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A. M. Keim-d and K. Et, Circle Segments' : A Technique for Visually Exploring Large Multidimensional Data Sets, Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization Conference (VIS), Late Breaking Hot Topics, 1996.

A. H. Da, C. D. , G. C. Et, and V. G. , Generating Maps of Web Pages using Cellular Automata, 15 th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW), 2006.
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B. O. Et, O. , and K. S. , Modelling Incremental Learning With The Batch SOM Training Method, Proceedings of the 5 th International Conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS), pp.542-544, 2005.

B. A. Et and R. A. , Modern Information Retrieval, 1999.

B. S. Snowdon-d, G. C. , I. R. , K. I. Et, and B. C. , VR-VIBE : A Virtual Environment for Co-operative Information Retrieval, Proceedings of Eurographics'95), pp.349-360, 1995.

B. S. , T. I. Brailsford-d, . Koleva-b, F. M. Craven-m, . Rey-nard-g et al., Three Dimensional Visualization of the World Wide Web, ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), issue.4es, pp.3125-3165, 1999.

B. J. Et and M. R. , Incremental Grid Growing : Encoding High-Dimensional Structure into a Two-Dimensional Feature Map, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks (ICNN), pp.450-455, 1993.

B. T. , C. D. Et, and S. J. , Extending Tree-Maps to Three Dimensions : A Comparative Study, Proceedings of the 6 th Asia-Pacific Conference on Computer-Human Interaction (APCHI), pp.50-59, 2004.

B. N. Et and C. M. , Critères d'évaluation pour les interfaces des systèmes de recherche d'information, Actes de la 3 e Conférence en Recherche d'Information et Applications (CORIA), pp.109-114, 2006.

B. N. Cotarmanac-'h-a and M. A. Et, Gestion et visualisation des résultats d'une requête, Actes du 3 e Atelier Visualisation et Extraction de Connaissances (associé aux 5 e Journées Francophones Extraction et Gestion des Connaissances -EGC'05), pp.37-47, 2005.

B. N. Cotarmanac-'h-a and M. A. Et, Meaning Metaphor for Visualizing Search Results, Proceedings of the 9 th International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV), pp.467-472, 2005.

B. N. Cotarmanac-'h-a and M. A. Et, Visualisation 3D des résultats de recherche : quel avenir ? Créer, jouer, échanger : expériences de réseaux -Actes de la 8 e Conférence Hypermedias Hypertexts, Products, Tools and Methods (H 2 PTM), pp.325-339, 2005.

B. N. Et and L. G. Guernic, Système de recherche de méthodes Java basé sur leur signature, Actes de la 4 e Manifestation des Jeunes Chercheurs Francophones en Sciences et Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (MajecSTIC), p.page à paraître, 2006.

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B. N. Et and M. F. , Quel avenir pour les moteurs de recherche ? Actes de la 3 e Manifestation des Jeunes Chercheurs Francophones en Sciences et Technologies de l'Information et de la Communication (MajecSTIC), pp.291-299, 2005.

B. N. Morin-a and C. Et, Classification non supervisée et visualisation 3D de documents Revue des Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information (RNTI-E-3, Numéro spécial sur les actes des 5 e Journées Francophones Extraction et Gestion des Connaissances (EGC), pp.557-562, 2005.

B. K. Dans and C. C. Et, éditeurs : Visual Interfaces to Digital Libraries, volume 2539 de Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp.145-160

B. G. , M. S. Et, and T. C. , Evaluating User Interfaces to Information Retrieval Systems : A Case Study on User Support, Proceedings of the 19 th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR), pp.128-136, 1996.

B. S. Et and P. L. , The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine, Proceedings of the 7 th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW7), pp.107-117, 1998.

C. S. Robertson-g and Y. W. Et, The WebBook and the Web Forager : An Information Workspace for the World-Wide Web, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp.111-117, 1996.

C. H. Et and R. M. , Effect on classification error or random permutations of features in representing multivariate data by faces, Journal of the American Statistical AssociationJASA), vol.70, pp.548-554, 1975.

C. M. Et and H. G. , Évaluation d'une interface de restitution de recherche : Quelles conclusions en tirer, Actes du 3 e Atelier Visualisation et Extraction de Connaissances (associé aux 5 e Journées Francophones Extraction et Gestion des Connaissances -EGC'05), pp.15-27, 2005.

C. A. Et and M. B. , 3D or not 3D ? Evaluating the Effect of the Third Dimension in a Document Management System, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) : Changing our world, changing ourselves, pp.434-441, 2001.

C. A. Et and M. B. , Evaluating the Effectiveness of Spatial Memory in 2D and 3D Physical and Virtual Environments, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp.203-210, 2002.

C. J. , L. S. Et, and S. M. , Design of 3D Visualization of Search Results : Evolution and Evaluation, Proceedings of IST/SPIE's International Symposium : Electronic Imaging, 2000.

C. J. , P. C. Et, and L. S. , Interactive 3D Visualization for Document Retrieval, Proceedings of the Workshop on New Paradigms in Information Visualization and Manipulation, in conjunction with the 5 th International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM), 1996.

C. D. , K. D. Et, and P. J. , Constant Interaction-Time Scatter/Gather Browsing of Large Document Collections, Proceedings of the 16 th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR), pp.126-134, 1993.

C. D. , K. D. Pedersen-j, and T. J. Et, Scatter/Gather : A Cluster-based Approach to Browsing Large Document Collections, Proceedings of the 15 th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR), pp.318-329, 1992.

D. W. Ipeirotis-p and W. K. Et, Automatic Construction of Multifaceted Browsing Interfaces, Proceedings of the 14 th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM), pp.768-775, 2005.

D. G. , W. B. Et, and B. K. , Cluster Stability and the Use of Noise in Interpretation of Clustering, Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Visualization (InfoVis), pp.23-30, 2001.

D. A. Et and F. U. , A city metaphor to support navigation in complex information spaces, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, vol.9, pp.597-622, 1998.

D. M. , M. D. Et, and R. A. , The Growing Hierarchical Self- Organizing Map Neural Computing : New Challenges and Perspectives for the New Millennium, Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), pp.15-19, 2000.

D. M. , M. D. Et, and R. A. , Using Growing Hierarchical Self- Organizing Maps for Document Classification, Proceedings of the 8 th European Symposium on Artificial Neural Networks (ESANN), pp.7-12, 2000.

D. M. , R. A. Et, and M. D. , Recent Advances with the Growing Hierarchical Self-Organizing Map Advances in Self-Organising Maps, Proceedings of the 3 rd Workshop on Self-Organizing Maps (WSOM), pp.140-145, 2001.

D. M. , R. A. Et, and M. D. , Uncovering Hierarchical Structure in Data Using the Growing Hierarchical Self-Organizing Map, Neurocomputing, vol.48, pp.1-4199, 2002.

F. Et and P. C. , Les leçons tirées de deux compétitions de visualisation d'information. Actes de la 16 e Conférence Francophone sur l'Interaction Homme- Machine (IHM), pp.7-12, 2004.

F. K. Et and S. M. , Enhanced Dynamic Queries via Movable Filters, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp.415-420, 1995.

F. B. Et and R. H. , Graphical Representation of Multivariate Data by Means of Asymmetrical Faces, Journal of the American Statistical Association, issue.376, pp.76757-765, 1981.

F. G. Et and B. A. , Prosections Views : Dimensional Inference through Sections and Projections, Journal of Computational and Graphical Statistics, vol.3, issue.4, pp.323-353, 1994.

G. V. Et and C. , Visualizing the Semantic Web ? XMLbased Internet and Information Visualization, 2003.

G. A. Et and S. A. , The Indexable Web is More than 11.5 Billion Pages, Special Interest Tracks and Posters of the 14 th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW), pp.902-903, 2005.

H. M. Et and B. , Visualisation interactive d'information . Revue Information -Interaction -Intelligence (I3), pp.77-108, 2001.

H. M. , C. M. Et, and B. R. , Évolution du drag-and-drop : du modèle d'interaction classique aux surfaces multi-supports. Revue Information, Interaction Intelligence, vol.4, issue.I32, pp.9-38, 2004.

H. K. Sano-r, D. Y. Et, and T. K. , An Interactive Classification of Web Documents by Self-Organizing Maps and Search Engines, Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Database Systems for Advanced Applications (DASFAA), pp.35-42, 1999.

H. C. Et and E. J. , Perception and Painting : A Search for Effective, Engaging Visualizations, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.22, issue.2, pp.10-15, 2002.

H. M. Et and K. C. , Cat-a-Cone : An Interactive Interface for Specifying Searches and Viewing Retrieval Results using a Large Category Hierarchy, Proceedings of the 20 th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR), pp.246-255, 1997.

H. M. , K. D. Et, and P. J. , Scatter/Gather as a Tool for the Navigation of Retrieval Results, BURKE R., éditeur : Working Notes of the AAAI Fall Symposium on AI Applications in Knowledge Navigation and Retrieval, pp.65-71, 1995.

H. M. Et and P. J. , Reexamining the Cluster Hypothesis : Scatter/Gather on Retrieval Results, Proceedings of the 19 th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR), pp.76-84, 1996.

H. I. , M. G. Et, and M. M. , Graph Visualization and Navigation in Information Visualization : A Survey, IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics (TVCG), vol.6, issue.1, pp.24-43, 2000.

H. C. Et and S. G. , Web Search Behavior of Internet Experts and Newbies Computer Networks (The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking, Proceedings of 9 th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW9), pp.337-346, 2000.

J. N. Et-van and R. C. , The Use of Hierarchic Clustering in Information Retrieval, Information Storage and Retrieval, vol.7, pp.217-240, 1971.

K. D. Et and K. , VisDB : Database Exploration Using Multidimensional Visualization, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.14, issue.5, pp.40-49, 1994.

K. D. , K. Et, and A. M. , Recursive Pattern : A Technique for Visualizing Very Large Amounts of Data, Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization Conference (VIS), pp.279-286, 1995.

K. D. , M. W. Et, and S. H. , Visual Data Mining, pp.215-229, 2002.

K. T. , K. S. Lagus-k, S. J. , H. J. , P. V. Et et al., Self Organization of a Massive Document Collection, IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks, Special Issue on Neural Networks for Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery, vol.11, issue.3, pp.574-585, 2000.

K. R. Healey-c, . Interrante-v, and W. H. Laidlaw-d, User Studies : Why, How, and When ?, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol.23, issue.4, pp.20-25, 2003.

L. K. , K. S. , H. T. Et, and K. T. , Browsing Digital Libraries with the Aid of Self-Organizing Maps, Proceedings of the 5 th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW5), pp.71-79, 1996.

L. Toussaint-y, D. J. , C. C. Et, and F. C. , Réseaux neuronaux avancés pour la cartographie de la science et de la technologie : application à l'analyse des brevets, Actes du Colloque Veille Stratégique Scientifique et Technologique (VSST), pp.215-229, 2001.

L. J. Et and R. R. , Laying out and Visualizing Large Trees Using a Hyperbolic Space, Proceedings of the 7 th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST), pp.13-14, 1994.

L. J. Rao-r and P. P. Et, A Focus+Context Technique Based on Hyperbolic Geometry for Visualizing Large Hierarchies, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp.401-408, 1995.

L. Duclos-c, R. V. Et, and V. A. , Vers une méthodologie rigoureuse de conception des langages graphiques s?appuyant sur les sciences cognitives, Actes du 4 e Atelier Visualisation et Extraction de Connaissances (associé aux 6 e Journées Francophones Extraction et Gestion des Connaissances -EGC'06), pp.49-54, 2006.

L. Grand, B. Et, and S. M. , Visualisation of the Semantic Web: Topic Maps visualisation, Proceedings Sixth International Conference on Information Visualisation, pp.344-349, 2002.
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L. L. , M. A. Et, and P. , Statistique exploratoire multidimensionnelle , 3 e édition, 2000.

L. V. Et, C. F. Halga-muge-s, and W. L. , The Many Faces of a Kohonen Map, éditeurs : Classification and Clustering for Knowledge Discovery de Studies in Computational Intelligence, 2005.

L. Alché, B. F. Et, and S. G. , Évaluation des cartes autoorganisatrices et de leur variante à noyaux, Actes de la Conférence d'Apprentissage (CAp), pp.139-154, 2003.

L. X. , S. D. Et, and M. G. , A Self-Organizing Semantic Map for Information Retrieval, Proceedings of the 14 th Annual International ACM SIGIR Références Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR), pp.262-269, 1991.

L. P. Et and V. H. , How Much Information, 2000.

L. P. Et and V. H. , How Much Information ? http ://www.sims.berkeley, 2003.

M. J. Robertson-g and C. S. Et, The Perspective Wall : Detail and Context Smoothly Integrated, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp.173-176, 1991.

M. D. , H. S. , D. M. Et, and R. A. , Adaptive Hierarchical Incremental Grid Growing : An architecture for high-dimensional data visualization Advances in Self-Organizing Maps, Proceedings of the 4 th Workshop on Self-Organizing Maps (WSOM), pp.293-298, 2003.

M. D. Et and R. A. , Alternative Ways for Cluster Visualization in Self- Organizing Maps, Proceedings of the 1 st Workshop on Self-Organizing Maps (WSOM) Neural Networks Research Centre, pp.106-111, 1997.

M. D. Et and R. A. , Automatic Labeling of Self-Organizing Maps for Information Retrieval, Proceedings of the 6 th International Conference on Neural Information Processing (ICONIP), pp.37-42, 1999.

M. J. , C. C. , D. B. Et, and A. J. , DocCube : multidimensional visualisation and exploration of large document sets, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology (JASIST), vol.54, issue.7, pp.650-659, 2003.

M. S. Et and H. Y. , Visualizing World-Wide Web Search Engine Results, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV), pp.400-405, 1999.

P. R. Et and G. G. , Iconographic Displays For Visualizing Multidimensional Data, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), pp.514-519, 1988.

P. P. Schank-p, H. M. Et, and D. C. , Scatter/Gather Browsing Communicates the Topic Structure of a Very Large Text Collection, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp.213-220, 1996.

R. M. Et and L. L. , Similarités pour données textuelles, pp.545-556, 1998.

R. R. Et and C. S. , The Table Lens : Merging Graphical and Symbolic Representations in an Interactive Focus + Context Visualization for Tabular Information, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp.318-322, 1994.

R. A. Références, LabelSOM : On the Labeling of Self-Organizing Maps, Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), pp.3527-3532, 1999.

R. A. , D. M. Et, and M. D. , Automatically Detecting and Organizing Documents into Topic Hierarchies : A Neural Network Based Approach to Bookshelf Creation and Arrangement, Proceedings of the 4 th European Conference on Digital Librairies (ECDL), pp.348-351, 2000.

R. A. Et and M. D. , Automatic Labeling of Self-Organizing Maps : Making a Treasure-Map Reveal its Secrets, Proceedings of the 3 rd Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (PAKDD), pp.228-237, 1999.

R. A. Et and M. D. , Automatic Labeling of Self-Organizing Maps for Information Retrieval, Journal of Systems Research and Information Systems (JSRIS), vol.10, issue.10, pp.23-45, 2001.

R. J. Et and G. M. , The Information Cube : Using Transparency in 3D Information Visualization, Proceedings of the 3 rd Annual Workshop on Information Technologies & Systems (WITS), pp.125-132, 1993.

R. K. , C. M. , M. T. Et, and C. D. , An Initial Examination of Ease of Use for 2D and 3D Information Visualizations of Web Content, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies (IJHCS), vol.53, issue.5, pp.695-714, 2000.

R. G. , M. J. Et, and C. S. , Cone Trees : Animated 3D Visualizations of Hierarchical Information, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp.189-194, 1991.

R. G. Van, D. M. Robbins-d, C. M. Hinckley-k, T. K. Ris-den, and G. V. Et, The Task Gallery : A 3D Window Manager The Hague, The Netherlands, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp.494-501, 2000.

R. G. , C. M. Larson-k, R. D. , T. D. Et-van, and D. M. , Data Mountain : Using Spatial Memory for Document Management, Proceedings of the 11 th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST), pp.153-162, 1998.

R. A. Et and V. M. , Visualization of Massive Retrieved Newsfeeds in Interactive 3D, Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV), pp.12-17, 1999.

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S. M. , C. J. Laskowski-s, V. J. Et, and M. M. , Visualization of Search Results : A Comparative Evaluation of Text, 2D, and 3D Interfaces . Proceedings of the 22 nd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR), pp.3-10, 1999.

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S. F. , W. C. , A. A. Et, and P. A. , Browsing 3-D spaces with 3-D vision : body-driven navigation through the Internet city, Proceedings of the 1 st International Symposium on 3D Data Processing Visualization and Transmission (3DPVT), pp.224-233, 2002.

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S. J. Et and Z. E. , Focus+Context Display and Navigation Techniques for Enhancing Radial, Space-Filling Hierarchy Visualizations, Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Information Vizualization (InfoVis), pp.57-65, 2000.

S. E. Et and H. M. , Nearly-Automated Metadata Hierarchy Creation Companion Proceedings of Human Language Technology Conference / North American chapter, the Association for Computational Linguistics Annual Meeting (HLT-NAACL), pp.117-120, 2004.

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W. J. Van and L. R. Et-van, HyperSlice : Visualization of Scalar Functions of Many Variables, Proceedings of the 4 th IEEE Visualization Conference (VIS), pp.119-125, 1993.

V. J. De-la, F. P. Et, and C. F. , WebDocBall : A Graphical Visualization Tool for Web Search Results, Proceedings of the 25 th European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR), pp.351-362, 2003.

W. W. , W. K. Et, and C. W. , Periscope -A System for Adaptive 3D Visualization of Search Results, Proceedings of the 9 th International Conference on 3D Web Technology (Web3D Symposium), pp.29-40, 2004.

Y. Swearingen-k, L. K. Et, and H. M. , Faceted Metadata for Image Search and Browsing, Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI), pp.401-408, 2003.

Z. O. Et and E. O. , Web Document Clustering : A Feasibility Demonstration, Proceedings of the 21 st Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR), pp.46-54, 1998.

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A. Scatterplot-matrix and .. , 174 A.4 Chernoff Faces 175 A.5 Stick Figures 176 A.6 Color Icons 176 A.7 Today's front pages 178 A.9 Exemple d'arrangement selon la technique des segments de cercle, D.3 Apurement des modalités actives (partie 2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 D.4 Histogramme des valeurs propres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 D.5 Valeurs propres ? recherche de paliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 D.6 Coordonnées, contributions et qualité de représentation des modalités actives, p.202

C. Table and Q. , 188 C.3 Table DOCUMENTS