E. Components and .. , 34 2.3.2.1 The Smart Sound Sensor (Anason), 34 2.3.2.2 The Wearable Device (RFpat) . . . . . . . . . 36 2.3.2.3 Gardien Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

R. Multimodal-database and I. .. Strategy, 40 2.4.2 Reference Scenarios, 45 2.4.4 Indexing Process, p.47

D. Fusion and .. , 54 3.2.2 Levels and Types of Fusion, p.56

A. Approaches-for-data-fusion and .. , 57 3.2.3.2 Statistical Modeling Approaches, Machine Learning Approaches, p.72

F. Set and .. , 77 4.3.1 Fuzzy Variable, p.81

]. J. Thrall and G. Boland, Telemedicine in practice, Seminars in Nuclear Medicine, vol.28, issue.2, pp.145-157, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0001-2998(98)80004-4

K. Collins, P. Nicolson, and I. Bowns, Patient satisfaction in telemedicine, Health Informatics Journal, vol.6, issue.2, pp.81-85, 1993.
DOI : 10.1177/146045820000600205

S. H. Schug, European and international perspectives on telematics in healthcare. IEEE Transaction on pattern analysis and machine intelligence, 2001.

G. Williams, K. Doughty, and D. A. Bradley, An open development en-vironment for evaluation of video surveillance systems, Proceedings of the Third International Workshop on Performance Evaluation of Tracking and Sur-veillance(PETS2002), 2002.

D. Doermann and D. Mihalcik, A system approach to achieving carernet -an integrated and intelligent telecare system, IEEE Trans Biomed Eng, vol.2, pp.1-9, 1998.

K. Doughty, R. Isak, P. J. King, P. Smith, and G. Williams, MIDAS-miniature intelligent domiciliary alarm system-a practical application of telecare, Proceedings of the First Joint BMES/EMBS Conference. 1999 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 21st Annual Conference and the 1999 Annual Fall Meeting of the Biomedical Engineering Society (Cat. No.99CH37015), p.691, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/IEMBS.1999.803846

J. Rodriguez, M. T. Arredondo, F. Del-pozo, E. J. Gomez, A. Martinez et al., A Home Telecare Management System, Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, vol.78, issue.2, pp.86-94, 1995.
DOI : 10.1177/1357633X9500100204

A. Roth, Z. Carthy, and M. Benedk, Telemedicine in emergency home care???the ???Shahal??? experience, Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, vol.125, issue.1_suppl, pp.58-60, 1997.
DOI : 10.1258/1357633971930391

G. Elger and B. Furugren, smartbo " -an ict an computer-based demonstration home for disabled people, Proc. of the 3rd TIDE Congress : Technology for Inclusive Design and Equality Improving the Quality of Life for the European Citizen, 1998.

S. G. Bonner, Assisted interactive dwelling house, Proc. of the 3rd TIDE Congress Technology for Inclusive Design and Equality Improving the Quality of Life fir the European Citizen, 1998.

O. Sueda, A. Honma, M. Ide, and M. Yamaguchi, Smart house in tokushima, Proc. Of the 5th European Conference for the Advancement of Assistive Technology, 1999.

V. Rialle, F. Duchne, N. Noury, L. Bajolle, and J. Demongeot, Health "Smart" Home: Information Technology for Patients at Home, Telemedicine Journal and e-Health, vol.8, issue.4, pp.395-410, 2002.
DOI : 10.1089/15305620260507530
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00201206

G. L. Bellego, N. Noury, G. Virone, M. Mousseau, and J. Demongeot, Measurement and model of the activity of a patient in his hospital suite, pp.92-99, 2006.

G. A. West, S. Greenhill, and S. Venkatesh, A Probabilistic Approach to the Anxious Home for Activity Monitoring, 29th Annual International Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC'05), pp.335-340, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/COMPSAC.2005.29

H. Afsarmanesh, V. Guevara-masis, and L. O. Hertzberger, Federated management of information for telecare, Proc. of the 1st International Workshop on Tele-Care and Collaborative Virtual Communities in Elderly Care, 2004.

J. Boudy, J. Baldinger, F. Delavault, D. Farin, R. Andreao et al., Telemedecine for elderly patients at home, 2006.

A. Choudhri, L. Kagal, A. Joshi, T. Finin, and Y. Yesha, PatientService: electronic patient record redaction and delivery in pervasive environments, Proceedings. 18th IEEE International Symposium on Defect and Fault Tolerance in VLSI Systems, pp.41-47, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/HEALTH.2003.1218716

N. Noury, P. Barralon, G. Virone, P. Boissy, M. Hamel et al., A smart sensor based on rules and its evaluation in daily routines, Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37439), pp.3286-3289, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/IEMBS.2003.1280846

J. L. Baldinger, J. Boudy, B. Dorizzi, J. P. Levrey, R. Andreo et al., Tele-surveillance system for patient at home. The MEDEVILLE system, ICCHP, 2004.

F. Steenkeste, H. Bocquet, M. Chan, and B. Vellas, Remote monitoring system for elders in a geriatric hospital, Promoting Independence and quality of life for older persons:an international conference on aging, 1999.

D. Istrate, E. Castelli, M. Vacher, L. Besacier, and J. F. Serigna, Information Extraction From Sound for Medical Telemonitoring, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol.10, issue.2, pp.264-274, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/TITB.2005.859889
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00419915

H. Bouma, Gerontechnology: A framework on technology and aging, pp.1-6, 1993.

G. Virone, D. Istrate, M. Vacher, J. F. Serignat, N. Noury et al., First steps in data fusion between a multichannel audio acquisition and an information system for home healthcare, Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37439), pp.1364-1367, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/IEMBS.2003.1279557
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01088065

D. Istrate, M. Vacher, and J. F. Serignat, Generic Implementation of a Distress Sound Extraction System for Elder Care, 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp.3309-3312, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/IEMBS.2006.259469
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01094411

S. Banerjee, F. Steenkeste, P. Couturier, M. Debray, and A. Franco, Telesurveillance of elderly patients by use of passive infra-red sensors in a 'smart' room, Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare, vol.9, issue.1, 2003.
DOI : 10.1258/135763303321159657

D. A. Reynolds, Speaker identification and verification using Gaussian mixture speaker models, Speech Communication, vol.17, issue.1-2, pp.91-108, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-6393(95)00009-D

G. Schwarz, Estimating the Dimension of a Model, The Annals of Statistics, vol.6, issue.2, pp.461-464, 1978.
DOI : 10.1214/aos/1176344136

M. Akbar and J. Caelen, Parole et traduction automatique: le module de reconnaissance raphael, COLING-ACL 98, pp.36-40, 1998.
DOI : 10.3115/980845.980852

D. Vaufreydaz, J. Rouillard, and M. Akbar, Internet documents: a rich source for spoken language modelling, pp.277-281, 1999.

J. L. Gauvain, L. F. Lamel, and M. Eskenazi, Design considerations and text selection for bref, a large french read-speech corpus, ICSLP 90, pp.1097-1100, 1990.

F. Duchne, C. Garbay, and V. Rialle, An hybrid knowledge-based methodology for multivariate simulation in home health telecare, Proc. of the Joint Workshop Intelligent Data Analysis in Medicine and Pharmacology (IDAMAP) of the 9th Artificial Intelligence in Medicine Europe conference (AIME), pp.87-94, 2003.

F. Halberg, Chronobiology, Annual Review of Physiology, vol.31, issue.1, pp.675-725, 1969.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ph.31.030169.003331

D. Well, J. Barry, W. Grice, M. Fourcin, and A. Gibbon, am esprit project 2589-multilingual speech input/output assessmen,methodology and standardization. in final report, 2004.

S. Stillman and I. Essa, Towards reliable multimodal sensing in aware environments, Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on Percetive user interfaces , PUI '01, 2001.
DOI : 10.1145/971478.971499

A. Schmidt, M. Beigl, and H. W. Gellersen, There is more to context than location, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Interactive Applications of Mobile Computing (IMC98), 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0097-8493(99)00120-X

A. Abidi, Data fusion in robotics and machine intelligence, 1992.

C. Dean and H. , Development of a novel zero-turn radius autonomous vehicle, 1998.

D. Mcdaniel, An information fusion framework for data integration, Proceedings of the 13th Software Technology Conference, 2001.

H. Durrant-whyte, Elements of sensor fusion, IEE Colloquium on Intelligent Control, 1991.

W. Elmenreich, Sensor fusion in time-triggered systems, 2002.

M. Hahn and E. Baltsavias, Cooperative algorithms and techniques of image analysis and gis, D. Fritsch, M. Englich, and M

. Sester, The International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing Volume XXXII Part 4, ISPRS Commission IV Symposium on GIS . GIS Between Visions and Applications

A. Tebo, Sensor fusion employs a variety of architecture, algorithm, and applications, OE Reports (the International Society for Optical Engineering), vol.164, 1997.

H. David-lee, Mathematical techniques in multisensor data fusion, 1992.

P. Maybeck, The Kalman Filter: An Introduction to Concepts, pp.194-204, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4613-8997-2_15

J. Crowley and Y. Demazeau, Principles and techniques for sensor data fusion, Signal Processing, vol.32, issue.1-2, pp.5-27, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-1684(93)90034-8

K. Murphy, Filtering, smoothing and the junction tree algorithm, 1999.

A. Dempster, Upper and lower probabilities induced by amultivalued mapping, Ann. Math. Stat, pp.325-339, 1967.
DOI : 10.1214/aoms/1177698950
URL : http://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.aoms/1177698950

G. Shafer, A mathematical theory of evidence, 1976.

K. Sentz and S. Ferson, Combination of evidence in dempstershafer theory, 2002.

R. S. Doyle and C. J. Harris, -sensor data fusion for obstacle tracking using neuro-fuzzy estimation algorithms, Sensor Fusion and Aerospace Applications II, pp.6-7, 1994.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00459276

L. Rabiner, A tutorial on hidden markov models and selected applications in speech recognition, Proceedings of the IEEE, pp.257-285, 1989.

A. Viterbi, Error bounds for convolution codes and an asymptotically optimum decoding algorithm, Trans. on Information Theory, pp.260-269, 1967.

P. Baldi and S. Brunak, Bioinformatics, the machine learning approach, 1998.

S. Russell and P. Norvig, Probabilistic reasoning " in artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Upper Saddle River 2nd, pp.492-494, 2003.

M. Henrion, J. S. Bresse, and E. J. Hovitz, Decision analysis and expert system, AI Magazinz, vol.12, pp.64-91, 1991.

U. Nehmzow, Mobile robotics: A practical introduction, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4471-0025-6

B. Christopher, Neural networks for pattern recognition, 1995.

T. Robert and T. Efraim, Neural networks in finance and investing, 1996.

V. Vapnik, Statistical learning theory, 1998.

C. J. Burges, A tutorial on svm for pattern recognition, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, vol.2, issue.2, pp.121-167, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1009715923555

J. M. Moguerza and A. Muoz, Support Vector Machines with Applications, Statistical Science, vol.21, issue.3, 2006.
DOI : 10.1214/088342306000000493

C. J. Burges, A tutorial on support vector machines for pattern recognition, Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, p.121167, 1998.

J. Mercer, Functions of positive and negative type and their connection with the theory of integral equations, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol.A, issue.209, p.415446, 1909.

C. J. Burges and D. J. Crisp, in advances in neural information processing systems, Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London, vol.A, issue.209

S. S. Keerthi, S. K. Shevade, C. Bhattachayya, and K. R. Murth, Improvements to platts smo algorithm for svm classifier design, Neural Computation, vol.13, p.637649, 2001.

L. Chih-jen, Formulations of support vector machines: A note from an optimization point of view, Neural Computation, vol.13, p.307317, 2001.

L. Zadeh, Fuzzy sets. in Fuzzy Models for Pattern Recognition: Methods That Search for Structures in Data, pp.35-45, 1992.

L. A. Klein, Fuzzy set theory in medical diagnosis, IEEE Tr. On Syst.,Man, and Cybernetics, pp.260-265, 1986.

D. Mason, D. Linkens, and N. Edwards, Selflearning fuzzy logic control in medicine, Proc. AIME'97, pp.300-303, 1997.

G. Zahlmann, M. Scherf, and A. Wegner, A neurofuzzy classifier for a knowledgebased glaucoma monitor, Proc. AIME'97, pp.273-284, 1997.

P. Schefe, On foundations of reasoning with uncertain facts and vague concepts, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, vol.12, issue.1, pp.35-62, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7373(80)80053-8

L. A. Zadeh, Fuzzy sets as a basis for a theory of possibility. Fuzzy sets and Systems, pp.3-28, 1978.

E. H. Ruspini, On the semantics of fuzzy logic, International Journal of Approximate Reasoning, vol.5, issue.1, pp.45-88, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0888-613X(91)90006-8

N. Rescher, Semantic foundation for the logic of preference The Logic of Decision and Action, 1966.

J. S. Jang, C. T. Sun, and E. Mizutani, Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing-A Computational Approach to Learning and Machine Intelligence [Book Review], IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol.42, issue.10, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/TAC.1997.633847

B. Bouchon-meunier and C. Marsala, Logique floue, principes, aide la dcision. Herms science, 2003.

B. Bouchon-meunier, La logique floue. que sais-je ?, 1993.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01336440

J. S. Jang, Neuro-Fuzzy and Soft Computing-A Computational Approach to Learning and Machine Intelligence [Book Review], IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control, vol.42, issue.10, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/TAC.1997.633847

J. Tong-tong, La logique floue. Herms, 1995.

E. H. Mamdani, Application of fuzzy algorithms for control of simple dynamic plant, Proceedings of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, vol.121, issue.12, pp.1585-1588, 1974.
DOI : 10.1049/piee.1974.0328

T. Takagi and M. Sugeno, Fuzzy identification of systems and its applications to modeling and control, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol.15, issue.1, pp.116-132, 1985.
DOI : 10.1109/TSMC.1985.6313399

D. P. Mandal, C. A. Murthy, and S. K. , Formulation of a multivalued recognition system, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol.22, issue.4, pp.607-620, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/21.156575

W. Pedrycz, Fuzzy sets in pattern recognition: Methodology and methods, Pattern Recognition, vol.23, issue.1-2, pp.121-146, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-3203(90)90054-O

E. H. Ruspini, A new approach to clustering, Information and Control, vol.15, issue.1, pp.1522-1554, 1969.
DOI : 10.1016/S0019-9958(69)90591-9

J. C. Bezdek and S. K. , Fuzzy models for pattern recognition, 1992.

M. Mizumoto, J. Toyoda, and K. Tanaka, General formulation of formal grammars, Information Sciences, vol.4, issue.3-4, pp.87-100, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-0255(72)80005-7

Y. H. Pao, Adaptive pattern recognition and neural networks, 1989.

J. M. Keller and R. Krishnapuram, Fuzzy Set Methods in Computer Vision, An Introduction to Fuzzy logic Applications in Intelligent Systems, pp.121-145, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-3640-6_6

S. K. Pal and B. Chakraborty, Fuzzy Set Theoretic Measure for Automatic Feature Evaluation, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol.16, issue.5, pp.754-760, 1986.
DOI : 10.1109/TSMC.1986.289321

J. C. Dunn, fuzzy relative of the isodata process and its use in detecting compact wellseperated clusters, J. Cybernetics, pp.32-57, 1973.

P. Y. Glorennec, Fuzzy q-learning and dynamic fuzzy q-learning, Proceedings of the Third IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, pp.474-479, 1994.

L. X. Wang, Fuzzy systems are universal approximators, [1992 Proceedings] IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, pp.1163-1169, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/FUZZY.1992.258721

S. Lee and K. Mase, Activity and location recognition using wearable sensors, IEEE Pervasive Computing, vol.1, issue.3, p.2432, 2002.

. Autor-'s-publications-book-chapter, J. @bullet-dan-istrate, H. Boudy, and . Medjahed, Jean Louis Baldinger, << Medical Remote Monitoring using sound environment analysis and wearable sensors >>, In-Tech, Recent Advances in Biomedical Engineering, 2009.

@. H. Medjahed, D. Istrate, J. Boudy, F. Steenkeste, J. L. Baldinger et al., A Multimodal Database for a Home Remote Medical Care Application, LNCS, vol.10, issue.2, pp.99-106, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/TITB.2005.859889
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01373138

@. H. Medjahed, D. Istrate, J. Boudy, and B. Dorizzi, Human activities of daily living recognition using fuzzy logic for elderly home monitoring, 2009 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/FUZZY.2009.5277257
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01366500

@. H. Medjahed, D. Istrate, J. Boudy, and B. Dorizzi, << A Fuzzy Logic System for Home Elderly People Monitoring (EMUTEM) >>, Fuzzy Systems, pp.69-75, 2009.

@. H. Medjahed, D. Istrate, J. Boudy, F. Steenkeste, J. L. Baldinger et al., << A Multimodal Platform for Database Recording and Elderly People Monitoring >>, pp.385-392, 2008.

.. Enregistrement-de-la-base-de-données-multimodale, 12 3.2/ La base de données médicale multimodale, Discussion, vol.15, issue.2, p.16

N. Ainsi and . Plateforme, acquisition prévoit une base de données multimodale qui sera très utile pour l'évaluation des méthodes de fusion. L'état brut de ces données sera aussi utile pour le développement et l

. Si, Anason classification est absence de signal) et (pouls est alarme possible) et (Activité est immobile) et (Cc est bas) et (C8 est bas) et (Cg est bas) alors (Alarme est alarme)

J. L. Baldinger, J. Boudy, B. Dorizzi, J. P. Levrey, R. Andreo et al., Tele-surveillance System for Patient at Home,The MEDEVILLE system, ICCHP, 2004.

D. Istrate, E. Castelli, M. Vacher, L. Besacier, and J. F. Serignat, Information Extraction From Sound for Medical Telemonitoring, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, vol.10, issue.2, pp.264-274, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/TITB.2005.859889
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00419915

M. Stagera, P. Lukowiczb, and G. Et-trostera, Power and accuracy tradeoffs in sound-based context recognition systems. Pervasive and mobile computing, pp.300-327, 2007.

D. Well, J. Barry, W. Grice, M. Fourcin, and A. Gibbon, SAM ESPRIT PROJECT 2589-multilingual speech input/output assessment , methodology and standardization. Final report, 1992.

H. David-lee, Mathematical techniques in multisensor data fusion, 1992.

P. Maybeck, The kalman _lter : An introduction to concepts, 1990.

L. Rabiner, A tutorial on hidden Markov models and selected applications in speech recognition, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.77, issue.2, pp.257-285, 1989.
DOI : 10.1109/5.18626

U. Nehmzow, Mobile robotics: A practical introduction, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4471-0025-6

J. M. Moguerza and A. Muoz, Support Vector Machines with Applications, Statistical Science, vol.21, issue.3, 2006.
DOI : 10.1214/088342306000000493

L. Zadeh, Fuzzy sets. in Fuzzy Models for Pattern Recognition: Methods That Search for Structures in Data, pp.35-45, 1992.

M. Sugeno, Theory of fuzzy integrals and its applications, 1974.

M. Mizumoto, J. Toyoda, and K. Tanaka, General formulation of formal grammars, Information Sciences, vol.4, issue.3-4, pp.87-100, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-0255(72)80005-7

M. Schneider and M. Craig, On the use of fuzzy sets in histogram equalization, Fuzzy Sets and Systems, vol.45, issue.3, pp.271-278, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-0114(92)90145-T

P. F. Castelaz and J. C. Bezdek, Prototype classification and feature selection with fuzzy sets, IEEE Trans. on Systems, Man & Cybern, vol.7, pp.87-92, 1977.

J. C. Dunn, fuzzy relative of the isodata process and its use in detecting compact wellseperated clusters, J. Cybernetics, pp.32-57, 1973.