M. Abel, D. Lenne, C. Moulin, and A. Benayache, Gestion des ressources pédagogiques d " une e-formation, Documents Numériques, pp.111-128, 2003.
DOI : 10.3166/dn.7.1-2.111-128

URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=DN_071_0111

M. Abel, Utilisation de normes et standards dans le projet MEMORAe, Distances et savoirs, pp.487-511, 2004.
DOI : 10.3166/ds.2.487-511

URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=DIS_024_0487

E. Agirre, O. Ansa, E. Hovy, and D. Martinez, Enriching very large ontologies using the WWW, Proceedings of ECAI 2000 workshop on Ontology Learning, 2000.

R. Agrawal and R. Srikant, Mining generalized association rules, ?3), pp.161-180, 1997.

K. Ahmed, TMShare ? Topic Map Fragment Exchange in a Peer-To-Peer Application, 2003.

K. Ahmed, Topic Map Relational Query Language: TMRQL. Networked Planet White paper, 2005.

K. Ahmed and . Akoka, Making Topic Maps SPARQL Évaluation de la qualité des modèles conceptuels A Framework for Quality Evaluation in Data Integration Systems, Proceedings of the 9 th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, pp.170-175, 2007.

J. Akoka, L. Berti-Équille, O. Boucelma, M. Bouzeghoub, I. Comyn-wattiau et al., Évaluation de la qualité des systèmes multisources. Une approche par les patterns, Proceedings of the 2 nd Workshop on Data and Knowledge Quality (QDC 2008) in conjunction with the French National Conf. on Extraction and Management of Knowledge (Extraction et Gestion des Connaissances -EGC), 2008.

Z. Aleksovski, M. Klein, W. T. Kate, and F. V. Harmelen, Matching Unstructured Vocabularies Using a Background Ontology, Proceedings of the 15 th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, pp.182-197, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/11891451_18

M. Aljlayl and O. Frieder, Effective Arabic-English Cross-Lingual Information Retrieval via Machine-Readable Dictionaries and Machine Translation, ACM Tenth Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, 2001.
DOI : 10.1145/502585.502635

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.11.8852

N. Aussenac-gilles, B. Biébow, and S. Szulman, Modélisation du domaine par une méthode fondée sur l " analyse de corpus, Actes de la conférence, pp.93-103, 2000.

T. Bach, R. Dieng-kuntz, and F. Gandon, On Ontology Matching Problems for building a Corporate Semantic Web in a Multi-Communities Organization, the proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Enterprise Information Systems, pp.236-243, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01149842

J. F. Baget, E. Canaud, J. Euzenat, and M. D. Kacid, Les langages du web sémantique, Hors série de la revue Information -Interaction -Intelligence (I3), pp.21-43, 2004.

L. Ballesteros and W. Croft, Resolving ambiguity for cross-language retrieval, Proceedings of the 21st annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval , SIGIR '98, pp.64-71, 1998.
DOI : 10.1145/290941.290958

J. Bansiya and C. G. Davis, A hierarchical model for object-oriented design quality assessment, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, pp.4-17, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/32.979986

M. Baziz, M. Boughanem, and N. Nassr, La recherche d " information multilingue : désambiguïsation et expansion de requêtes basées sur WordNet, International Symposium On Programming and Systems (ISPS 2003), pp.175-186, 2003.

M. Baziz, Indexation conceptuelle guidée par ontologie pour la recherche d " information, Thèse de doctorat, 2005.

A. Bennayache, Construction d'une mémoire organisationnelle de formation et évaluation dans un contexte e-learning: le projet MEMORAE, Thèse de doctorat, 2005.

R. Bendaoud, R. Hacene, M. Toussaint, Y. Delecroix, B. Napoli et al., Construction d " une ontologie à partir d " un corpus de textes avec l " ACF, Actes des 18ème journées francophones d " ingénierie des connaissances, pp.121-133, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00167678

S. Bergamaschi, S. Castano, M. Vincini, and D. Beneventano, Semantic integration of heterogeneous information sources, Data & Knowledge Engineering, vol.36, issue.3, pp.215-249, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-023X(00)00047-1

T. Berners-lee, J. Hendler, and O. Lassila, The Semantic Web, Scientific American, pp.20-88, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/scientificamerican0501-34

K. Böhm, G. Heyer, U. Quasthoff, and W. Ch, Topic Map Generation Using Text Mining, In Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol.8, issue.6, pp.623-633, 2002.

W. Borst, Construction of Engineering Ontologies for Knowledge Sharing and Reuse: Thèse de doctorat, 1997.

D. Bourigault, N. Aussenac-gilles, and J. Charlet, Construction de ressources terminologiques ou ontologiques ?? partir de textes Un cadre unificateur pour trois ??tudes de cas, Techniques Informatiques et Structuration de Terminologies Numéro Spécial de la Revue d, 2004.
DOI : 10.3166/ria.18.87-110

D. Bourigault, C. Fabre, C. Frérot, M. Jacques, and S. Ozdowska, Syntex : analyseur syntaxique de corpus, Actes des 12 èmes journées sur le
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00005571

D. Bourigault, LEXTER: a Natural Language Processing tool for terminology extraction, Proceedings of the 7 th EURALEX International Congress, 1996.

E. Bozsak, M. Ehrig, S. Handschuh, A. Hotho, A. Maedche et al., KAON ??? Towards a Large Scale Semantic Web, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on E-Commerce and Web Technologies (ECWeb), pp.304-313, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45705-4_32

J. Brank, M. Grobelnik, and D. Mladenic, A survey of ontology evaluation techniques, Proceedings of conference on data mining and data warehouses (SIKDD " 05), 2005. [On Line, 2005.

A. Burton-jones, V. C. Storey, V. Sugumaram, and P. Ahluwalia, A semiotic metrics suite for assessing the quality of ontologies, Data and Knowledge Engineering, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.datak.2004.11.010

M. Caillet, J. F. Pessiot, M. Amini, and P. Gallinari, Unsupervised learning with term clustering for thematic segmentation of texts, the 7th Proceedings of Recherche d " Information Assistée par Ordinateur, pp.1-11, 2004.

D. Calvanese, G. D. Giacomo, and M. Lenzerini, A framework for ontology integration, Proceedings of the First Semantic Web Working Symposium, 2001.

J. Caussanel, J. Cahier, M. Zacklad, and J. Charlet, Les Topic Maps sontils un bon candidat pour l " ingénierie du Web Sémantique ?, Actes de IC, 2002.

S. L. Chaar, Extraction de segments thématiques pour la classification de résumé multi-document orienté par un profil utilisateur, 2003.

J. Charlet, B. Bachimont, and R. Troncy, Ontologies pour le web sémantique, Hors série de la revue Information -Interaction -Intelligence (I3), pp.69-100, 2004.

F. Y. Choi, P. Wiemer-hastings, and J. Moore, Latent semantic analysis for text segmentation, Proceedings of Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pp.109-117, 2001.

F. Y. Choi, Advances in domain independent linear text segmentation, Proceedings of the first conference on North American chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, pp.26-33, 2000.

P. Cimiano and J. Volker, Text2Onto, Proceedings of the 10 th International Conference on Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems (NLDB)
DOI : 10.1007/11428817_21

H. Cunningham, D. Maynard, K. Bontcheva, and V. Tablan, GATE: A Framework and Graphical Development Environment for Robust NLP Tools and Applications, Proceedings of the 40 th Anniversary Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL'02), pp.168-175, 1999.

B. Daille, Identification des adjectifs relationnels en corpus, Actes de la Conférence de Traitement Automatique du Langage Naturel (TALN'99), ATALA, pp.105-114, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01160959

. Davies, Conclusions: Ontology-driven Knowledge Management ??? Towards the Semantic Web?, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/0470858060.ch15

S. C. Deerwester, S. Dumais, T. K. Lander, G. W. Furnas, and R. A. Harshan, Indexing by latent semantic analysis, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, vol.41, issue.6, pp.391-407, 1990.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199009)41:6<391::AID-ASI1>3.0.CO;2-9

D. Dicheva and C. Dichev, TM4L: Creating and browsing educational topic maps, British Journal of Educational Technology, vol.16, issue.3, pp.391-404, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8535.2006.00612.x

D. Dicks, V. Venkatesh, S. Shaw, G. Lowerison, and D. Zhang, An Empirical Evaluation of Topic Map Search Capabilities in an Educational Context, Proceedings of World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, pp.1031-1038, 2004.

. Dietel, Learning ontologies from RDF annotations, Proceedings of IJCAI Workshop on Ontology learning, 2001.

R. Djedidi and M. A. Aufaure, Enrichissement d " ontologies : maintenance de la consistance et évaluation de la qualité, Actes 19èmes journées francophones d " Ingénierie des Connaissances, 2008.

. Do, . Rahm, H. Do, and E. Rahm, COMA ??? A system for flexible combination of schema matching approaches, the proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Very Large DataBases, pp.610-621, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-155860869-6/50060-3

. Doan, Reconciling Schemas of Disparate Data Sources: A Machine-Learning Approach, 2001.

M. Galley, K. Mckeown, E. Fosler-lussier, and H. Jing, Discourse segmentation of multi-party conversation, Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , ACL '03, pp.562-569, 2003.
DOI : 10.3115/1075096.1075167

A. Gangemi, D. M. Pisanelli, and G. Steve, An overview of the ONIONS project: Applying ontologies to the integration of medical terminologies, Data Knowledge Engineering. V31, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-023X(99)00023-3

L. M. Garshol, tolog ??? A Topic Maps Query Language, Proceedings of XML Europe, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/11676904_17

L. M. Garshol, Living with Topic Maps and RDF, 2003.

L. M. Garshol, Development Manager: TMQL: An introduction, 2005.

L. M. Garshol, tolog: Language tutorial. Ontopia Knowledge Suite documentation, 2005.

F. Giunchiglia, P. Shvaiko, and M. Yatskevich, S-Match: an Algorithm and an Implementation of Semantic Matching, pp.61-75, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-25956-5_5

E. Godehardt and N. Bhatti, Using Topic Maps for Visually Exploring Various Data Sources in a Web-Based Environment, Scaling Topic Maps: Third International Conference on Topic Maps Research and Applications, pp.51-56, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-70874-2_6

T. Gollins and M. Sanderson, Sheffield University CLEF 2000 Submission ??? Bilingual Track: German to English, In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.2069, pp.248-255, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-44645-1_24

A. Gomez-perez and D. Manzano-macho, Survey of ontology learning methods and techniques. Deliverable 1.5 OntoWeb Project Documentation, D1.5.pdf [Gomez-Perez et Rojas-Amaya, 1999.

P. A. Gomez and D. Rojas-amaya, Ontological Reengineering for Reuse, Proceedings of the 11 th European Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management (EKAW-99), LNAI volume, pp.26-29, 1999.

G. Grefenstette, N. Semmar, and F. Gara, Modifying a natural language processing system for European languages to treat Arabic in information processing and information retrieval applications, Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Computational Approaches to Semitic Languages, Semitic '05, pp.31-38, 2005.
DOI : 10.3115/1621787.1621794

G. Grefenstette, The Problem of Cross-Language Information Retrieval, Cross-Language Information, pp.1-9, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-5661-9_1

G. O. Gronmo, Automagic Topic Maps, 1986.

B. J. Grosz and C. L. Sidner, Attention, intentions, and the structure of discourse, Computational Linguistics, pp.175-204, 1986.

T. Gruber, A translation approach to portable ontology specifications, Knowledge Acquisition, vol.5, issue.2, pp.199-220, 1993.
DOI : 10.1006/knac.1993.1008

M. Gruninger and M. S. Fox, Methodology for the Design and Evaluation of Ontologies, Proceedings of Workshop on Basic Ontological Issues in Knowledge Sharing, IJCAI-95, Knowledge Sharing, 1995.

O. S. Gyun, O. Park, and N. , Design and Users " Evaluation of a Topic Map- Based Korean Folk Music Retrieval System, Proceedings of TMRA 2006, LNAI 4438, pp.74-89, 2007.

U. Hahn, K. Markó, M. Poprat, S. Schulz, J. Wermter et al., Crossing Languages in Text Retrieval via an Interlingua, Proceedings of RIAO conference, pp.100-115, 2004.

E. Han and G. Karypis, Centroid-Based Document Classification: Analysis and Experimental Results, Proceedings of the 4th European Conference of Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, pp.424-431, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45372-5_46

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.608.460

F. Harrathi, S. Calabretto, and C. Roussey, Indexation semi-automatique de corpus multilingues basée sur une ontologie, Journal Sciences et techniques de l'information, pp.203-219, 2005.

F. Harrathi, Extraction de concepts et de relations entre concepts à partir de documents multilingues : Approche statistique et ontologique, Thèse de doctorat, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01465800

J. Hartmann, P. Spyns, A. Giboin, D. Maynard, R. Cuel et al., Sure Y. : Methods for ontology evaluation, 2005.

M. A. Hearst, Automatic acquisition of hyponyms from large text corpora, Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.539-545, 1992.
DOI : 10.3115/992133.992154

M. A. Hearst, Textiling: segmenting text into multi-paragraph subtopic passages, Computational Linguistics, pp.33-64, 1997.

J. Heinecke and . Léger, A : MKBEEM ? Web Sémantique pour le e- Commerce Multilingue, AFIA 2003, 2006.

N. Hernandez and J. Mothe, D'un thesaurus vers une ontologie de domaine pour l'exploration d'un corpus, Actes de la conférence Veille Stratégique Scientifique et Technologique VSST, 2006.

N. Hernandez, Ontologies de domaine pour la modélisation du contexte en recherche d " information, Thèse de doctorat, 2005.

C. Jacquemin and D. Bourigault, Term Extraction and Automatic Indexing, The Oxford Handbook of Computational Linguistics, pp.599-615, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199276349.013.0033

L. Jiang, J. Liu, Z. Wu, Q. Zheng, and Y. Qian, ETM Toolkit: A development tool based on Extended Topic Map, 2009 13th International Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work in Design, pp.528-533, 2009.
DOI : 10.1109/CSCWD.2009.4968113

J. Jiang and D. Conrath, Semantic similarity based on corpus statistics and lexical taxonomy, Proceedings of International Conference on Research in Computational Linguistics, 1997.

B. Johnson and B. Shneiderman, Tree-maps: a space-filling approach to the visualization of hierarchical information structures, Proceeding Visualization '91, pp.284-291, 1991.
DOI : 10.1109/VISUAL.1991.175815

Y. Kalfoglou and M. Schorlemmer, Ontology mapping: the state of the art, The Knowledge Engineering Review, vol.18, issue.1, pp.1-31, 2003.
DOI : 10.1017/S0269888903000651

M. Kan, J. Klavans, and K. Mckeown, Linear segmentation and segment significance, Proceedings of 6th Workshop on Very Large Corpora, ACL SIG-DAT, pp.197-205, 1998.

S. Kaski, T. Honkela, K. Lagus, and T. Kohonen, WEBSOM ??? Self-organizing maps of document collections, Neurocomputing, vol.21, issue.1-3, pp.101-117, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0925-2312(98)00039-3

L. Kasler, Z. Venczel, and L. Z. Varga, Framework for Semi Automatically Generating Topic Maps, Proceedings of the 3rd international workshop on text-based information retrieval TIR-06, pp.24-30, 2006.

H. Kefi, C. Reynaud, and B. Safar, Techniques structurelles pour l " alignement de taxonomies sur le web, Atelier Fouille du Web -EGC 2006, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00001092

L. Khan, L. Khan, and F. Luo, Ontology construction for information selection, 14th IEEE International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence, 2002. (ICTAI 2002). Proceedings., 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/TAI.2002.1180796

L. Khan, Ontology-based Information Selection, Thèse de doctorat, Faculty of the Graduate School, 2000.

J. Kietz, A. Maedche, and R. Volz, A method for semi automatic Acquisition from Corporate Intranet, Proceedings of Workshop " Ontology and text, 2000.

J. M. Kim, H. Shin, and H. J. Kim, Schema and constraints-based matching and merging of Topic Maps, Information Processing and Management, pp.930-945, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ipm.2006.08.012

H. Kong, M. Hwang, and P. Kim, Efficient Merging for heterogeneous domain ontologies based on WordNet, In Journal JACIII, vol.10, issue.5, pp.733-737, 2006.

A. Korthaus, C. Köhler, and M. Schader, Semi-Automatic Topic Map generation from a conventional document index, Proceedings of Int. Conf. Knowledge Sharing and Collaborative Engineering, pp.101-108, 2004.

A. Korthaus, M. Aleksy, S. Henke, and M. Schader, A Distributed Topic Map Architecture for Enterprise Knowledge Management, 5th IEEE/ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science and 1st IEEE/ACIS International Workshop on Component-Based Software Engineering,Software Architecture and Reuse (ICIS-COMSAR'06), 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/ICIS-COMSAR.2006.5

A. Korthaus, A. Markus, and H. Stefan, A distributed knowledge management infrastructure based on a Topic Map grid, International Journal of High Performance Computing and Networking, pp.66-80, 2009.
DOI : 10.1504/IJHPCN.2009.026293

A. Labadié and J. Chauché, Segmentation thématique par calcul de distance sémantique, Actes de Extraction et Gestion des Connaissances EGC'07, 2007.

N. Lammari, D. Mouza, C. Métais, and E. , POEM: An Ontology Manager Based on Existence Constraints, Proceedings of International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA'08), pp.81-88, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-85654-2_10

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01125529

N. Lammari and E. Métais, Building and maintaining ontologies: a set of algorithms, Data & Knowledge Engineering, vol.48, issue.2, pp.155-176, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-023X(03)00103-4

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01124839

T. Landauer, P. Foltz, and D. Laham, An introduction to latent semantic analysis, Discourse Processes, pp.259-284, 1998.
DOI : 10.1080/01638539809545030

P. Laublet, Web Sémantique et Ontologies, Nouvelles technologies cognitives et concepts des sciences humaines et sociales, 2007.

S. Lavik, T. W. Nordeng, and J. R. Meloy, BrainBank Learning -building personal Topic Maps as a strategy for learningBrainBankLearning- building-personal-topicmaps-as-strategy-for-learning, Proceedings of XML 2004, 1999.

B. Legrand and M. Soto, Navigation dans des structures hiérarchiques de grande dimension ? Application à la supervision de réseaux, Journées Doctorales Informatique et Réseaux (JDIR " 99), 1999.

B. Legrand and M. Soto, Topic Maps et navigation intelligente sur le Web Sémantique, AS CNRS Web Sémantique, CNRS Ivry-sur-Seine, 2002.

B. Legrand and M. Soto, Visualization of the Semantic Web: Topic Maps Visualisation, Proceedings of IEEE Sixth International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV'02), p.344, 2002.

B. Legrand and S. Michel, Visualisation exploratoire, généricité, exhaustivité et facteur d " échelle, Numéro spécial de la revue RNTI Visualisation et extraction des connaissances, 2006.

B. Legrand, Extraction d'information et visualisation de systèmes complexes sémantiquement structurés, Thèse de doctorat, 2001.

L. , C. Li, W. Clifton, and C. , SemInt: A Tool for Identifying Attribute Correspondences in Heterogeneous Databases Using Neural Network, In Data and Knowledge Engineering, vol.33, issue.1, pp.49-84, 2000.

G. R. Librelotto, J. C. Ramalho, and P. R. Henriques, TM-Builder: An Ontology Builder based on XML Topic Maps, Clei electronic journal, 2004.

G. R. Librelotto, J. C. Ramalho, and P. R. Henriques, A framework to specify, extract and manage topic maps driven by ontology, Proceedings of the 26th annual ACM international conference on Design of communication, SIGDOC '08, pp.155-162, 2008.
DOI : 10.1145/1456536.1456567

L. Et-qin-]-lin, X. Qin, and J. , Building a Topic Map Repository, 1998.

D. Lin, An information-theoretic definition of similarity, Proceedings of 15th International Conference On Machine Learning, 1998.

A. Lozano-tello and A. Gomez-perez, ONTOMETRIC, Journal of Database Management, vol.15, issue.2, pp.2-3, 2004.
DOI : 10.4018/jdm.2004040101

H. Lu, B. Feng, Y. Zhao, Q. Zheng, and J. Liu, Distributed Knowledge Management Based on Extended Topic Maps, 2008 International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, pp.649-652, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/CSSE.2008.909

H. Lu, B. Feng, Y. Zhao, Q. Zheng, and J. Liu, Distributed Knowledge Fusion Based on Extended Topic Maps, In Journal of Jilin University, 2009.

H. Lu, B. Feng, and X. Li, Similarity Algorithm of Extended Topic Maps for Multi-Resource Knowledge Fusion, Journal of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 2010.

H. Lu and B. Feng, An Intelligent Topic Map-Based Approach to Detecting and Resolving Conflicts for Multi-Resource Knowledge Fusion, Information Technology Journal, vol.8, issue.8, pp.1242-1248, 2009.
DOI : 10.3923/itj.2009.1242.1248

J. D. Mackinlay, G. G. Robertson, and S. K. Card, The perspective wall, Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems Reaching through technology, CHI '91, pp.173-179, 1991.
DOI : 10.1145/108844.108870

J. Madhavan, P. A. Bernstein, and E. Rahm, Generic matching with Cupid, International Journal of Very Large Data Bases (VLDB), pp.334-350, 2001.

A. Maedche and S. Staab, Mining Ontologies from Text, Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management, pp.189-202, 1937.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-39967-4_14

A. Maedche and S. Staab, Ontology learning for the semantic Web, IEEE Intelligent Systems, Special Issue on Semantic Web, pp.46-53, 2001.

A. Maedche and S. Staab, Measuring Similarity between Ontologies, Proceedings of the 13 th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management LNCS/LNAI 2473, pp.251-263, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45810-7_24

A. Maedche and S. Staab, Handbook on Ontologies, chapter Ontology Learning, Springer: Handbook in Information Systems, pp.173-190, 2004.

L. Maicher and H. F. Witschel, Merging of Distributed Topic Maps based on the Subject Identity Measure (SIM) Approach, Proceedings of Berliner XML tags, pp.301-307, 2004.

R. Mcgregor, H. Chalupsky, D. Moriarty, and A. Et-valente, Ontology Merging with OntoMorph, 1999.

D. L. Mcguiness, R. Fikes, J. Rice, and S. Wilder, An environment for Merging and Testing Large Ontologies, Proceedings of Seventh International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, 2000.

A. Meadche, S. Pekar, and . Staab, Ontology Learning Part One ??? on Discovering Taxonomic Relations from the Web, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-662-05320-1_14

. Melnik, Similarity Flooding: A Versatile Graph Matching Algorithm, Proceedings of ICDE 2002, 2002.

G. Moore, RDF and Topic Maps: an exercise of convergence, XML Europe, 2001.

J. Morris and G. Hirst, Lexical Cohesion Computed by Thesaural Relations as an Indicator of the Structuree of Text, Computational Linguistics, vol.17, issue.1, pp.21-48, 1991.

. Muller, Textpresso: An Ontology-Based Information Retrieval and Extraction System for Biological Literature, PLoS Biology, vol.2000, issue.11, pp.1984-1998, 2004.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020309.t007

T. Munzner, H3: laying out large directed graphs in 3D hyperbolic space, Proceedings of VIZ '97: Visualization Conference, Information Visualization Symposium and Parallel Rendering Symposium, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/INFVIS.1997.636718

N. Nassr and M. Boughanem, Croisement de langues en recherche d'information : traduction et désambiguïsation de requêtes par phrases alignées, Actes du XX ème Congrès INFORSID, 2002.

K. Neshatian and M. R. Hejazi, Text categorization and classification in terms of multi-attribute concepts for enriching existing ontologies, Proceedings of 2 nd Workshop on Information Technology and its Disciplines, pp.43-48, 2004.

A. Névéol and S. Ozdowska, Extraction bilingue de termes médicaux dans un corpus parallèle, Actes des 5ème journées Extraction et Gestion des Connaissances (EGC), pp.655-666, 2005.

S. R. Newcomb, S. Hunting, J. Algermissen, and P. Durusau, The Reference Model for Topic Maps (RM4TM), [On Line, 2002.

J. Nobécourt, A method to build formal ontologies from text, Proceedings of EKAW 2000, 2000.

N. F. Noy and M. Musen, PROMPT: Algorithm and Tool for Automated Ontology Merging and Alignment, Proceedings of the Seventeenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-2000), pp.450-455, 2000.

N. F. Noy and M. A. Musen, Anchor-Prompt: Using non-local context for semantic matching, Proceedings of Workshop on Ontologies and Information Sharing, International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-01), 2001.

N. F. Noy and M. A. Musen, The PROMPT suite: interactive tools for ontology merging and mapping, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.59, issue.6, pp.983-1024, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2003.08.002

. Oard, . Dorr, W. O. Oard, and B. Dorr, A Survey of Multilingual Text Retrieval, 1996.

D. W. Oard and P. Hackett, Document Translation for Cross-Language Text Retrieval at the University of Maryland, The Sixth Text Retrieval Conference, pp.687-696, 1997.

N. Ogievetsky, XML Topic Maps through RDF glasses, Extreme Markup Languages, 2001.
DOI : 10.1162/109966201753750351

M. Ouziri, Semantic integration of Web-based learning resources: A Topic Maps-based approach, Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies (ICALT2006), 2006.

. Parekh, Mining Domain Specific Texts and Glossaries to Evaluate and Enrich Domain Ontologies, Proceedings of International Conference of Information and Knowledge Engineering, 2004.

R. J. Passonneau and D. J. Litman, Intention-based segmentation, Proceedings of the 31st annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, pp.148-155, 1993.
DOI : 10.3115/981574.981594

S. Pepper, Topic Map Erotica RDF and Topic Maps [On Line]: http://www.ontopia.net/topicmaps/materials/MapMaker_files/frame.htm [Pepper, 2002b] Pepper S.: Methods for the Automatic Construction of Topic Maps, ] Pepper S.: Topic Maps, Article for the Encyclopedia of Library and Information Sciences, 2002.

A. Pirkola, The Effects of Query Structure and Dictionary Setups in Dictionay-Based Cross-language Information Retrieval, Proceedings of ACM-SIGIR'98, 1998.

B. Pivano, S. Calabretto, C. Roussey, and J. M. Pinon, SyDoM: un système de recherche d'information multilingue basé sur les connaissances, Actes IC, pp.103-114, 2004.

B. Popov, A. Kiryakov, D. Ognyanoff, D. Manov, and A. Kirilov, KIM ??? a semantic platform for information extraction and retrieval, Natural Language Engineering, vol.10, issue.3-4, pp.3-4, 2004.
DOI : 10.1017/S135132490400347X

R. Rada, H. Mili, E. Bicknell, and M. Blettner, Development and application of a metric on semantic nets, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol.19, issue.1, pp.17-30, 1989.
DOI : 10.1109/21.24528

K. Radwan, Vers l " accès multilingue en langage naturel aux bases de données textuelles, Thèse de doctorat, 1994.

E. Rahm and P. A. Bernstein, A survey of approaches to automatic schema matching, Journal VLDB, pp.334-335, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s007780100057

A. D. Rasgado and A. A. Guzman, A language an Algorithm for Automatic Merging of Ontologies, Proceedings of Conference on Computing (CIC), pp.180-185, 2006.

P. Resnik, Using Information Content to Evaluate Semantic Similarity in a Taxonomy, proceedings of International Joint Conference for Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI-95), pp.448-453, 1995.

J. Reynar, Topic Segmentation: Algorithms and applications, Thèse de doctorat, 2000.

J. Reynolds and W. E. Kimber, Topic Map Authoring With Reusable Ontologies and Automated Knowledge Mining, Proceedings of XML, 2002.

S. Roberson and D. Dicheva, topic maps, Proceedings of the 45th annual southeast regional conference on , ACM-SE 45, pp.23-24, 2007.
DOI : 10.1145/1233341.1233360

R. Haggai and G. Avigdor, OntoBuilder: Fully Automatic Extraction and Consolidation of Ontologies from Web Sources Using Sequence Semantics, In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol.4254, pp.573-576, 2006.

F. Rousselot, P. Frath, and R. Oueslati, Extracting concepts and relations from Corpora, Proceedings of the Workshop on Corpus-oriented Semantic Analysis, European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI " 96), 1996.

S. Benoît and F. Darja, Construction d'un wordnet libre du français à partir de ressources multilingues, Proccedings of, 2008.

G. Salton and M. Mcgill, Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval, 1983.

G. Salton and C. Buckley, Term-weighing approaches in automatic text retrieval, Information Processing & Management, pp.513-523, 1988.

G. Salton, Automatic text processing, 1989.

M. Sarkar and M. Brown, Graphical fisheye views, Communications of the ACM, vol.37, issue.12, pp.73-84, 1994.
DOI : 10.1145/198366.198384

P. Schauble and M. Braschler, Experiments with the Eurospider Retrieval System for CLEF 2000 Workshop of the Cross language Evaluation Forum, LNCS, vol.2069, 2000.

. Schnurr, On-To-Knowledge Methodology-Baseline version Deliverable. On-To-Knowledge EU-IST-1999-10132 Project D15, 1996.

P. Sheridan and J. P. Ballerini, Experiments in multilingual information retrieval using the SPIDER system, Proceedings of the 19th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval , SIGIR '96, pp.58-65, 1996.
DOI : 10.1145/243199.243213

P. Shvaiko and J. Euzenat, A Survey of Schema-Based Matching Approaches, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/11603412_5

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00922287

P. Shvaiko and J. Euzenat, A Survey of Schema-Based Matching Approaches, In Journal on Data Semantics, vol., pp.146-171, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/11603412_5

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00922287

S. Sisaïd-cherfi and J. Akoka, Comyn-Wattiau I. : Conceptual Modeling Quality ? From EER to UML Schemas Evaluation, Proceedings of ER 2002, pp.414-428, 2002.

S. Sisaïd-cherfi and J. Akoka, Comyn-Wattiau I. : Use Case Modeling and Refinement: A Quality-Based Approach, Proceedings of ER 2006, pp.84-97, 2006.

B. Smith and C. Wetly, Ontology, ACM Proceedings of FOIS " 01, pp.3-9, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/9780470757017.ch11

D. Soergel, B. Lauser, A. Liang, F. Fisseha, J. Keizer et al., Reengineering thesauri for new applications: The Agrovoc Example, Journal of digital information, p.257, 2004.

J. F. Sowa, On conceptual structures, Artificial Intelligence, vol.34, issue.3, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-3702(88)90069-0

K. Sparck-jones, Statistical interpretation of term specificity and its application in retrieval, In Journal of Documentation, vol.28, issue.1, p.20, 1972.

S. Stefanova and T. Risch, SPARQL queries to RDFS views of Topic Maps, International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies, vol.5, issue.1, pp.1-16, 2010.
DOI : 10.1504/IJMSO.2010.032647

V. Storey, C. Sandeep, and P. , Understanding Relationships: Classifying Verb Phrase Semantics, Lecture Notes in Computer ScienceLNCS), vol.3288, pp.336-347, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-30464-7_27

H. Stuckensschmidt, F. V. Harmelen, L. Serafini, P. Bouquet, and F. Giunchiglia, Using C-OWL for the Alignment and Merging of Medical Ontologies, Proceedings of the First International WS on Formal Biomedical K. R. (KRMed), 2004.

R. Studer, V. R. Benjamins, and D. Et-fensel, Knowledge engineering: Principles and methods, IEEE Transactions on Data and Knowledge Engineering, pp.161-197, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-023X(97)00056-6

G. Stumme, A. Hotho, and B. Berendt, Semantic Web mining: State of the art and future directions, Journal of Web Semantics, pp.124-143, 2006.

G. Stumme and A. Madeche, FCA-Merge: Bottom-Up Merging of Ontologies, Proceedings of 17th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp.225-230, 2001.

K. Supekar, A peer-review approach for ontology evaluation, Proceedings de la 8ème conference Internationale Protégé, 2006.

H. Akkermans, . Broekstra, . Davies, Y. Ding, A. Duke et al., On-To-Knowledge: Semantic Web Enabled Knowledge Management, 2003.

H. Suryanto and P. Compton, Discovery of ontologies from knowledge bases, Proceedings of the international conference on Knowledge capture , K-CAP 2001, 2001.
DOI : 10.1145/500737.500764

T. Le, B. Dieng-kuntz, R. Gandon, and F. , On Ontology Matching Problems for building a Corporate Semantic Web in a Multi-Communities Organization, Proceedings of ICEIS 2004, pp.236-243, 2004.

H. Uchida, The Universal Networking Language (UNL) Specifications Version 3 Edition 3. UNL Center, UNDL Foundation, 2001.

M. Utiyama and H. Isahara, A statistical model for domain-independent text segmentation, Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , ACL '01, pp.491-498, 2001.
DOI : 10.3115/1073012.1073076

P. Valtchev, Construction automatique de taxonomies pour l " aide à la représentation de connaissance par objets, Thèse de doctorat, 1999.

W. Van-hage, S. Katrenko, and G. Schreiber, A Method to Combine Linguistic Ontology-Mapping Techniques, Proceedings of International Semantic Web Conference, pp.732-744, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/11574620_52

V. Wijk, J. J. Van-de-wetering, and H. , Cushion Treemaps: visualisation of hierarchical information, Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization, pp.73-78, 1999.

. Velardi, Using text processing techniques to automatically enrich a domain ontology, Proceedings of the international conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems , FOIS '01, 2001.
DOI : 10.1145/505168.505194

. Weerdt, TopiMaker - An Implementation of a Novel Topic Maps Visualization NicheWorks: Interactive Visualization of Very Large Graphs, Proceedings of TMRA 2006 -International Workshop on TopicMap Research and Applications, LNAI volume, pp.190-212, 1999.

X. F. Wu, L. Zhou, L. Zhang, and D. Q. , TOM algorithm in distributed topic maps merging, In Engineering Journal of WuHan University, vol.39, issue.5, pp.131-136, 2006.

Z. Wu and M. Palmer, Verbs semantics and lexical selection, Proceedings of the 32nd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, pp.133-138, 1994.
DOI : 10.3115/981732.981751

F. Xu, D. Kurz, J. Piskorski, and S. Schmeier, A domain adaptive approach to automatic acquisition of domain relevant terms and their relations with bootstrapping, Proceedings of the 3 rd international conference on language resources and evaluation, 2002.

Z. Yang, D. Zhan, and C. Ye, Evaluation Metrics for Ontology Complexity and Evolution Analysis, 2006 IEEE International Conference on e-Business Engineering (ICEBE'06), 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/ICEBE.2006.48

M. Zacklad, J. Caussanel, and J. P. Cahier, Un méta-modèle basé sur les Topic Maps pour la structuration et la recherche d " information, 2003.

L. H. Zaher, J. Cahier, and M. Zacklad, The Agorae / Hypertopic approach, Proceedings of the International Workshop IKHS -Indexing and Knowledge in Human Sciences, 2006.

G. K. Zipf, Human behaviour and the principle of least effort, 1949.

E. Nebrasse, B. A. Mohamed, and M. Elisabeth, State of the Art on Topic Maps Building Approaches, Proceedings of MBSDI 2008, Model Based Software and Integration Systems MBSDI 2008, pp.102-112, 2008.

E. Nebrasse, M. Elisabeth, and B. A. Mohamed, State of The Art of Topic Maps Building Approaches, In International Journal of Computer Science and Software Technology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.51-57, 2008.