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. Var, Instruction n.s. n.s

. Var, Instruction n.s. n.s Early lear skills 6

. Var, Instruction n.s. 1.64* 0

. Var, Instruction n.s. n.s

F. School and . Var, Evaluation -6.8 *** 1

. Var, Instruction 3.6 *** 1

F. School and . Var, Evaluation -7.8 *** 1

. Var, Instruction 4.6 *** 1

F. School and . Var, Evaluation -7.9 *** 1

. Var, Instruction 2.9 *** 1

*. Cont2_high_low_vars, sas = macro to create STST_high, STST_low, STST, noS- TST, see next subsection

C. Appendix, SAS and R programs C.2 Models C.2.1 Null Models DATA a; set p.std2006; RUN; DATA a; set a; KEEP score2006 school teacher class country

P. Mixed-data=a-method=ml-covtest-noclprint, CLASS school; MODEL score2006 = /solution ddfm=bw; RANDOM intercept/subject=school; RUN; method=ml: full maximum likelihood estimation covtest: display tests for the variance components noclprint: avoid printing of Class Level Information ddfm=bw: Degrees of Freedom Method Between-Within

P. Export-data=-z and . Outfile=, C:\MIXEDodd.XLS" DBMS=EXCEL REPLACE, Sol.score2006

P. Export-data=-y and . Outfile=, C:\MIXEDodd.XLS" DBMS=EXCEL REPLACE; SHEET=, Cov.score2006