C. Bachem, R. Oomen, and R. Visier, Transcript imaging with cDNA-AFLP: a step-by-step protocol, Plant Molecular Biology Reporter, vol.16, issue.2, pp.157-173, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1007468801806

A. Beaujean, R. Sangwan, A. Lecardonnel, and B. Sangwann-norreel, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of three economically important potato cultivars using sliced internodal explants: an efficient protocol of transformation, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.49, issue.326, pp.1589-1595, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/jxb/49.326.1589

P. Allingham, R. Kerlin, R. Tellam, S. Briscoe, and H. Standfast, Passage of host immunoglobulin across the mid-gut epithelium into the haemolymph of blood-fed buffalo flies Haematobia irritans exigua, Journal of Insect Physiology, vol.38, issue.1, pp.9-13, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1910(92)90017-8

G. An, B. Watson, and C. Chiang, Transformation of Tobacco, Tomato, Potato, and Arabidopsis thaliana Using a Binary Ti Vector System, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol.81, issue.1, pp.301-305, 1986.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.81.1.301

A. Anand, T. Zhou, H. Trick, B. Gill, W. Bockus et al., Greenhouse and field testing of transgenic wheat plants stably expressing genes for thaumatin-like protein, chitinase and glucanase against Fusarium graminearum, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.54, issue.384, pp.1101-1111, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/jxb/erg110

G. Ancillo, B. Witte, E. Schmelzer, and E. Kombrink, A distinct member of basic (class I) chitinase gene family in potato is specifically expressed in epidermal cells, Plant Molecular Biology, vol.39, issue.6, pp.1137-1151, 1999.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1006178425803

S. Andersen, Biochemistry of Insect Cuticle, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.24, issue.1, pp.29-61, 1979.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.en.24.010179.000333

J. Antoniw, C. Ritter, W. Pierpoint, and L. Vanloon, Comparison of Three Pathogenesis-related Proteins from Plants of Two Cultivars of Tobacco Infected with TMV, Journal of General Virology, vol.47, issue.1, 1980.
DOI : 10.1099/0022-1317-47-1-79

N. Arai, K. Shiomi, Y. Iwai, and S. Omura, Argifin, a New Chitinase Inhibitor, Produced by Gliocladium sp. FTD-0668. II. Isolation, Physico-chemical Properties, and Structure Elucidation., The Journal of Antibiotics, vol.53, issue.6, pp.609-614, 2000.
DOI : 10.7164/antibiotics.53.609

N. Arai, K. Shiomi, Y. Yamaguchi, R. Masuma, Y. Iwai et al., Argadin, a New Chitinase Inhibitor, Produced by Clonostachys sp. FO-7314., CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, vol.48, issue.10, pp.1442-1446, 2000.
DOI : 10.1248/cpb.48.1442

Y. Arakane, Q. Zhu, M. Matsumiya, S. Muthukrishnan, and K. Kramer, Properties of catalytic, linker and chitin-binding domains of insect chitinase, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.33, issue.6, pp.631-648, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(03)00049-3

S. Armand, H. Tomita, A. Heyraud, C. Gey, T. Watanabe et al., WL-12, FEBS Letters, vol.217, issue.2, pp.177-180, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-5793(94)80314-5
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00310687

H. Azzouz, E. Campan, A. Cherqui, J. Saguez, A. Couty et al., Potential effects of plant protease inhibitors, oryzacystatin I and soybean, 2005.

. Bowman-birk-inhibitor, on the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi Haliday (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), J Insect Physiol, vol.51, pp.941-451

H. Azzouz, A. Cherqui, E. Campan, Y. Rahbe, G. Duport et al., Effects of plant protease inhibitors, oryzacystatin I and soybean Bowman???Birk inhibitor, on the aphid Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Homoptera, Aphididae) and its parasitoid Aphelinus abdominalis (Hymenoptera, Aphelinidae), Journal of Insect Physiology, vol.51, issue.1, pp.75-86, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2004.11.010
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00123260

N. Benhamou and A. Asselin, Attempted localization of a substrate for chitinases in plant cells reveals abundant N-acetyl-d-glucosamine residues in secondary walls, Biology of the Cell, vol.67, issue.3, pp.341-350, 1989.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1768-322X.1989.tb00880.x

R. Blackman and V. Eastop, Aphids on the world's crop: an identification and information guide, 2000.

J. Blackwell, Structure of ?-chitin or parallel chain systems of poly-?-(1?4)-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, Biopolymers, vol.46, issue.3, pp.281-298, 1969.
DOI : 10.1002/bip.1969.360070302

R. Blattner, P. Gerard, and M. Spindler-barth, Synthesis and Biological Activity of Allosamidin and Allosamidin Analogues, Pesticide Science, vol.280, issue.4, pp.312-318, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199708)50:4<312::AID-PS594>3.0.CO;2-O

J. Bolar, J. Norelli, G. Harman, S. Brown, and H. Et-aldwinckle, Synergistic activity of endochitinase and exochitinase from Trichoderma atroviride (T. harzianum) against pathogenic fungus Venturia inaequalis in transgenic apple plants, Transgenic Research, vol.10, issue.6, pp.533-543, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1013036732691

R. Boot, G. Renkema, A. Strijland, A. Van-zonneveld, and J. Aerts, Cloning of a cDNA Encoding Chitotriosidase, a Human Chitinase Produced by Macrophages, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.270, issue.44, pp.26252-26256, 1995.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.270.44.26252

B. Bornhoff, M. Harst, E. Zyprian, and R. Töpfer, Transgenic plants of Vitis vinifera cv. Seyval blanc, Plant Cell Reports, vol.19, issue.7, pp.433-438, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00299-005-0959-3

K. Bortone, A. Monzingo, S. Ernst, and J. Robertus, The Structure of an Allosamidin Complex with the Coccidioides immitis Chitinase Defines a Role for a Second Acid Residue in Substrate-assisted Mechanism, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.320, issue.2, pp.293-302, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00444-8

M. Bradford, A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Analytical Biochemistry, vol.72, issue.1-2, pp.248-254, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3

K. Brameld, W. Shrader, B. Imperiali, and G. War, Substrate assistance in the mechanism of family 18 chitinases: theoretical studies of potential intermediates and inhibitors11Edited by B. Honig, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.280, issue.5, pp.913-923, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1890

K. Broglie, C. I. Holliday, M. Cressman, R. Biddle, P. Knowlton et al., Transgenic Plants with Enhanced Resistance to the Fungal Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, Science, vol.254, issue.5035, pp.1194-1197, 1991.
DOI : 10.1126/science.254.5035.1194

C. Carlini and M. Grossi-de-sa, Plant toxic proteins with insecticidal properties. A review on their potentialities as bioinsecticides, Toxicon, vol.40, issue.11, pp.1515-1539, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0041-0101(02)00240-4

M. Carstens, M. Vivier, and I. Pretorius, The Saccharomyces cerevisiae chitinase, encoded by the CTS1-2 gene, confers antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea to transgenic tobacco, Transgenic Research, vol.12, issue.4, pp.497-508, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1024220023057

M. Charpentier and F. Percheron, The chitin-degrading enzyme system of a Streptomyces species, International Journal of Biochemistry, vol.15, issue.3, pp.289-292, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-711X(83)90093-9

E. Chatton, A propos du rôle de la membrane péritrophique des Glossines dans l'évolution du Trypanosome du crocodile T. grayi (T. kochi), Bull Soc Path Exot, vol.25, pp.575-577, 1932.

J. Chen, B. Martin, Y. Rahbé, and A. Fereres, Early intracellular punctures by two aphid species on near-isogenic melon lines with and without the virus aphid transmission (Vat) resistance gene, European Journal of Plant Pathology, vol.103, issue.6, pp.521-536, 1997.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008610812437

W. Chen and Z. Punja, Introduction and expression of a thaumatin-like protein from rice in American ginseng following Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, J Ginseng Res, vol.27, pp.17-23, 2003.

A. Cherqui, A. S. Saguez, J. Doury, G. Sangwan-norreel, B. Giordanengo et al., Probiotic effects of ??-glucuronidase on the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Aphididae), Journal of Insect Physiology, vol.49, issue.12, pp.1199-1209, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.09.004

H. Choi, K. Choi, K. Kramer, and S. Muthukrishnan, Isolation and characterization of a genomic clone for the gene of an insect molting enzyme, chitinase, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.27, issue.1, pp.37-47, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(96)00066-5

R. Cohen-kupiec and I. Chet, The molecular biology of chitin digestion, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol.9, issue.3, pp.270-277, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0958-1669(98)80058-X

E. Cohen, Chitin synthesis and degradation as targets for pesticide action, Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, vol.82, issue.1-2, pp.245-261, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/arch.940220118

E. Cohen, Chitin synthesis and inhibition: a revisit, Pest Management Science, vol.24, issue.10, pp.946-950, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/ps.363

D. Collinge, K. Kragh, J. Mikkelsen, K. Nielsen, V. Rasmussen et al., Plant chitinases., The Plant Journal, vol.3, issue.1, pp.31-40, 1993.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1993.t01-1-00999.x

A. Comeau, La résistance aux pucerons: aspects théoriques et pratiques In, 1992.

M. Cottrell, J. Moore, and D. Kirchman, Chitinases from uncultured marine microorganisms, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.65, pp.2553-2557, 1999.

R. Creelman and J. Mullet, BIOSYNTHESIS AND ACTION OF JASMONATES IN PLANTS, Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, vol.48, issue.1, pp.355-381, 1997.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.arplant.48.1.355

P. Cristofoletti, A. Ribeiro, C. Deraison, Y. Rahbé, and W. Terra, Midgut adaptation and digestive enzyme distribution in a phloem feeding insect, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, Journal of Insect Physiology, vol.49, issue.1, pp.11-24, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1910(02)00222-6
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00402183

C. Dackman, C. I. Nordbring-hertz, and B. , : infection and enzymatic activity, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.62, issue.3, pp.201-208, 1989.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03694.x

K. Datta, J. Tu, N. Oliva, I. Ona, R. Velazhahan et al., Enhanced resistance to sheath blight by constitutive expression of infection-related rice chitinase in transgenic elite indica rice cultivars, Plant Science, vol.160, issue.3, pp.405-414, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00413-1

A. De, L. Gerhardt, G. Sachetto-martins, M. Contarini, M. Sandroni et al., Arabidopsis thaliana class IV chitinase is early induced during the interaction with Xanthomonas campestris, FEBS Letters, vol.419, pp.69-75, 1997.

D. Jong, A. Cordewener, J. Schiavo, F. Terzi, M. Vandekerckhove et al., A Carrot Somatic Embryo Mutant Is Rescued by Chitinase, The Plant Cell, vol.4, issue.4, pp.425-433, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/3869444

C. Deraison, I. Darboux, L. Duportets, T. Gorojankina, Y. Rahbe et al., Cloning and characterization of a gut-specific cathepsin L from the aphid Aphis gossypii, Insect Molecular Biology, vol.6, issue.2, pp.165-177, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1910(94)90163-5
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00402181

J. Desbrières, Chitine et chitosane. L'actualité chimique 11, pp.39-44, 2002.

K. Dickinson, V. Keer, C. Hitchcock, and D. Adams, Microsomal chitinase activity from Candida albicans, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, vol.1073, issue.1, pp.177-182, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4165(91)90199-Q

X. Ding, B. Gopalakrishnan, L. Johnson, F. White, X. Wang et al., Insect resistance of transgenic tobacco expressing an insect chitinase gene, Transgenic Research, vol.7, issue.2, pp.77-84, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008820507262

A. Dixon, Parthenogenetic reproduction and the rate of increase in aphids In: Minks AK et Harrewijn P, Aphids Their biology, 1987.

A. Gatehouse, R. Down, K. Powell, N. Sauvion, Y. Rahbé et al., Transgenic potato plants with enhanced resistance to the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, vol.14, issue.1, pp.295-307, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1996.tb00837.x

L. Gianessi, C. Silvers, S. Sankula, and J. Carpenter, Plant Biotechnology: Current and Potential Impact for Improving Pest Management in U.S. Agriculture An Analysis of 40, 2002.

C. Girard and L. Jouanin, Molecular cloning of a gut-specific chitinase cDNA from the beetle Phaedon cochleariae, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.29, issue.6, pp.549-56, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(99)00029-6

G. Gooday, The effect of polyoxin D on morphogenesis in Coprinus cinereus, 1972.

G. Gooday, Physiology of microbial degradation of chitin and chitosan, Biodegradation, vol.14, issue.2-3, pp.177-190, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00058835

G. Gooday, Agressive and defensive roles for chitinases In: Muzzarelli RAA et Jolles P, Chitin and Chitinases, 1999.

G. Gooday, L. Brydon, and L. Chappell, Chitinase in female Onchocerca gibsoni and its inhibition by allosamidin, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, vol.29, issue.2-3, pp.223-225, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-6851(88)90077-1

G. Gooday, W. Zhu, O. Donnell, and R. , What are the roles of chitinases in the growing fungus?, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.100, issue.1-3, pp.387-392, 1992.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1992.tb05730.x

S. Goormachtig, S. Lievens, W. Van-de-velde, V. Montagu, M. Holsters et al., Srchi13, a Novel Early Nodulin from Sesbania rostrata, Is Related to Acidic Class III Chitinases, THE PLANT CELL ONLINE, vol.10, issue.6, pp.905-916, 1998.
DOI : 10.1105/tpc.10.6.905

B. Gopalakrishnan, S. Muthukrishnan, and K. Kramer, Baculovirus-mediated expression of a Manduca sexta chitinase gene: Properties of the recombinant protein, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.25, issue.2, pp.255-265, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0965-1748(94)00070-X

L. Graham and M. Sticklen, Plant chitinases, Canadian Journal of Botany, vol.72, issue.8, pp.1057-1083, 1994.
DOI : 10.1139/b94-132

R. Grison, B. Grezes-besset, M. Schneider, N. Lucante, L. Olsen et al., Field tolerance to fungal pathogens of Brassica napus constitutively expressing a chimeric chitinase gene, Nature Biotechnology, vol.83, issue.5, pp.643-646, 1996.
DOI : 10.1038/nbt0596-643

K. Hahlbrock and D. Scheel, Physiology and Molecular Biology of Phenylpropanoid Metabolism, Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, vol.40, issue.1, pp.347-369, 1988.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.pp.40.060189.002023

R. Hammerschmidt, : What Have We Learned After 60 Years?, Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol.37, issue.1, pp.285-306, 1999.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.phyto.37.1.285

J. Hawkes, The potato: evolution, biodiversity and genetic resources, 1990.

R. Hawtin, T. Zarkowska, K. Arnold, C. Thomas, G. Gooday et al., Liquefaction ofAutographa californicaNucleopolyhedrovirus-Infected Insects Is Dependent on the Integrity of Virus-Encoded Chitinase and Cathepsin Genes, Virology, vol.238, issue.2, pp.243-253, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/viro.1997.8816

R. Hawtin, K. Arnold, M. Ayres, P. Zanotto, S. Howard et al., Identification and Preliminary Characterization of a Chitinase Gene in the Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Genome, Virology, vol.212, issue.2, pp.673-685, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/viro.1995.1525

J. Hejgaard, S. Jacobsen, and I. Svendsen, Two antifungal thaumatin-like proteins from barley grain, FEBS Letters, vol.94, issue.1, pp.127-131, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-5793(91)81119-S

S. Helleboid, T. Hendriks, G. Bauw, D. Inze, J. Vasseur et al., Three major somatic embryogenesis related proteins in Cichorium identified as PR proteins, Journal of Experimental Botany, vol.51, issue.348, pp.1189-1200, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/jxb/51.348.1189

B. Henrissat, Weak sequence homologies among chitinases detected by clustering analysis, Protein Seq Data Anal, vol.3, pp.523-526, 1990.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00310192

B. Henrissat, Classification of chitinases modules, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-0348-8757-1_10

B. Henrissat and A. Bairoch, New families in the classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino acid sequence similarities, Biochemical Journal, vol.293, issue.3, pp.781-788, 1993.
DOI : 10.1042/bj2930781
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00310595

B. Henrissat and G. Davies, Glycoside Hydrolases and Glycosyltransferases. Families, Modules, and Implications for Genomics, Plant Physiology, vol.124, issue.4, pp.1515-1519, 2000.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.124.4.1515

K. Hoffmann and M. Lorenz, Recent advances in hormones in insect pest control, Phytoparasitica, vol.217, issue.4, pp.323-330, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02981447

J. Horsfall, Life history studies of Myzus persicae Sulzer, Pennsylvania Agric Exp Stn Bull, vol.185, pp.1-16, 1924.

D. Houston, I. Eggleston, B. Synstad, V. Eijsink, and D. Van-aalten, The cyclic dipeptide CI-4 [cyclo-(l-Arg-d-Pro)] inhibits family 18 chitinases by structural mimicry of a reaction intermediate, Biochemical Journal, vol.368, issue.1, pp.23-27, 2002.
DOI : 10.1042/bj20021034

D. Houston, B. Synstad, V. Eijsink, M. Stark, I. Eggleston et al., Structure-Based Exploration of Cyclic Dipeptide Chitinase Inhibitors, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol.47, issue.23, pp.5713-5720, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/jm049940a

D. Houston, K. Shiomi, N. Arai, S. Omura, M. Peter et al., High-resolution structures of a chitinase complexed with natural product cyclopentapeptide inhibitors: Mimicry of carbohydrate substrate, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.99, issue.14, pp.9127-9132, 2002.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.132060599

G. Huang, D. Zhang, H. Zhao, H. Zhang, and P. Wang, Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of 1,4-oxazepanyl sugar as potent inhibitor of chitinase, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol.14, issue.7, pp.2446-2449, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.020

H. Huang, A. Harper, E. Kokko, and R. Howard, to alfalfa, Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, vol.2, issue.3, pp.141-147, 1981.
DOI : 10.1080/07060668309501615

M. Huber, E. Cabib, and L. Miller, Malaria parasite chitinase and penetration of the mosquito peritrophic membrane., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.88, issue.7, pp.2807-2810, 1991.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.88.7.2807

Y. Itho, S. Takahashi, H. Takizawa, N. Nikaidou, H. Tanaka et al., HUT6037 Increases Plant Resistance to the Fungal Disease, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, vol.87, issue.3, pp.847-855, 2003.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1999.00502.x

S. Ito, A. Nagata, T. Kai, H. Takahara, and S. Tanaka, Symptomless infection of tomato plants by tomatinase producing Fusarium oxysporum formae speciales nonpathogenic on tomato plants, Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, vol.66, issue.5, pp.183-191, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pmpp.2005.07.002

K. Iverson, M. Bromel, A. Anderson, and T. Freeman, Bacterial symbionts in the sugar beet root maggot Tetanops myopaeformis (von Röder), Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.47, pp.22-27, 1984.

H. Izumida, N. Imamura, and H. Sano, A Novel Chitinase Inhibitor from a Marine Bacterium, Pseudomonassp., The Journal of Antibiotics, vol.49, issue.1, pp.76-80, 1996.
DOI : 10.7164/antibiotics.49.76

H. Izumida, M. Nishijima, T. Takadera, A. Nomoto, and H. Sano, The Effect of Chitinase Inhibitors, Cyclo(Arg-Pro) against Cell Separation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the Morphological Change of Candida albicans., The Journal of Antibiotics, vol.49, issue.8, pp.829-831, 1996.
DOI : 10.7164/antibiotics.49.829

G. Jach, B. Gornhardt, J. Mundy, J. Logemann, E. Pinsdorf et al., Enhanced quantitative resistance against fungal disease by combinatorial expression of different barley antifungal proteins in transgenic tobacco, The Plant Journal, vol.8, issue.1, pp.97-109, 1995.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1995.08010097.x

S. Jackson, A. Place, and L. Seiderer, Chitin Digestion and Assimilation by Seabirds, The Auk, vol.109, issue.4, pp.758-770, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/4088151

D. Jin-zhuo and I. David, Endochitinase and ?-1,3-glucanase genes are developmentally regulated during somatic embryogenesis in Picea glauca, Planta, vol.201, pp.189-194, 1997.

D. Jones, S. Wache, and V. Chhokar, Toxins produced by arthropod parasites: Salivary gland proteins of human body lice and venom proteins of chelonine wasps, Toxicon, vol.34, issue.11-12, pp.1421-1429, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0041-0101(96)00091-8

K. Kadano-okuda, E. Kuwano, M. Eto, and O. Yamashita, Inhibitory action of an imidazole compound on ecdysone synthesis in prothoracic glands of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Growth Diff, vol.29, pp.527-533, 1987.

I. Kaloshian, W. Lange, and V. Williamson, An aphid-resistance locus is tightly linked to the nematode-resistance gene, Mi, in tomato., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.92, issue.2, pp.622-625, 1995.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.92.2.622

K. Kalpana, S. Maruthasalam, T. Rajesh, K. Poovannan, K. Kumar et al., Engineering sheath blight resistance in elite indica rice cultivars using genes encoding defense proteins, Plant Science, vol.170, issue.2, pp.203-215, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.plantsci.2005.08.002

A. Karley, A. Douglas, and W. Parker, Amino acid composition and nutritional quality of potato leaf phloem sap for aphids, J Exp Biol, vol.205, pp.3009-3018, 2002.

A. Karley, D. Ashford, L. Minto, J. Pritchard, and A. Douglas, The significance of gut sucrase activity for osmoregulation in the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, Journal of Insect Physiology, vol.51, issue.12, pp.1313-1319, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2005.08.001

T. Kato, Y. Shizuri, H. Izumida, A. Yokoyama, and M. Endo, Styloguanidines, new chitinase inhibitors from the marine sponge Stylotella aurantium, Tetrahedron Letters, vol.36, issue.12, pp.2133-2136, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0040-4039(95)00194-H

C. Kaznowski, H. Schneiderman, and P. Bryant, The incorporation of precursors into Drosophila larval cuticle, Journal of Insect Physiology, vol.32, issue.2, pp.133-142, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1910(86)90132-0

R. Kempton, H. Lowe, and J. Bintcliffe, The Relationship between Fecundity and Adult Weight in Myzus persicae, The Journal of Animal Ecology, vol.49, issue.3, pp.917-926, 1980.
DOI : 10.2307/4235

W. Kenchington, Adaption of insect peritrophic membranes to form cocoon fabrics In: Hepburn HR, The Insect Integument Elsevier Science, 1976.

J. Kennedy, M. Day, and V. Eastop, A conspectus of aphids as vectors of plant viruses Comm Inst Ent, 1962.

D. Kim, I. Lee, J. Jung, and S. Yang, Psammaplin A, a natural bromotyrosine derivative from a sponge, possesses the antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus and the DNA gyrase-inhibitory activity, Archives of Pharmacal Research, vol.30, issue.1, pp.25-29, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02976431

D. Kim, I. Lee, J. Jung, C. Lee, and S. Choi, Psammaplin A, a natural phenolic compound, has inhibitory effect on human topoisomerase II and is cytotoxic to cancer cells, Anticancer Res, vol.19, pp.4085-4090, 1999.

M. Kim, S. Shin, K. Bae, S. Kim, and H. Park, Molecular cloning of chitinase cDNAs from the silkworm, Bombyx mori and the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.28, issue.3, pp.163-171, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(97)00112-4

D. Koga, T. Funakoshi, H. Fujimoto, E. Kuwano, M. Eto et al., Effects of 20-hydroxyecdysone and KK-42 on chitinase and ??-N-acetylglucosaminidase during the larval-pupal transformation of Bombyx mori, Insect Biochemistry, vol.21, issue.3, pp.277-284, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-1790(91)90017-9

H. Komano, D. Mizuno, and S. Natori, A possible mechanism of induction of insect lectin, 1981.

K. Kramer and S. Muthukrishnan, Insect Chitinases: Molecular Biology and Potential Use as Biopesticides, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.27, issue.11, pp.887-900, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(97)00078-7

K. Kramer, L. Corpuz, H. Choi, and S. Muthukrishnan, Sequence of a cDNA and expression of the gene encoding epidermal and gut chitinases of Manduca sexta, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.23, issue.6, pp.691-701, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0965-1748(93)90043-R

A. Krishnan, P. Nair, and D. Jones, Isolation, cloning, and characterization of new chitinase stored in active form in chitin-lined venom reservoir, J Biol Chem, vol.269, pp.20971-20976, 1994.

S. Krishnaveni, S. Mutukrishnan, G. Liang, G. Wilde, and A. Manickam, Induction of chitinases and ??-1,3-glucanases in resistant and susceptible cultivars of sorghum in response to insect attack, fungal infection and wounding, Plant Science, vol.144, issue.1, pp.9-16, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-9452(99)00049-7

T. Kubo, T. Arai, K. Kawasaki, and S. Natori, Insect Lectins and Epimorphosis., Trends in Glycoscience and Glycotechnology, vol.8, issue.43, pp.357-364, 1996.
DOI : 10.4052/tigg.8.357

M. Kuranda and P. Robbins, Chitinase is required for cell separation during growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J Biol Chem, vol.266, pp.19758-19767, 1991.

U. Laemmli, Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4, Nature, vol.244, issue.5259, pp.680-685, 1970.
DOI : 10.1038/227680a0

I. Lasters, S. Wodak, P. Alard, and E. Van-cutsem, Structural principles of parallel beta-barrels in proteins., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.85, issue.10, pp.3338-3342, 1988.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.85.10.3338

S. Lawrence and N. Novak, Expression of Poplar Chitinase in Tomato Leads to Inhibition of Development in Colorado Potato Beetle, Biotechnology Letters, vol.220, issue.8, pp.593-599, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s10529-006-0022-7

M. Lorito, S. Woo, I. Fernandez, G. Collucci, G. Harman et al., Genes from mycoparasitic fungi as a source for improving plant resistance to fungal pathogens, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.95, issue.14, pp.7860-7865, 1998.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.14.7860

Y. Lu, K. Zen, S. Muthukrishnan, and K. Kramer, Site-directed mutagenesis and functional analysis of active site acidic amino acid residues D142, D144 and E146 in Manduca sexta (tobacco hornworm) chitinase, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.32, issue.11, pp.1369-1382, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00057-7

T. Malausa, M. Salles, V. Marquet, T. Guillemaud, A. S. Marion-poll et al., Within-species variability of the response to 20-hydroxyecdysone in peach???potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer), Journal of Insect Physiology, vol.52, issue.5, pp.480-486, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2006.01.007

F. Manson, T. Fletcher, and G. Gooday, Localization of chitinolytic enzymes in blood of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus, and their possible roles in defence, Journal of Fish Biology, vol.60, issue.6, pp.919-927, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3002(52)90045-0

F. Mauch and A. Staehelin, Functional implications of the subcellular localization of ethylene-induced chitinase and ?-1,3-glucanase in bean leaves, Plant Cell, vol.1, pp.447-457, 1989.

S. Maximova, J. Marelli, A. Young, S. Pishak, J. Verica et al., Over-expression of a cacao class I chitinase gene in Theobroma cacao L. enhances resistance against the pathogen, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Planta, vol.20, issue.3, pp.740-749, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00425-005-0188-6

R. Mayer, S. Meola, and J. Deloach, Chitin synthesis inhibiting insect growth regulators do not inhibit chitin synthetase, EXS, vol.37, pp.337-338, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/bf01959848

R. Mcnab and L. Glover, cytosolic chitinase by allosamidin, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.82, issue.1, pp.79-82, 1991.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04843.x

R. Merz, M. Horsch, L. Nyhlen, and D. Rast, Biochemistry of chitin synthase, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-0348-8757-1_2

P. Miles, Insect Secretions in Plants, Annual Review of Phytopathology, vol.6, issue.1, pp.137-164, 1968.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.py.06.090168.001033

P. Miles, Aphid saliva, Biological Reviews, vol.121, issue.Suppl., pp.41-85, 1989.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00181.x

R. Minke and J. Blackwell, The structure of ??-chitin, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.120, issue.2, pp.167-181, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-2836(78)90063-3

M. Miyazacki, Forms and morphs of aphids In: Minks AK et Harrewijn P, Aphids, their biology, 1987.

T. Mommsen, Chitinase and from the digestive fluid of the spider,, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Enzymology, vol.612, issue.2, pp.361-372, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2744(80)90119-9

A. Mora and E. Earle, Combination of Trichoderma harzianum endochitinase and a membrane-affecting fungicide on control of Alternaria leaf spot in transgenic broccoli plants, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.55, issue.3, pp.306-310, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s002530000496

B. Nishizawa, Y. Nishio, Z. Nakazono, K. Soma, M. Nakajima et al., Enhanced resistance to blast (Magnaporthe grisea) in transgenic Japonica rice by constitutive expression of rice chitinase, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.99, issue.3-4, pp.383-390, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s001220051248

T. Nitoda, H. Usuki, and H. Kanzaki, Abstract, Zeitschrift f??r Naturforschung C, vol.58, issue.11-12, pp.891-894, 2003.
DOI : 10.1515/znc-2003-11-1226

T. Nitoda, H. Usuki, A. Kurata, and H. Kanzaki, Macromolecular Insect Chitinase Inhibitors Produced by Fungi: Screening and Partial Characterization, Journal of Pesticide Science, vol.28, issue.1, pp.24-32, 2003.
DOI : 10.1584/jpestics.28.33

N. Ohno and D. Morisson, Lipopolysaccharide interaction with lysozyme, J Biol Chem, vol.264, pp.4434-4441, 1989.

S. Omura, N. Arai, Y. Yamaguchi, R. Masuma, Y. Iwai et al., Argifin, a New Chitinase Inhibitor, Produced by Gliocladium sp. FTD-0668. I. Taxonomy Fermentation, and Biological Activities., The Journal of Antibiotics, vol.53, issue.6, pp.603-608, 2000.
DOI : 10.7164/antibiotics.53.603

A. Pappinen, Y. Degefu, L. Syrjälä, K. Keinonen, and K. Von-weissenberg, Transgenic silver birch (Betula pendula) expressing sugarbeet chitinase 4 shows enhanced resistance to Pyrenopeziza betulicola, Plant Cell Rep, vol.20, pp.1046-1051, 2002.

P. Passarinho, V. Hengel, A. Fransz, P. De-vries, and S. , Expression pattern of the Arabidopsis thaliana AtEP3 / AtchitIV endochitinase gene, Planta, vol.212, issue.4, pp.556-567, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s004250000464

J. Passonneau and C. Williams, The moulting fluid of the Cecropia silkworm, J exp Biol, vol.30, pp.545-560, 1953.

R. Patil, V. Ghormade, and M. Deshpande, Chitinolytic enzymes: an exploration, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol.26, issue.7, pp.473-483, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00134-4

F. Perlak, T. Stone, Y. Muskopf, L. Petersen, G. Parker et al., Genetically improved potatoes: protection from damage by Colorado potato beetles, Plant Molecular Biology, vol.85, issue.2, pp.313-321, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00014938

A. Perrakis, C. Ouzounis, K. Wilson, and C. Vorgias, Implications of the tertiary structure determination of chitinase A. Similarities with fibronectin III domains, oviductal proteins and narbonin In Advances in Chitin Science, 1996.

M. Peter and F. Schweikart, Chitin Biosynthesis Enhancement by the Endochitinase Inhibitor Allosamidin, Biological Chemistry Hoppe-Seyler, vol.371, issue.1, pp.471-473, 1990.
DOI : 10.1515/bchm3.1990.371.1.471

W. Peters, Peritrophic membranes, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-84414-0

W. Peumans, P. Proost, R. Swennen, and E. Van-damme, The Abundant Class III Chitinase Homolog in Young Developing Banana Fruits Behaves as a Transient Vegetative Storage Protein and Most Probably Serves as an Important Supply of Amino Acids for the Synthesis of Ripening-Associated Proteins, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol.130, issue.2, pp.1063-1072, 2002.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.006551

L. Post, B. Jong, and W. Vincent, 1-(2,6-disubstituted benzoyl)-3-phenylurea insecticides: Inhibitors of chitin synthesis, Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, vol.4, issue.4, pp.473-483, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/0048-3575(74)90072-8

E. Rabea, M. Badawy, T. Rogge, C. Stevens, W. Steurbaut et al., Enhancement of fungicidal and insecticidal activity by reductive alkylation of chitosan, Pest Management Science, vol.30, issue.9, pp.890-897, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/ps.1263

E. Radcliffe and F. Lauer, Resistance to Green Peach Aphid and Potato Aphid in Introductions of Wild Tuber-Bearing Solanum Species, Journal of Economic Entomology, vol.64, issue.5, pp.1260-1266, 1971.
DOI : 10.1093/jee/64.5.1260

E. Radcliffe, F. Lauer, M. Lee, and D. Robinson, Evaluation of the United States potato collection for resistance to green peach aphid and potato aphid, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, vol.331, pp.3-41, 1981.

Y. Rahbé, E. Ferrasson, H. Rabesona, and L. Et-quillien, Toxicity to the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum of anti-chymotrypsin isoforms and fragments of Bowman???Birk protease inhibitors from pea seeds, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.33, issue.3, pp.299-306, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00244-8

Y. Rahbé, C. Deraison, M. Bonade-bottino, C. Girard, C. Nardon et al., Effects of the cysteine protease inhibitor oryzacystatin (OC-I) on different aphids and reduced performance of Myzus persicae on OC-I expressing transgenic oilseed rape, Plant Science, vol.164, issue.4, pp.441-450, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-9452(02)00402-8

F. Rao, O. Andersen, K. Vora, J. Demartino, and D. Van-aalten, Methylxanthine Drugs Are Chitinase Inhibitors: Investigation of Inhibition and Binding Modes, Chemistry & Biology, vol.12, issue.9, pp.973-80, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.07.009

F. Rao, D. Houston, R. Boot, J. Aerts, S. Sakuda et al., Crystal Structures of Allosamidin Derivatives in Complex with Human Macrophage Chitinase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.22, pp.20110-20116, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M300362200

F. Rao, D. Houston, R. Boot, J. Aerts, M. Hodkinson et al., Specificity and Affinity of Natural Product Cyclopentapeptide Inhibitors against A. fumigatus, Human, and Bacterial Chitinases, Chemistry & Biology, vol.12, issue.1, pp.65-76, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chembiol.2004.10.013

M. Rechsteiner and S. Rogers, PEST sequences and regulation by proteolysis, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol.21, issue.7, pp.267-271, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0968-0004(96)10031-1

A. Regev, M. Keller, N. Strizhov, B. Sneh, E. Prudovsky et al., Synergistic activity of a Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin and a bacterial endochitinase against Spodoptera littoralis larvae, Appl Environ Microbiol, vol.62, pp.3581-3586, 1996.

C. Regnault-roger, Enjeux Phytosanitaires pour l'agriculture et l'environnement Lavoisier, 2005.

A. Retnakaran, I. Gelbic, M. Sundaram, W. Tomkins, T. Ladd et al., Mode of action of the ecdysone agonist tebufenozide (RH-5992), and an exclusion mechanism to explain resistance to it, Pest Management Science, vol.28, issue.10, pp.951-957, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/ps.377

S. Reynolds and R. Samuels, Physiology and Biochemistry of Insect Moulting Fluid, Adv Insect Physiol, vol.26, pp.157-232, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2806(08)60031-4

A. Richards and P. Richards, The Peritrophic Membranes of Insects, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.219-240, 1977.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.en.22.010177.001251

N. Robert, K. Roche, Y. Lebeau, C. Breda, M. Boulay et al., Expression of grapevine chitinase genes in berries and leaves infected by fungal or bacterial pathogens, Plant Science, vol.162, issue.3, pp.389-400, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-9452(01)00576-3
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00146333

S. Rogers, R. Wells, and M. Rechsteiner, Amino acid sequences common to rapidly degraded proteins: the PEST hypothesis, Science, vol.234, issue.4774, pp.364-368, 1986.
DOI : 10.1126/science.2876518

V. Rohini, S. Rao, and K. , Transformation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) with tobacco chitinase gene: variable response of transformants to leaf spot disease, Plant Science, vol.160, issue.5, pp.889-898, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00462-3

J. Roussel, Synthetic molecules designed as potential inhibitors in ecdysone biosynthesis, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, vol.85, issue.3, pp.193-199, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1994.tb01786.x

V. Royer, S. Fraichard, and H. Bouhin, A novel putative insect chitinase with multiple catalytic domains: hormonal regulation during metamorphosis, Biochemical Journal, vol.366, issue.3, pp.921-928, 2002.
DOI : 10.1042/bj20011764
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00451462

J. Ruiz-herrera and A. Martinez-espinoza, Chitin biosynthesis and structural organization in vivo, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-0348-8757-1_3

J. Ruiz-herrera and G. San-blas, Chitin Synthesis as a Target for Antifungal Drugs, Current Drug Target -Infectious Disorders, vol.3, issue.1, pp.77-91, 2003.
DOI : 10.2174/1568005033342064

J. Saguez, F. Dubois, C. Vincent, J. Laberche, B. Sangwan-norreel et al., Differential aphicidal effects of chitinase inhibitors on the polyphagous homopteranMyzus persicae (Sulzer), Pest Management Science, vol.50, issue.12, pp.1150-1154, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/ps.1289

J. Saguez, R. Hainez, A. Cherqui, O. Van-wuytswinkel, H. Jeanpierre et al., Unexpected effects of chitinases on the peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) when delivered via transgenic potato plants (Solanum tuberosum Linn???) and in vitro, Transgenic Research, vol.26, issue.1, pp.57-67, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s11248-004-3100-4

S. Sakuda and M. Sakurada, Preparation of biotinylated allosamidins with strong chitinase inhibitory activities, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, vol.8, issue.21, pp.2987-2990, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0960-894X(98)00542-3

S. Sakuda, A. Isogai, S. Matsumoto, and A. Suzuki, Search for microbial insect growth regulators. II Allosamidin, a novel insect chitinase inhibitor., The Journal of Antibiotics, vol.40, issue.3, pp.296-300, 1987.
DOI : 10.7164/antibiotics.40.296

P. Salzer, A. Bonanami, K. Beyer, R. Vögeli-lange, R. Aeschbacher et al., Roots During Mycorrhiza Formation, Nodulation, and Pathogen Infection, Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, vol.13, issue.7, pp.763-777, 2000.
DOI : 10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.7.763

L. Sami, T. Pusztahelyi, T. Emri, Z. Varecza, A. Fekete et al., Autolysis and aging of Penicillium chrysogenum cultures under carbon starvation: Chitinase production and antifungal effect of allosamidin., The Journal of General and Applied Microbiology, vol.47, issue.4, pp.201-211, 2001.
DOI : 10.2323/jgam.47.201

M. Sampson and G. Gooday, Involvement of chitinases of Bacillus thuringiensis during pathogenesis in insects, Microbiology, vol.144, issue.8, pp.2189-2194, 1998.
DOI : 10.1099/00221287-144-8-2189

R. Samuels and S. Reynolds, Molting fluid enzymes of the tobacco hornworm,Manduca sexta: Timing of proteolytic and chitinolytic activity in relation to pre-ecdysial development, Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, vol.6, issue.1, pp.33-44, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/arch.940240104

R. Samuels and I. Paterson, Cuticle degrading proteases from insect moulting fluid and culture filtrates of entomopathogenic fungi, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.110, issue.4, pp.661-669, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0305-0491(94)00205-9

E. Sandor, T. Pusztahelyi, L. Karaffa, Z. Karanyi, I. Pocsi et al., Allosamidin inhibits the fragmentation of Acremonium chrysogenum but does not influence the cephalosporin-C production of the fungus, FEMS Microbiology Letters, vol.164, issue.2, pp.231-236, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1097(98)00209-2

G. Saville, C. Thomas, R. Possee, and L. King, Partial redistribution of the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus chitinase in virus-infected cells accompanies mutation of the carboxy-terminal KDEL ER-retention motif, Journal of General Virology, vol.83, issue.3, pp.685-694, 2002.
DOI : 10.1099/0022-1317-83-3-685

S. Schaefer, K. Gasic, B. Cammue, W. Broekaert, E. Van-damme et al., Enhanced resistance to early blight in transgenic tomato lines expressing heterologous plant defense genes, Planta, vol.13, issue.5, pp.858-866, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00425-005-0026-x

H. Schickler and I. Chet, Heterologous chitinase gene expression to improve plant defense against phytopathogenic fungi, Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.19, issue.3, p.196, 1997.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.jim.2900447

B. Schlumbaum, A. Mauch, F. Vögeli, K. Boller, and T. , Plant chitinases are potent inhibitors of fungal growth, Nature, vol.43, issue.6095, pp.365-367, 1986.
DOI : 10.1038/324365a0

J. Schmidt, H. Röhrig, M. John, U. Wieneke, G. Stacey et al., Alteration of plant growth and development by Rhizobium nodA and nodB genes involved in the synthesis of oligosaccharide signal molecules, The Plant Journal, vol.4, issue.4, pp.651-658, 1993.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-313X.1993.04040651.x

H. Schrempf, Recognition and degradation of chitin by Streptomycetes, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, vol.79, issue.3/4, pp.285-289, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1012058205158

T. Schuler, G. Poppy, R. Potting, I. Denholm, and B. Kerry, Gene flow and agriculture-relevance for transgenic crops Interactions between insect tolerant genetically modified plants and natural enemies, Keele, pp.197-102, 1999.

A. Schuttelkopf, O. Andersen, F. Rao, M. Allwood, C. Lloyd et al., Screening-based discovery and structural dissection of a novel family 18, 2006.

M. Sela-buurlage, A. Ponstein, S. Bres-vloemans, L. Melchers, P. Van-den-elzen et al., Only Specific Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) Chitinases and [beta]-1,3-Glucanases Exhibit Antifungal Activity, Plant Physiology, vol.101, issue.3, pp.857-863, 1993.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.101.3.857
URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC158700/pdf

M. Shahabuddin and J. Vinetz, Chitinases of human parasites and their implications as antiparasitic targets, EXS, vol.87, pp.223-257, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-0348-8757-1_16

M. Shahabuddin, T. Toyoshima, M. Aikawa, and D. Kaslow, Transmission-blocking activity of a chitinase inhibitor and activation of malarial parasite chitinase by mosquito protease., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.90, issue.9, pp.4266-4270, 1993.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.90.9.4266

E. Shahin and R. Simpson, Gene transfer system for potato, 1986.

Z. Shen and M. Jacobs-lorena, A Type I Peritrophic Matrix Protein from the Malaria VectorAnopheles gambiae Binds to Chitin: CLONING, EXPRESSION, AND CHARACTERIZATION, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.273, issue.28, pp.17665-70, 1998.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.273.28.17665

Z. Shen and M. Jacobs-lorena, Evolution of Chitin-Binding Proteins in Invertebrates, Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol.48, issue.3, pp.341-347, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/PL00006478

J. Shim, H. Lee, J. Shin, and H. Kwon, Psammaplin A, a marine natural product, inhibits aminopeptidase N and suppresses angiogenesis in vitro, Cancer Letters, vol.203, issue.2, p.163, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.canlet.2003.08.036

T. Shinoda, J. Kobayashi, M. Matsui, and Y. Chinzei, Cloning and functional expression of a chitinase cDNA from the common cutworm, Spodoptera litura, using a recombinant baculovirus lacking the virus-encoded chitinase gene, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.31, issue.6-7, pp.521-532, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00133-8

H. Shinshi, D. Mohnen, and F. Meins, Regulation of a plant pathogenesis-related enzyme: Inhibition of chitinase and chitinase mRNA accumulation in cultured tobacco tissues by auxin and cytokinin, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.84, issue.1, pp.89-93, 1987.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.84.1.89

A. Showalter, Arabinogalactan-proteins: structure, expression and function, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, vol.58, issue.10, pp.1399-1417, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/PL00000784

A. Smigocki, N. Jr, J. Mccanna, I. Douglass, and L. , Cytokinin-mediated insect resistance in Nicotiana plants transformed with the ipt gene, Plant Molecular Biology, vol.3, issue.2, pp.325-335, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00029008

W. Smirnoff, The symptoms of infection by Bacillus thuringiensis + chitinase formulation in larvae of Choristoneura fumiferana, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, vol.23, issue.3, pp.397-399, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-2011(74)90108-6

C. Smith, Tansley Review No. 86 Accumulation of phytoalexins: defence mechanism and stimulus response system, New Phytologist, vol.84, issue.1, pp.1-45, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0885-5765(91)90018-D

H. Spaink, A. Wifjes, T. Van-vliet, J. Kijne, and B. Lugtenberg, Rhizobial lipooligosaccharide signals and their role in plant morphogenesis: Are analogous lipophilic chitin derivatives produced by the plant?, Aust J Plant Physiol, vol.20, pp.380-392, 1993.

M. Spindler-barth, Quantitative determination of chitin biosynthesis, 1997.

M. Spindler-barth, R. Blattner, C. Vorgias, and K. Spindler, Inhibition of two family 18 chitinases by various allosamidin derivatives, Pesticide Science, vol.1, issue.1, pp.47-52, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199801)52:1<47::AID-PS672>3.0.CO;2-Y

K. Spindler and M. Spindler-barth, Inhibitors of chitinases, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-0348-8757-1_14

K. Spindler, M. Spindler-barth, and S. Sakuda, Effect of demethylation on the chitinase inhibitory activity of allosamidin, Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, vol.1, issue.3, pp.223-227, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6327(1997)36:3<223::AID-ARCH6>3.0.CO;2-U

D. Spire, P. Rouselle, P. Rouselle, Y. Robert, J. Crosnier et al., Origine socio-historique In, 1996.

G. Sridevi, N. Sabapathi, P. Meena, R. Nandakumar, R. Samiyappan et al., Transgenic indica Rice Variety Pusa Basmati 1 Constitutively Expressing a Rice Chitinase Gene Exhibits Enhanced Resistance to Rhizoctonia solani, Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology, vol.11, issue.2, pp.93-101, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/BF03263168

. St, R. Léger, R. Cooper, and A. Charnley, Characterization of chitinase and chitobiase produced by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, J Invertebr Pathol, vol.58, pp.415-426, 1991.

C. Staehelin, J. Granado, J. Muller, A. Wiemken, R. Mellor et al., Perception of Rhizobium nodulation factors by tomato cells and inactivation by root chitinases., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.6, pp.2196-2200, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.6.2196

L. Stone, D. Webley, S. Lewis, and E. Evans, The Persistence of Potato Cyst Eelworm (Heterodera pallida Stone) under Different Non-host Regimes, Plant Pathology, vol.18, issue.67, pp.181-183, 1973.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3059.1973.tb01803.x

B. Surholt, Studiesin vivo andin vitro on chitin synthesis during the larval-adult moulting cycle of the migratory locust,Locusta migratoria L., Journal of Comparative Physiology ? B, vol.6, issue.2, pp.135-142, 1975.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00691299

M. Suzuki, W. Fujimoto, M. Goto, M. Morimatsu, B. Syuto et al., Cellular Expression of Gut Chitinase mRNA in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mice and Chickens, Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry, vol.158, issue.8, pp.1081-1089, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/002215540205000810

S. Suzuki, E. Nakanishi, T. Ohira, R. Kawachi, Y. Ohnishi et al., Chitinase Inhibitor Allosamidin Is a Signal Molecule for Chitinase Production in Its Producing Streptomyces, The Journal of Antibiotics, vol.7, issue.7, pp.410-417, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/ja.2006.58

J. Tabudravu, V. Eijsink, G. Gooday, M. Jaspars, D. Komander et al., Psammaplin A, a chitinase inhibitor isolated from the fijian marine sponge Aplysinella rhax, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol.10, issue.4, pp.1123-1128, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0968-0896(01)00372-8

T. Taira, T. Ohnuma, T. Yamagami, Y. Aso, M. Ishiguro et al., ) Seed Chitinases: the Different Binding Manner of Class I and Class II Chitinases to the Fungal Cell Walls, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, vol.66, issue.5, pp.970-977, 2002.
DOI : 10.1271/bbb.66.970

M. Takahashi, M. Kiuchi, and M. Kamimura, A new chitinase-related gene, BmChiR1, is induced in the Bombyx mori anterior silk gland at molt and metamorphosis by ecdysteroid, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.32, issue.2, pp.147-151, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(01)00102-3

W. Takahashi, M. Fujimori, Y. Miura, T. Komatsu, Y. Nishizawa et al., Increased resistance to crown rust disease in transgenic Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) expressing the rice chitinase gene, Plant Cell Reports, vol.20, issue.12, pp.811-818, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00299-004-0900-1

Y. Takakura, T. Ito, H. Saito, T. Inoue, T. Komari et al., Flower-predominant expression of a gene encoding a novel class I chitinase in rice (Oryza sativa L.), Plant Molecular Biology, vol.42, issue.6, pp.883-897, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1006401816145

S. Tantimavanich, S. Pantuwatana, A. Bhumiratana, and W. Panbangred, Cloning of a chitinase gene into Bacillus thuringiensis subsp, 1997.

R. Tellam, The peritrophic matrix, Biology of the insect midgut Chapmann and Hall, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-1519-0_4

R. Tellam, G. Wijffels, and P. Willadsen, Peritrophic matrix proteins, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.29, issue.2, pp.87-101, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(98)00123-4

R. Tellam, T. Vuocolo, S. Johnson, J. Jarmey, and R. Pearson, Insect chitin synthase, European Journal of Biochemistry, vol.31, issue.19, pp.6025-6043, 2000.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01679.x

T. Terakawa, N. Takaya, H. Horiuchi, M. Koike, and M. Takagi, A fungal chitinase gene from Rhizopus oligosporus confers antifungal activity to transgenic tobacco, Plant Cell Reports, vol.16, issue.7, pp.439-443, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/s002990050256

H. Terayama, H. Kuzuhara, S. Takahashi, S. Sakuda, and Y. Yamada, -Chitobiosyl Allosamizoline, and Its Inhibitory Activity against Some Chitinases, Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, vol.57, issue.12, pp.2067-2069, 1993.
DOI : 10.1271/bbb.57.2067

W. Terra, The origin and functions of the insect peritrophic membrane and peritrophic gel, Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, vol.10, issue.2, pp.47-61, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/arch.1036

S. Thamthiankul, S. Suan-ngay, S. Tantimavanich, and W. Panbangred, Chitinase from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. pakistani, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.56, issue.3-4, pp.395-401, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s002530100630

C. Thomas, G. Gooday, L. King, and R. Possee, Mutagenesis of the active site coding region of the Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus chiA gene, Journal of General Virology, vol.81, issue.5, pp.1403-1411, 2000.
DOI : 10.1099/0022-1317-81-5-1403

Y. Tsai, R. Hayward, R. Langer, D. Fidock, and J. Vinetz, Disruption of Plasmodium falciparum Chitinase Markedly Impairs Parasite Invasion of Mosquito Midgut, Infection and Immunity, vol.69, issue.6, pp.4048-4054, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/IAI.69.6.4048-4054.2001

S. Tsuzuki, M. Iwami, and S. Sakurai, Ecdysteroid-inducible genes in the programmed cell death during insect metamorphosis, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.31, issue.4-5, pp.321-331, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(00)00124-7

D. Van-aalten, D. Komander, B. Synstad, S. Gaseidnes, M. Peter et al., Structural insights into the catalytic mechanism of a family 18 exo-chitinase, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.16, pp.8979-8984, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.151103798

E. Van-damme, R. Culerrier, A. Barre, R. Alvarez, P. Rouge et al., A Novel Family of Lectins Evolutionarily Related to Class V Chitinases: An Example of Neofunctionalization in Legumes, PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, vol.144, issue.2, 2006.
DOI : 10.1104/pp.106.087981

X. Wang, X. Ding, B. Gopalakrishnan, T. Morgan, L. Johnson et al., Characterization of a 46 kda insect chitinase from transgenic tobacco, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.26, issue.10, pp.1055-1064, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(96)00056-2

T. Wemmer, H. Kaufmann, H. Kirch, K. Schneider, F. Lottspeich et al., The most abundant soluble basic protein of the stylar transmitting tract in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an endochitinase, Planta, vol.12, issue.2, p.264, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01101687

T. Wilkinson, D. Adams, L. Minto, and A. Douglas, The impact of host plant on the abundance and function of symbiotic bacteria in an aphid, J Exp Biol, vol.204, pp.3027-3038, 2001.

C. Wiwat, S. Thaithanun, S. Pantuwatana, and A. Bhumiratana, Toxicity of Chitinase-Producing Bacillus thuringiensis ssp. kurstaki HD-1 (G) toward Plutella xylostella, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, vol.76, issue.4, pp.270-277, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/jipa.2000.4976

T. Yamamoto, H. Iketani, H. Ieki, Y. Nishizawa, K. Notsuka et al., Transgenic grapevine plants expressing a rice chitinase with enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens, Plant Cell Reports, vol.19, issue.7, pp.639-646, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s002999900174

J. Yan, Q. Cheng, S. Narashimhan, C. Li, and S. Aksoy, Cloning and functional expression of a fat body-specific chitinase cDNA from the tsetse fly, Glossina morsitans morsitans, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.32, issue.9, pp.979-989, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00034-6

S. Ying, M. Feng, S. Xu, and Z. Ma, Field efficacy of emulsifiable suspensions of Beauveria bassiana conidia for control of Myzus persicae population on cabbage, Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao, vol.14, pp.545-548, 2003.

D. Zhang and M. Miller, Polyoxins and nikkomycins: progress in synthetic and biological studies, Curr Pharm Des, vol.5, pp.73-99, 1999.

H. Zhang, X. Huang, T. Fukamizo, S. Muthukrishnan, and K. Kramer, Site-directed mutagenesis and functional analysis of an active site tryptophan of insect chitinase, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.32, issue.11, pp.1477-1488, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00068-1

Y. Zheng, S. Zheng, X. Cheng, T. Ladd, E. Lingohr et al., A molt-associated chitinase cDNA from the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.32, issue.12, pp.1813-1823, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(02)00166-2

H. Zhu, H. Zhang, T. Fukamizo, S. Muthukrishnan, and K. Kramer, Properties of Manduca sexta chitinase and its C-terminal deletions, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, vol.31, issue.12, pp.1221-1230, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0965-1748(01)00070-4

Q. Zhu, E. Maher, S. Masoud, R. Dixon, and C. Lamb, Enhanced Protection Against Fungal Attack by Constitutive Co???expression of Chitinase and Glucanase Genes in Transgenic Tobacco, Bio/Technology, vol.76, issue.8, pp.807-812, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/abio.1987.9999