas, Praziquantel: mode of action, Biochemical Society Transactions, vol.15, issue.1, pp.68-70, 1987.
DOI : 10.1042/bst0150068

N. Castro, R. Medina, J. Sotelo, and H. Jung, Bioavailability of Praziquantel Increases with Concomitant Administration of Food, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.44, issue.10, pp.2903-2904, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.44.10.2903-2904.2000

H. Frohberg, Results of toxicological studies of praziquantel, Arzneim.-Forsch, vol.3469, pp.1137-1144, 1984.

H. Frohberg and M. S. Schencking, Toxicological profile of praziquantel, a new drug against cestode and schistosome infections, as compared to some other schistosomicides, Arzneim.-Forsch, vol.3170, pp.555-565, 1981.

P. Andrews, A. A. Sabah, C. Fletcher, G. Webbe, and M. J. Doenhoff, [71] Pica-Mattoccia L., Cioli D. Sex-and stage-related sensitivity of Schistosoma mansoni to in vivo and in vitro praziquantel treatment Schistosoma mansoni : chemotherapy of infections of different ages, Arzneim.-Forsch. Int. J. Parasitol. Exp. Parasitol, vol.317273, issue.61, pp.538-541, 1981.

M. J. Doenhoff and L. Pica-mattoccia, Praziquantel for the treatment of schistosomiasis: its use for control in areas with endemic disease and prospects for drug resistance, Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, vol.4, issue.2, pp.199-210, 2006.
DOI : 10.1586/14787210.4.2.199

S. Botros, L. Pica-mattoccia, S. William, N. El-lakkani, and D. Cioli, Effect of praziquantel on the immature stages of Schistosoma haematobium, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.35, issue.13, pp.1453-1457, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijpara.2005.05.002

K. L. Blair, J. L. Bennett, and R. A. Pax, Schistosoma mansoni: Myogenic Characteristics of Phorbol Ester-Induced Muscle Contraction, Experimental Parasitology, vol.78, issue.3, pp.302-316, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/expr.1994.1032

R. Pax, J. L. Bennett, and R. Fetterer, A benzodiazepine derivative and praziquantel: Effects on musculature of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology, vol.190, issue.3, pp.309-315, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00507974

R. M. Greenberg, Are Ca 2+ channels targets of praziquantel action?, Int. J. Parasitol, vol.3578, pp.1-9, 2005.

C. A. Redman, A. Robertson, P. G. Fallon, J. Modha, J. R. Kusel et al., Praziquantel: an urgent and exciting challenge Influence of praziquantel and Ca 2+ on the bilayer-isotropichexagonal transition of model membranes, Parasitol. Today Mol. Biochem. Parasitol, vol.1280, issue.25, pp.14-20, 1988.

W. Harnett and J. R. Kusel, Increased exposure of parasite antigens at the surface of adult male Schistosoma mansoni exposed to praziquantel in vitro, Parasitology, vol.31, issue.02, pp.401-405, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-4894(86)90146-3

P. J. Brindley and A. Sher, The chemotherapeutic effect of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni is dependent on host antibody response, J. Immunol, vol.13982, pp.215-220, 1987.

P. J. Brindley, M. Strand, A. P. Norden, and A. Sher, Role of host antibody in the chemotherapeutic action of praziquantel against Schistosoma mansoni: identification of target antigens, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.34, issue.2, pp.99-108, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-6851(89)90001-7

F. Ribeiro, R. T. De-mello, C. A. Tavares, J. R. Kusel, and P. M. Coelho, Synergistic action of praziquantel and host specific immune response against Schistosoma mansoni at different phases of infection, Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de S??o Paulo, vol.46, issue.4, pp.231-233, 2004.
DOI : 10.1590/S0036-46652004000400010

D. Cioli, S. S. Botros, K. Wheatcroft-francklow, A. Mbaye, V. Southgate et al., Determination of ED 50 values for praziquantel-resistant and ?susceptible Schistosoma mansoni isolates, Int. J. Parasitol, vol.3485, pp.979-987, 2004.

P. G. Fallon and M. J. Doenhoff, Drug-resistant schistosomiasis: resistance to praziquantel and oxamniquine induced with Schistosoma mansoni in mice is drug specific, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.5186, pp.83-88, 1994.

M. Ismail, A. Metwally, A. Farghaly, J. Bruca, L. Tao et al., Characterization of isolates of Schistosoma mansoni from egyptians villagers that tolerate high doses of praziquantel, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.5587, pp.214-218, 1996.

S. Botros, H. Sayed, N. Amer, M. El-ghannam, J. L. Bennett et al., Current status of sensitivity to praziquantel in a focus of potentiel drug resistance in Egypt, Int. J. Parasitol, vol.3588, pp.787-791, 2005.

F. F. Stelma, I. Talla, K. B. Polman, S. Sow, A. Kongs et al., Low efficacy and tolerance of praziquantel in a new, intense focus of Schistosoma mansoni infection, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.5389, pp.167-170, 1995.

D. Alonso, J. Munoz, J. Gascon, M. E. Valls, and M. Corachan, Short report: failure of standard treatment with praziquantel in two returned travelers with Schistosoma haematobium infection, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.74, pp.342-344, 2006.

J. Utzinger, S. Xiao, J. Keiser, C. Minggan, Z. Jiang et al., Current Progress in the Development and Use of Artemether for Chemoprophylaxis of Major Human Schistosome Parasites, Current Medicinal Chemistry, vol.8, issue.15, pp.1841-1859, 2001.
DOI : 10.2174/0929867013371581

S. Xiao, J. Chollet, N. A. Weiss, R. N. Bergquist, and M. Tanner, Preventive effect of artemether in experimental animals infected with Schistosoma mansoni, Parasitol. Int, vol.4992, pp.19-24, 2000.

S. Xiao, J. Utzinger, J. Chollet, Y. Endriss, E. K. N-'goran et al., Effect of artemether against Schistosoma haematobium in experimentally infected hamster, Int. J. Parasitol, vol.3093, pp.1001-1006, 2000.

J. Utzinger, J. Chollet, Z. Tu, S. Xiao, and M. Tanner, Comparative stydy of the effects of artemether and artesunate on juvenile and adult Schistosoma mansoni in experimentally infected mice, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.9694, pp.318-323, 2002.

Y. Li, H. Chen, H. He, X. Hou, M. Ellis et al., A double-blind field trial on the effects of artemether on Schistosoma japonicum infection in a highly endemic focus in southern China, Acta Tropica, vol.96, issue.2-3, pp.184-190, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.07.013

J. Utzinger, E. K. N-'goran, A. N-'dri, C. Lengeler, S. Xiao et al., Oral artemether for prevention of Schistosoma mansoni infection: randomised controlled trial, The Lancet, vol.355, issue.9212, pp.1320-1325, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02114-0

S. Xiao, M. Tanner, E. K. N-'goran, J. Utzinger, J. Chollet et al., Recent investigations of artemether, a novel agent for the prevention of schistosomiasis japonica, mansoni and haematobia, Acta Trop, vol.8297, pp.175-181, 2002.

S. Xiao, Y. Jiqing, M. Jinying, G. Huifang, J. Peiying et al., Effect of praziquantel together with artemether on Schistosoma japonicum parasites of different ages in rabbits, Parasitol. Int, vol.4998, pp.25-30, 2000.

J. Utzinger, J. Chollet, Y. Jiqing, M. Jinyan, M. Tanner et al., Effect of combined treatment with praziquantel and artemether on Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma mansoni in experimentally infected animals, Acta Tropica, vol.80, issue.1, pp.9-18, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-706X(01)00138-3

M. R. Mahmoud and S. S. Botros, ARTEMETHER AS ADJUVANT THERAPY TO PRAZIQUANTEL IN MURINE EGYPTIAN SCHISTOSOMIASIS MANSONI, Journal of Parasitology, vol.91, issue.1, pp.175-178, 2005.
DOI : 10.1645/GE-322R

N. R. Bergquist and D. G. Colley, Schistosomiasis Vaccine:Research to Development, Parasitology Today, vol.14, issue.3, pp.99-104, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-4758(97)01207-6

Z. Wu, Z. Lü, and X. Yu, Development of a vaccine against Schistosoma japonicum in China: a review, Acta Tropica, vol.96, issue.2-3, pp.106-116, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.actatropica.2005.08.005

A. Capron, G. Riveau, P. Bartley, and D. P. Mcmanus, Prospects for A Schistosome Vaccine, Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders, vol.2, issue.3, pp.281-290, 2002.
DOI : 10.2174/1568008023340587

D. M. Zhang, W. Q. Pan, L. Qian, M. Duke, L. H. Shen et al., Investigation of recombinant Schistosoma japonicum paramyosin fragments for immunogenicity and vaccine efficacy in mice, Parasite Immunology, vol.162, issue.3, pp.77-84, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/nri843

M. G. Radke and E. H. Sadun, Resistance produced in mice by exposure to irradiated Schistosoma mansoni cercariae, Experimental Parasitology, vol.13, issue.2, pp.134-142, 1963.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-4894(63)90063-8

D. Richter, D. A. Harn, and F. Matuska, The irradiated cercariae vaccine model: Looking on the bright side of radiation, Parasitology Today, vol.11, issue.8, pp.288-293, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-4758(95)80041-7

Z. Zhang, W. Wu, and Y. Wu, Design and synthesis of novel artemisinin-like ozonides with antischistosomal activity, Helv. Chim. Acta, vol.88, pp.2865-2872, 2005.

O. Dechy-cabaret, F. Benoit-vical, C. Loup, A. Robert, H. Gornitzka et al., Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of Trioxaquine Derivatives, Chemistry - A European Journal, vol.10, issue.7, pp.1625-1636, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/chem.200305576

A. Robert, F. Benoit-vical, C. Claparols, and B. Meunier, The antimalarial drug artemisinin alkylates heme in infected mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2005, pp.13676-13680
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0500972102

O. Dechy-cabaret, F. Benoit-vical, A. Robert, and B. Meunier, Preparation and antimalarial activities of trioxaquines, new modular molecules with a trioxane skeleton linked to a 4-aminoquinoline, ChemBiochem, vol.4, pp.281-283, 2000.

H. Rupe and W. Frey, 'scher K??rper aus Isochinolin), Helvetica Chimica Acta, vol.20, issue.1, p.673, 1939.
DOI : 10.1002/hlca.19390220184

D. Frehel and J. Maffrand, New synthesis of praziquantel: 2-(cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11b- hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinolin-4-one, Heterocycles, vol.204, pp.1731-1735, 1983.

F. Yuste, Y. Pallas, H. Barrios, B. Ortiz, and R. Sanchez-obregon, A short synthesis of praziquantel, Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry, vol.21, issue.1, pp.189-190, 1986.
DOI : 10.1002/jhet.5570230139

W. F. Berkowitz and T. V. John, An internal imino-Diels-Alder route to a tetrahydroisoquinoline, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.49, issue.26, pp.5269-5271, 1984.
DOI : 10.1021/jo00200a057

J. H. Kim, Y. S. Lee, and C. S. Kim, ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Praziquantel via N-Acyliminium Ion Cyclization of Amido Acetals Through Several Synthetic Routes., ChemInform, vol.48, issue.9, pp.2279-2285, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/chin.199909184

J. H. Kim, Y. S. Lee, H. Park, and C. S. Kim, Formation of pyrazinoisoquinoline ring system by the tandem amidoalkylation and N-acyliminium ion cyclization: An efficient synthesis of Praziquantel, Tetrahedron, vol.54, issue.26, pp.7395-7400, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-4020(98)00401-3

M. H. Todd, C. Ndubaku, and P. A. Bartlett, Amino Acid Derived Heterocycles:?? Lewis Acid Catalyzed and Radical Cyclizations from Peptide Acetals, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.67, issue.12, pp.3985-3988, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/jo010990m

O. Dechy-cabaret, F. Benoit-vical, C. Loup, A. Robert, H. Gornitzka et al., Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of Trioxaquine Derivatives, Chemistry - A European Journal, vol.10, issue.7, pp.1625-1636, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/chem.200305576

R. O. Hutchins and M. Markowitz, Tetraalkylammonium trihydridocyanoborates. Versatile, selective reagents for reductive aminations in nonpolar media, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.46, issue.17, pp.3571-3574, 1981.
DOI : 10.1021/jo00330a048

A. F. Abdel-magid, B. D. Harris, C. A. Maryanoff, C. H. Oh, and J. H. Kang, A reductive amination/lactamisation procedure using borohydrure reagents A convenient synthesis of substituted 1,2,4-trioxanes via Co(II) catalysed oxygenation of cinnamyl alcohol Regioselective Mukaiyama hydroperoxysilylation of 2-alkyl-or 2-aryl-prop-2-en-1-ols: application to a new synthesis of 1, Synlett Tetrahedron Lett. Tetrahedron Lett, vol.39214, issue.42, pp.81-83, 1994.

S. Isayama and T. Mukaiyama, Novel method for the preparation of triethylsilyl peroxides from olefins by the reaction with molecular oxygen and triethylsilane catalysed by bis-(1,3-diketonato)cobalt (II)

X. Xu and H. Dong, Enantioselective total synthesis of all four stereoisomers of Yingzahaosu C, Tetrahedron Lett, vol.3516, pp.9429-9432, 1994.

T. Tokuyasu, A. Masuyama, and M. Nojima, Co(III)-alkyl complex-and Co(III)-alkylperoxo complexcatalyzed triethylsilylperoxidation of alkenes with molecular oxygen and triethylsilane, Org. Lett, vol.417, pp.3595-3598, 2002.

Y. Tang, Y. Dong, J. M. Karle, C. A. Ditusa, and J. L. Vennerstrom, Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted Ozonides by the Griesbaum Coozonolysis Reaction:?? Diastereoselectivity and Functional Group Transformations by Post-Ozonolysis Reactions, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.69, issue.19, pp.6470-6473, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/jo040171c

A. Armstrong, M. A. Atkin, and S. Swallow, Electrophilic amination of carbanions by N-carboxamido oxaziridines, Tetrahedron Letters, vol.41, issue.13, pp.2247-2251, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)00140-4

W. Lutz, W. L. Lingle, D. Mccormick, T. M. Greenwood, and J. L. Salisbury, Phosphorylation of Centrin during the Cell Cycle and Its Role in Centriole Separation Preceding Centrosome Duplication, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.276, issue.23, pp.20774-20780, 2001.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M101324200

V. J. Shiner and T. J. Jr, Deuterium isotope effects for migrating and nonmigrating groups in the solvolysis of neopentyl-type esters, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.103, issue.2, pp.436-442, 1981.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00392a031

J. E. Davies, A. J. Kirby, and I. V. Komarov, Structural correlations for nucleophilic addition to the C=O group. The solvatation angle, Helv. Chim. Acta, vol.8623, pp.1222-1233, 2003.

G. Resnati, D. D. Desmarteau, R. D. Chambers, and J. Hutchinson, N-fluorobis-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide: an efficient reagent for the ?-fluorination of functionalized carbonyl compounds Elemental fluorine. Part 9 1 catalysis of the direct fluorination of 2- substituted carbonyl coumpounds 2, J. Org. Chem. J. Fluorine Chem, vol.5625, issue.92, pp.4925-4929, 1991.

S. Rozen, A. Hagooly, and R. Harduf, Synthesis of ??-Fluorocarboxylates from the Corresponding Acids Using Acetyl Hypofluorite, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.66, issue.22, pp.7464-7468, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/jo010677k

S. F. Wnuk, J. M. Rios, J. Khan, and Y. Hsu, Stannyl radical-mediated cleavage of ?-deficient heterocyclic sulfones. Synthesis of ?-fluoroesters, J. Org. Chem, vol.6527, pp.4169-4174, 2000.

S. G. Lal, Site-selective fluorination of organic compounds using 1-alkyl-4-fluoro-1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane salts (selectfluor reagents), The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.58, issue.10, pp.2791-2796, 1993.
DOI : 10.1021/jo00062a023

?. Rmn, 400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 , 333 K) ? (ref : trifluoroéthanol, ppm)

?. Rmn, 400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 , 333 K) ? (ref : trifluoroéthanol, ppm)

?. Rmn, 400 MHz, DMSO-d 6 , 333 K) ? (ref : trifluoroéthanol, ppm)

?. Rmn, 400 MH, DMSO-d 6 , 333 K) ? (ref : trifluoroéthanol, ppm)

3. Hz, (s, 3H, H 3 C12, pp.170974-170976

. De, attestent les corrélations 1 H-1 H de la COSY, les atomes de carbone, dont les déplacements chimiques sont à 31,1 et 32,3 ppm, sont en ? position. D'une manière similaire, les atomes de carbone

3. Hz, (s, 3H, H 3 C12, pp.201070-201072

. De, attestent les corrélations 1 H-1 H de la COSY, les atomes de carbone, dont les déplacements chimiques sont à 24,9 et 31,2 ppm, sont en ? position. D'une manière similaire, les atomes de carbone

. Hz, (s, 3H, H 3 C13, Hz et 3 J =3,7 Hz, 1H, HC9), pp.42-44

. De, attestent les corrélations 1 H-1 H de la COSY, les atomes de carbone, dont les déplacements chimiques sont à 24,9 et 26,9 ppm, sont en ? position. D'une manière similaire, les atomes de carbone

C. Ma, Q. Zhang, Y. Tan, and L. Wang, Total synthesis of (-)-praziquantel: an anthelmintic drug, J. Chem. Res, pp.186-187, 2004.

Y. Zhang, Synthesis of stable-isotope labeled [M+7] and [M+6] 2-(methylamino)imidazole, J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm, vol.453, pp.1055-1064, 2002.

E. D. Cox and J. M. Cook, The Pictet-Spengler condensation: a new direction for an old reaction, Chemical Reviews, vol.95, issue.6, pp.1797-1842, 1995.
DOI : 10.1021/cr00038a004

J. W. Kelly, L. He, and J. T. Stewart, Liquid chromatographic separation of praziquantel enantiomers in serum using a cellulose-based chiral stationary phase, Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol.11, issue.11-12, pp.1141-1144, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0731-7085(93)80095-I

P. Jabor, V. A. , M. Rocha, G. Bonato, and P. S. , Enantioselective analysis of praziquantel in plasma samples, J. Chromatography B, vol.6966, pp.307-311, 1997.

V. Gotor, Non-conventional hydrolase chemistry: amid and carbamate bond formation catalysed by lipases [7] Djeghaba Z. Les enzymes en synthèse organique IX: acylation enzymatique des amines secondaires cycliques, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Bull. Soc. Chim. Belg, vol.7, issue.104, pp.2189-2197, 1995.

F. Balkenhohl, K. Ditrich, B. Hauer, and W. Ladner, Optisch aktive Amine durch Lipase-katalysierte Methoxyacetylierung, Journal f??r Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung, vol.118, issue.1, pp.381-384, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/prac.19973390166

S. Lutz, Engineering lipase B from Candida antarctica, Tetrahedron Asymmetry, vol.1510, pp.2743-2748, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.06.031

T. Maugard, . Remaud-simeon, D. Petre, and P. Monsan, Enzymatic amidification for the synthesis of biodegradable surfactants: Synthesis of N-acylated hydroxylated amines, Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, vol.5, issue.1-4, pp.13-17, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S1381-1177(98)00016-2

L. E. Iglesias, V. M. Sanchez, F. Rebolledo, and V. Gotor, Candida antarctica B lipase catalyzed resolution of (±)-1-(heteroaryl)ethylamines, Tetrahedron Asymmetry, vol.812, pp.2675-2677, 1997.

T. Chiou, C. Chang, C. Lai, and D. Tai, Kinetic resolution of propanolol by a lipase-catalyzed N-acetylation, Bioorg. Med. Chem, vol.713, pp.433-436, 1997.

G. Asensio, C. Andreu, J. A. Marco, J. L. Garcia-ruano, A. Alcudia et al., Enzyme-mediated enantioselective acylation of secondary amines in organic solvents Addition of enantiopure ?-sulfinyl carbanions to (S)-N-sulfinimines: asymmetric synthesis of ?-amino sulfoxides and ?-amino alcohols Asymmetric synthesis of 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-ribitol via stereoselective addition of allylphenylsulfone to an aryl N-sulfinylimine, Tetrahedron Lett. J. Org. Chem. Tetrahedron Asymmetry, vol.321516, issue.12, pp.4197-4198, 1991.

C. Wolf, L. Pranatharthiharan, and E. C. Volpe, A Convenient Method for the Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Chiral Amines, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.68, issue.8, pp.3287-3290, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/jo026732m

J. A. Dale, D. L. Dull, and D. Mosher, .alpha.-Methoxy-.alpha.-trifluoromethylphenylacetic acid, a versatile reagent for the determination of enantiomeric composition of alcohols and amines, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.34, issue.9, pp.2543-2549, 1969.
DOI : 10.1021/jo01261a013

T. R. Hoye and M. K. Renner, Applications of MTPA (Mosher) Amides of Secondary Amines:?? Assignment of Absolute Configuration in Chiral Cyclic Amines, The Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol.61, issue.24, pp.8469-8495, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/jo960373b

T. Kanger, K. Kriis, T. Pehk, A. Müürisep, M. Lopp et al., Asymmetric synthesis of novel C 2 -symmetric bismorpholines Synthetic studies on Mannostatin A and its derivatives: a new family of glycoprotein processing inhibitors, Tetrahedron Asymmetry J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.132021, issue.116, pp.857-865, 1994.

J. C. Sheeiian, D. H. Yang, and R. Pohlke, The use of N-formylamino acids in peptide synthesis, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.802204965923, issue.2009, pp.1154-1158, 1955.

S. R. Smithers and R. J. Terry, The infection of laboratory hosts with cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and the recovery of the adult worms. Parasitol Pica-Mattoccia L., Cioli D. Sex-and stage-related sensitivity of Schistosoma mansoni to in vivo and in vitro praziquantel treatment, Int. J. Parasitol, vol.5523, issue.34, pp.695-700, 1965.

R. H. Duvall and W. B. Dewitt, An improved perfusion technique for recovering adult schistosomes from laboratory animals, Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.164, pp.483-486, 1967.

P. Andrews, Praziquantel: mechanisms of anti-schistosomal activity, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, vol.29, issue.1, pp.129-156
DOI : 10.1016/0163-7258(85)90020-8

J. Utzinger, J. Chollet, Z. Tu, S. Xiao, and M. Tanner, Comparative study of the effects of artemether and artesunate on juvenile and adult Schistosoma mansoni in experimentally infected mice, Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, vol.96, issue.3, pp.318-323, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0035-9203(02)90110-0

S. Xiao, J. Chollet, J. Utzinger, H. Matile, M. Jinyan et al., Artemether administered together with haemin damages schistosomes in vitro, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg, vol.957, pp.67-71, 2001.

J. Utzinger, S. Xiao, E. N-'goran, K. Bergquist, R. Tanner et al., The potential of artemether for the control of schistosomiasis, International Journal for Parasitology, vol.31, issue.14, pp.1549-1562, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7519(01)00297-1