I. Acquisition-des, 57 1.2, p.58

.. Mesure-de-la-vitesse-de-rotation, 58 2.1. Traitement d'images, ., p.60

B. Salomé, P. Lenne, N. Destainville-]-n, J. Minc, R. M. Viovy et al., Membranes biologiques : vers un modèle physique Images de la physiqueMicrofluidique et applications biologiques : enjeux et tendancesEngineering approaches to biomanipulationTransmission of Mechanical Stresses within the Cytoskeleton of Adherent Cells: A Theoretical Analysis Based on a Multi-Component Cell ModelMeasurement of the Elastic Modulus for Red Cell Membrane Using a Fluid Mechanical TechniqueTheoretical analysis of shape transformation of V-79 cells after treatment with cytochalasin BMechanical properties of cultured human airway smooth muscle cells from 0Molecular Basis of Mechanotransduction in Living Cells, Caractérisation et modélisation de l'organisation morphofonctionnelle du cytosquelette lors des processus de mécanotransduction, pp.74-79, 1973.

A. Saez, M. Ghibaudo, B. Ladoux, A. Buguin, and P. Silberzan, Les cellules vivantes répondent à la rigidité de leur substrat

M. C. Frame, V. J. Fincham, N. O. Carragher, and J. A. Wyke, v-SRC'S hold over actin and cell adhesions, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.21, issue.4, pp.233-245, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/nrm779

C. Lo, H. Wang, M. Dembo, and Y. Wang, Cell Movement Is Guided by the Rigidity of the Substrate, Biophysical Journal, vol.79, issue.1, pp.144-152, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76279-5

S. Portet, J. Vassy, M. Beil, G. Millot, A. Hebbache et al., Quantitative analysis of cytokeratin network topology in the MCF7 cell line, Cytometry, vol.108, issue.3, pp.203-213, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19990301)35:3<203::AID-CYTO3>3.0.CO;2-K

E. Velzenberger, M. Vayssade, G. Legeay, and M. Nagel, Study of cell behaviour on a cellulose anti-adhesive substratum, Cellulose, vol.3, issue.2, pp.347-357, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10570-007-9182-4
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00308665

R. H. Carlson, C. V. Gabel, S. S. Chan, R. H. Austin, J. P. Brody et al., Self-Sorting of White Blood Cells in a Lattice, Physical Review Letters, vol.79, issue.11, pp.2149-2152, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.2149

M. Godin, A. K. Bryan, T. P. Burg, K. Babcock, and S. R. Manalis, Measuring the mass, density, and size of particles and cells using a suspended microchannel resonator, Applied Physics Letters, vol.91, issue.12, pp.123121-123124, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2789694

M. Toubal, M. Asmani, E. Radziszewski, and B. Nongaillard, Acoustic measurement of compressibility and thermal expansion coefficient of erythrocytes, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.44, issue.5, pp.1277-1287, 1999.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/44/5/313

T. Laurell, F. Petersson, and A. Nilsson, Chip integrated strategies for acoustic separation and manipulation of cells and particles, Chem. Soc. Rev., vol.14, issue.3, pp.492-506, 2007.
DOI : 10.1039/B601326K

J. C. Jeffrey, H. Seungjoo, Z. Yang, M. Kara, M. Lee et al., Quantification of cellular properties from external fields and resulting induced velocity: Magnetic susceptibility, Biotechnology and Bioengineering, vol.64, pp.519-526, 1999.

J. F. Schenck, Safety of Strong, Static Magnetic Fields, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, vol.279, issue.4, pp.2-19, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1522-2586(200007)12:1<2::AID-JMRI2>3.0.CO;2-V

E. Wajnberg, L. H. De-souza, H. G. De-barros, and D. M. Esquivel, A Study of Magnetic Properties of Magnetotactic Bacteria, Biophysical Journal, vol.50, issue.3, pp.451-455, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(86)83481-6

V. Zablotskii, V. Yurchenko, Y. Kamysa, and M. Chelombetskaya, Calculations of magnetic susceptibility of magnetotactic bacteria culture, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.234, issue.3, pp.575-583, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-8853(01)00415-2

H. Lee, A. M. Purdon, V. Chu, and R. M. Westervelt, Controlled Assembly of Magnetic Nanoparticles from Magnetotactic Bacteria Using Microelectromagnets Arrays, Nano Letters, vol.4, issue.5, pp.995-998, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/nl049562x

E. M. Haacke, L. Weili, H. Xiaoping, and T. Keith, A current perspective of the status of understanding BOLD imaging and its use in studying brain function: a summary of the workshop at the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill, pp.26-28

K. R. Thulborn, J. C. Waterton, P. M. Matthews, and G. K. Radda, Oxygenation dependence of the transverse relaxation time of water protons in whole blood at high field, BBA) -General Subjects, pp.265-270, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4165(82)90333-6

R. Fernández-prini and R. B. Dooley, Release on the Refractive Index of Ordinary Water Substance as a Function of Wavelength, Temperature and Pressure, International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam, pp.1-7, 1997.

B. Rappaz, P. Marquet, E. Cuche, Y. Emery, C. Depeursinge et al., Measurement of the integral refractive index and dynamic cell morphometry of living cells with digital holographic microscopy, Optics Express, vol.13, issue.23, pp.9361-9373, 2005.
DOI : 10.1364/OPEX.13.009361.m003

X. J. Liang, A. Q. Liu, C. S. Lim, T. C. Ayi, and P. H. Yap, Determining refractive index of single living cell using an integrated microchip, Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, vol.133, issue.2, pp.349-354, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.sna.2006.06.045

Y. L. Jin, J. Y. Chen, L. Xu, and P. N. Wang, Refractive index measurement for biomaterial samples by total internal reflection, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.51, issue.20, pp.371-379, 2006.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/51/20/N02

K. M. Tyner, R. Kopelman, and M. A. Philbert, ???Nanosized Voltmeter??? Enables Cellular-Wide Electric Field Mapping, Biophysical Journal, vol.93, issue.4, pp.1163-1174, 2007.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.106.092452
URL : http://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.106.092452

J. Gimsa, Particle characterization by AC-electrokinetic phenomena: 1. A short introduction to dielectrophoresis (DP) and electrorotation (ER), Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol.149, issue.1-3, pp.451-459, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00303-3

H. Fricke, The Electric Capacity of Suspensions of Red Corpuscles of a Dog, Physical Review, vol.26, issue.5, p.682, 1925.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.26.682

T. Sun, S. Gawad, C. Bernabini, N. G. Green, and H. Morgan, Broadband single cell impedance spectroscopy using maximum length sequences: theoretical analysis and practical considerations, Measurement Science and Technology, vol.18, issue.9, pp.2859-2868, 2007.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-0233/18/9/015

M. P. Hughes, X. Wang, F. F. Becker, P. R. Gascoyne, and R. Pethig, Computer-aided analyses of electric fields used in electrorotation studies, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.27, issue.7, pp.1564-1570, 1994.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/27/7/035

A. , D. Biasio, and C. Cametti, Effect of shape on the dielectric properties of biological cell suspensions, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.71, pp.149-156, 2007.

O. G. Martinsen, S. Grimnes, and H. P. Schwan, Interface phenomena and dielectric properties of biological tissue," Encyclopedia of surface and colloid science, pp.2643-2652, 2002.

N. Siauve, R. Scorretti, N. Burais, L. Nicolas, and A. Nicolas, Electromagnetic fields and human body: a new challenge for the electromagnetic field computation, COMPEL - The international journal for computation and mathematics in electrical and electronic engineering, vol.22, issue.3, pp.457-469, 2003.
DOI : 10.1108/03321640310474868
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00140339

A. M. Bottreau, J. M. Moreau, J. M. Laurent, and C. Marzat, A method analyzing the dielectric relaxation spectra of mixtures by decomposition into Debye elementary domains. Application to the study of the water spectrum, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.62, issue.2, pp.360-365, 1975.
DOI : 10.1063/1.430494

T. S. Light, S. Licht, A. C. Bevilacqua, and K. R. Morash, The Fundamental Conductivity and Resistivity of Water, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, vol.8, issue.1, pp.16-19, 2005.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1836121

C. Dalton, A. D. Goater, J. P. Burt, and H. V. Smith, Analysis of parasites by electrorotation, Journal of Applied Microbiology, vol.106, issue.1, pp.24-32, 2004.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/43/5/003

P. R. Gascoyne and J. Vykoukal, Dielectrophoresis-Based Sample Handling in General-Purpose Programmable Diagnostic Instruments, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.92, issue.1, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/JPROC.2003.820535

G. M. Whitesides, R. J. Kazlauskas, and L. Josephson, Magnetic separations in biotechnology, Trends in Biotechnology, vol.1, issue.5, pp.144-148, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-7799(83)90005-7

P. Gascoyne, R. Pethig, J. Satayavivad, F. F. Becker, and M. Ruchirawat, Dielectrophoretic detection of changes in erythrocyte membranes following malarial infection, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1323, issue.2, pp.240-252, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-2736(96)00191-5

L. M. Broche, N. Bhadal, M. P. Lewis, S. Porter, M. P. Hughes et al., Early detection of oral cancer ??? Is dielectrophoresis the answer?, Oral Oncology, vol.43, issue.2, pp.199-203, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2006.02.012

P. M. Patel, A. Bhat, and G. H. Markx, A comparative study of cell death using electrical capacitance measurements and dielectrophoresis, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol.43, issue.7, pp.523-530, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.09.006

H. Andersson, A. Van-den, and . Berg, Microtechnologies and nanotechnologies for single-cell analysis, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, vol.15, issue.1, pp.44-49, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.copbio.2004.01.004

M. Kersaudy-kerhoas, R. Dhariwal, and M. P. Desmulliez, Recent advances in microparticle continuous separation, IET Nanobiotechnology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.1-13, 2008.
DOI : 10.1049/iet-nbt:20070025

H. Watarai and M. Namba, Magnetophoretic fractionation of microparticles in aqueous media in capillary flow system, Analytical sciences, vol.17, pp.169-171, 2001.

U. O. Häfeli, M. A. Lobedann, J. Steingroewer, L. R. Moore, and J. Riffle, Optical method for measurement of magnetophoretic mobility of individual magnetic microspheres in defined magnetic field, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.293, issue.1, pp.224-239, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.02.001

H. Watarai, M. Suwa, and Y. Iiguni, Magnetophoresis and electromagnetophoresis of microparticles in liquids, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol.378, issue.7, pp.1693-1699, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00216-003-2354-7

S. A. Peynam, E. Y. Kwan, O. Margarson, A. Iles, and N. Pamme, Diamagnetic repulsion : a versatile tool for label-free particle handling in microfluidic devices, Journal of Chromatography A, vol.1216, pp.9055-9062, 2009.

. Dynal, Human cell separation and expansion with Dynabeads, 2006.

M. V. Berry and A. K. Geim, Of flying frogs and levitrons, European Journal of Physics, vol.18, issue.4, pp.307-313, 1997.
DOI : 10.1088/0143-0807/18/4/012

H. Chetouani, Microsystèmes et micromanipulation à lévitation diamagnétique : conception, réalisation et application à la microfluidique digitale et à la biologie, Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, 2007.

M. Frénéa-robin, H. Chetouani, N. Haddour, H. Rostaing, J. Laforet et al., Contactless diamagnetic trapping of living cells onto a micromagnet array, 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/IEMBS.2008.4649926

A. Pacault, H. Gasparoux, and F. Hardouin, Magnétométrie et Thermomagnétométrie, pp.1-16, 1987.

U. O. Häfeli, R. Ciocan, and J. P. Dailey, Characterization of magnetic particles and microspheres and their magnetophoretic mobility using a digital microscopy method, European Cells and Materials, vol.3, pp.24-27, 2002.

J. J. Chalmers, Y. Zhao, M. Nakamura, K. Melnik, L. Lasky et al., An instrument to determine the magnetophoretic mobility of labeled, biological cells and paramagnetic particles, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.194, issue.1-3, pp.231-241, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-8853(98)00557-5

L. R. Moore, M. Zborowski, M. Nakamura, K. Mccloskey, S. Gura et al., The use of magnetite-doped polymeric microspheres in calibrating cell tracking velocimetry, Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods, vol.44, issue.1-2, pp.115-130, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-022X(00)00085-3

A. Ashkin, Acceleration and Trapping of Particles by Radiation Pressure, Physical Review Letters, vol.24, issue.4, p.156, 1970.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.156

M. Nieto-vesperinas, P. Chaumet, and A. Rahmani, Near-field photonic forces, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, vol.362, pp.719-737, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00457492

M. Ozkan, M. Wang, C. Ozkan, R. Flynn, and S. Esener, Optical Manipulation of Objects and Biological Cells in Microfluidic Devices, Biomedical Microdevices, vol.5, issue.1, pp.61-67, 2003.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1024467417471

R. A. Flynn, A. L. Birkbeck, M. Gross, M. Ozkan, B. Shao et al., Parallel transport of biological cells using individually addressable VCSEL arrays as optical tweezers, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol.87, issue.2, pp.239-243, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0925-4005(02)00242-3

J. Alexandr and Z. Pavel, Light at work: The use of optical forces for particle manipulation, sorting, and analysis, ELECTROPHORESIS, vol.29, pp.4813-4851, 2008.

O. Thoumine, P. Kocian, A. Kottelat, and J. Meister, Short-term binding of fibroblasts to fibronectin: optical tweezers experiments and probabilistic analysis, European Biophysics Journal, vol.29, issue.6, pp.398-408, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s002490000087

G. Lenormand, S. Hénon, A. Richert, J. Siméon, and F. Gallet, Direct Measurement of the Area Expansion and Shear Moduli of the Human Red Blood Cell Membrane Skeleton, Biophysical Journal, vol.81, issue.1, pp.43-56, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(01)75678-0

J. Guck, R. Ananthakrishnan, H. Mahmood, T. J. Moon, C. C. Cunningham et al., The Optical Stretcher: A Novel Laser Tool to Micromanipulate Cells, Biophysical Journal, vol.81, issue.2, pp.767-784, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(01)75740-2

A. Kamgoué, J. Ohayon, and P. Tracqui, Caractérisation des propriétés mécaniques de cellules adhérentes : interprétation des mesures issues de la technique des pinces optiques, 2007.

S. Umehara, Y. Wakamoto, I. Inoue, and K. Yasuda, On-chip single-cell microcultivation assay for monitoring environmental effects on isolated cells, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, vol.305, issue.3, pp.534-540, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-291X(03)00794-0

F. H. Crick and A. F. Hughes, The physical properties of cytoplasm, Experimental Cell Research, vol.1, issue.1, pp.37-80, 1950.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-4827(50)90048-6

T. R. Strick, J. Allemand, D. Bensimon, A. Bensimon, and V. Croquette, The Elasticity of a Single Supercoiled DNA Molecule, Science, vol.271, issue.5257, pp.1835-1837, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.271.5257.1835

C. Gosse and V. Croquette, Magnetic Tweezers: Micromanipulation and Force Measurement at the Molecular Level, Biophysical Journal, vol.82, issue.6, pp.3314-3329, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75672-5

B. Fabry, G. N. Maksym, R. D. Hubmayr, J. P. Butler, and J. J. Fredberg, Implications of heterogeneous bead behavior on cell mechanical properties measured with magnetic twisting cytometry, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol.194, issue.1-3, pp.120-125, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-8853(98)00564-2

V. Laurent, Apports en mécanique cellulaire de la micromanipulation par magnétocytométrie et par micropipette : applications à l'étude de la cellule épithéliale dans son microenvironnement, Université de Paris 06, 2000.

T. Boudou, J. Ohayon, Y. Arntz, G. Finet, C. Picart et al., An extended modeling of the micropipette aspiration experiment for the characterization of the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of adherent thin biological samples: Numerical and experimental studies, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.39, issue.9, pp.1677-1685, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.04.026

N. Desprat, A. Richert, J. Simeon, and A. Asnacios, Creep Function of a Single Living Cell, Biophysical Journal, vol.88, issue.3, pp.2224-2233, 2005.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.104.050278
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00005354

J. Viovy, Electrophoresis of DNA and other polyelectrolytes: Physical mechanisms, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.72, issue.3, p.813, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.72.813

L. L. Sohn, O. A. Saleh, G. R. Facer, A. J. Beavis, R. S. Allan et al., Capacitance cytometry: Measuring biological cells one by one, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.97, issue.20, pp.10687-10690, 2000.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.200361297
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC27083

S. K. Mohanty, S. K. Ravula, K. Engisch, and A. B. Frazier, Micro electrical impedance spectroscopy of bovine chromaffin cells, 2nd Annual International IEEE-EMBS Special Topic Conference on Microtechnologies in Medicine and Biology. Proceedings (Cat. No.02EX578), pp.485-488, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/MMB.2002.1002382

K. Asami, Characterization of biological cells by dielectric spectroscopy, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol.305, issue.1-3, pp.268-277, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-3093(02)01110-9

H. Hillebrandt, A. Abdelghani, C. Abdelghani-jacquin, M. Aepfelbacher, and E. Sackmann, Electrical and optical characterization of thrombin-induced permeability of cultured endothelial cell monolayers on semiconductor electrode arrays, Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, vol.73, issue.5, pp.539-549, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s003390100879

H. E. Ayliffe, A. B. Frazier, and R. D. Rabbitt, Electric impedance spectroscopy using microchannels with integrated metal electrodes, Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems, vol.8, issue.1, pp.50-57, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/84.749402

A. Han, K. Han, S. K. Mohanty, and A. B. Frazier, Microsystems for whole blood purification and electrophysiological analysis, Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science, vol.5, pp.1-10, 2005.

K. Asami and T. Yonezawa, Dielectric behavior of non-spherical cells in culture, BBA) -General Subjects, pp.317-324, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4165(95)00116-6

G. H. Markx and C. L. Davey, The dielectric properties of biological cells at radiofrequencies: applications in biotechnology, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol.25, issue.3-5, pp.161-171, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0141-0229(99)00008-3

H. A. Pohl and J. S. Crane, Dielectrophoresis of Cells, Biophysical Journal, vol.11, issue.9, pp.711-727, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(71)86249-5

D. J. Bakewell and H. Morgan, Quantifying dielectrophoretic collections of sub-micron particles on microelectrodes, Measurement Science and Technology, vol.15, issue.1, pp.254-266, 2004.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-0233/15/1/037

L. M. Broche, F. H. Labeed, and M. P. Hughes, Extraction of dielectric properties of multiple populations from dielectrophoretic collection spectrum data, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.50, issue.10, pp.2267-2274, 2005.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/50/10/006

F. H. Labeed, H. M. Coley, H. Thomas, and M. P. Hughes, Assessment of Multidrug Resistance Reversal Using Dielectrophoresis and Flow Cytometry, Biophysical Journal, vol.85, issue.3, pp.2028-2034, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(03)74630-X

J. P. Burt, T. A. Al-ameen, and R. Pethig, An optical dielectrophoresis spectrometer for low-frequency measurements on colloidal suspensions, Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments, vol.22, issue.11, pp.952-957, 1989.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3735/22/11/011

N. G. Green and H. Morgan, Dielectrophoretic investigations of sub-micrometre latex spheres, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.30, issue.18, pp.2626-2633, 1997.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/30/18/018

M. P. Hughes and H. Morgan, An evanescent-field technique for dielectrophoresis studies of colloidal particles, Measurement Science and Technology, vol.10, issue.8, pp.759-762, 1999.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-0233/10/8/313

J. Suehiro, R. Yatsunami, R. Hamada, and M. Hara, Quantitative estimation of biological cell concentration suspended in aqueous medium by using dielectrophoretic impedance measurement method, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.32, issue.21, pp.2814-2820, 1999.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/32/21/316

S. Gawad, M. Wüthrich, and L. Schild, On chip impedance-spectroscopy for flowcytometry using a differential electrode sensor, 2001.

T. Sun, C. Van-berkel, N. Green, and H. Morgan, Digital signal processing methods for impedance microfluidic cytometry, Microfluidics and Nanofluidics, vol.26, issue.2, pp.179-187, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s10404-008-0315-3

G. R. Facer, D. A. Notterman, and L. L. Sohn, Dielectric spectroscopy for bioanalysis: From 40 Hz to 26.5 GHz in a microfabricated wave guide, Applied Physics Letters, vol.78, issue.7, pp.996-998, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1347020

A. Treizebre, BioMEMS Terzhertz pour l'étude du trafic informationnel de cellules biologiques, 2007.

A. Abbas, A. Treizebre, P. Supiot, N. Bourzgui, D. Guillochon et al., Cold plasma functionalized TeraHertz BioMEMS for enzyme reaction analysis, Biosensors and Bioelectronics, vol.25, issue.1, pp.154-160, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bios.2009.06.029
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00471814

G. H. Markx, R. Pethig, and J. Rousselet, The dielectrophoretic levitation of latex beads, with reference to field-flow fractionation, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.30, issue.17, pp.2470-2477, 1997.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/30/17/013

G. Fuhr, W. N. Arnold, and R. Hagedorn, Levitation, holding, and rotation of cells within traps made by high-frequency fields, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1108, issue.2, pp.215-238, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2736(92)90028-K

C. Li, H. David, and M. Hywel, The dielectrophoretic levitation and separation of latex beads in microchips, Electrophoresis, vol.22, pp.3893-3901, 2001.

M. P. Hughes, Strategies for dielectrophoretic separation in laboratory-on-a-chip systems, ELECTROPHORESIS, vol.23, issue.16, pp.2569-2582, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/1522-2683(200208)23:16<2569::AID-ELPS2569>3.0.CO;2-M

J. Vykoukal, J. Yang, F. F. Becker, and P. R. Gascoyne, A Combined Dielectrophoretic and Field-Flow Fractionation Microsystem for Biomedical Separation and Analysis, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-2264-3_29

Y. Huang, X. B. Wang, F. F. Becker, and P. R. Gascoyne, Introducing dielectrophoresis as a new force field for field-flow fractionation, Biophysical Journal, vol.73, issue.2, pp.1118-1129, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78144-X

P. Tabeling, Introduction à la microfluidique, 2003.

J. Voldman, ELECTRICAL FORCES FOR MICROSCALE CELL MANIPULATION, Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, vol.8, issue.1, pp.425-454, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.8.061505.095739

D. Kell, A. Woodward, E. Davies, R. Todd, M. Evans et al., Nonlinear Dielectric Spectroscopy of Biological Systems: Principles ans Applications, Nonlinear Dielectric Phenomena in Complex Liquids, pp.335-344, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/1-4020-2704-4_31

K. Asami and T. Yonezawa, Dielectric behavior of wild-type yeast and vacuole-deficient mutant over a frequency range of 10 kHz to 10 GHz, Biophysical Journal, vol.71, issue.4, pp.2192-2200, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79420-1

T. Mahaworasilpa, H. Coster, and E. George, Forces on biological cells due to applied alternating (AC) electric fields. I. Dielectrophoresis, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1193, issue.1, pp.118-126, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2736(94)90340-9

L. Cui and H. Morgan, Design and fabrication of travelling wave dielectrophoresis structures, Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, vol.10, issue.1, pp.72-79, 2000.
DOI : 10.1088/0960-1317/10/1/310

T. B. Jones, Electromechanics of particles, 1995.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511574498

M. Frenea-robin, J. Laforet, G. Robin, B. L. Pioufle, and L. Nicolas, Selecting an electrode structure for cell sorting by differential dielectric affinity, 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp.6310-6313, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353798
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00412972

M. P. Hughes, Nanoelectromechanics in engineering and biology, 2002.

W. M. Arnold and U. Zimmermann, Electro-rotation: development of a technique for dielectric measurements on individual cells and particles, Journal of Electrostatics, vol.21, issue.2-3, pp.151-191, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3886(88)90027-7

T. Mahaworasilpa, H. Coster, and E. George, Forces on biological cells due to applied alternating (AC) electric fields. II. Electro-rotation, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1281, issue.1, pp.5-14, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2736(95)00271-5

P. Marszalek, J. J. Zielinsky, M. Fikus, and T. Y. Tsong, Determination of electric parameters of cell membranes by a dielectrophoresis method, Biophysical Journal, vol.59, issue.5, pp.982-987, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(91)82312-8

J. Wu, Interactions of electrical fields with fluids:laboratory-on-a-chip applications, IET Nanobiotechnology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.14-27, 2007.
DOI : 10.1049/iet-nbt:20070023

A. D. Goater and R. Pethig, Electrorotation and dielectrophoresis, Parasitology, vol.117, issue.7, pp.177-189, 1998.
DOI : 10.1017/S0031182099004114

V. Raicu, G. Raicu, and G. Turcu, Dielectric properties of yeast cells as simulated by the two-shell model, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, vol.1274, issue.3, pp.143-148, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2728(96)00024-2

A. Irimajiri, T. Hanai, and A. Inouye, A dielectric theory of ???multi-stratified shell??? model with its application to a lymphoma cell, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.78, issue.2, pp.251-269, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5193(79)90268-6

C. D. Falokun and G. H. Markx, Electrorotation of beads of immobilized cells, Journal of Electrostatics, vol.65, issue.7, pp.475-482, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.elstat.2006.11.001

W. Bai, K. S. Zhao, and K. Asami, Dielectric properties of E. coli cell as simulated by the three-shell spheroidal model, Biophysical Chemistry, vol.122, issue.2, pp.136-142, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bpc.2006.03.004

P. R. Gascoyne, F. F. Becker, and X. Wang, Numerical analysis of the influence of experimental conditions on the accuracy of dielectric parameters derived from electrorotation measurements, Bioelectrochemistry and Bioenergetics, vol.36, issue.2, pp.115-125, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0302-4598(94)05015-M

J. Gimsa, R. Glaser, and G. Fuhr, Theory and application of the rotation of biological cells in rotating electric fields (electro-rotation), Physical Characterization of Biological Cells, pp.295-323, 1991.

D. Mietchen, T. Schnelle, T. Muller, R. Hagedorn, and G. Fuhr, Automated dielectric single cell spectroscopy - temperature dependence of electrorotation, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.35, issue.11, pp.1258-1270, 2002.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/35/11/324

X. Zhou, G. H. Markx, and R. Pethig, Effect of biocide concentration on electrorotation spectra of yeast cells, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1281, issue.1, pp.60-64, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2736(96)00015-6

Y. Huang, R. Hölzel, R. Pethig, and X. Wang, Differences in the AC electrodynamics of viable and non-viable yeast cells determined through combined dielectrophoresis and electrorotation studies, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.37, issue.7, pp.1499-1517, 1992.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/37/7/003

P. Patel and G. H. Markx, Dielectric measurement of cell death, Enzyme and Microbial Technology, vol.43, issue.7, pp.463-470, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2008.09.005

E. Dopp, L. Jonas, B. Nebe, A. Budde, and E. Knippel, Dielectric Changes in Membrane Properties and Cell Interiors of Human Mesothelial Cells in Vitro after Crocidolite Asbestos Exposure, Environmental Health Perspectives, vol.108, issue.2, pp.153-158, 2000.
DOI : 10.1289/ehp.00108153

J. Sudsiri, D. Wachner, J. Donath, and J. Gimsa, Can molecular properties of human red blood cells be accessed by electrorotation?, J. Sci. Technol, vol.24, pp.785-789, 2003.

Y. Huang, X. Wang, P. R. Gascoyne, and F. F. Becker, Membrane dielectric responses of human T-lymphocytes following mitogenic stimulation, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1417, issue.1, pp.51-62, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-2736(98)00253-3

J. Sudsiri, D. Wachner, and J. Gimsa, On the temperature dependence of the dielectric membrane properties of human red blood cells, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.70, issue.1, pp.134-140, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2006.03.010

P. Gascoyne, C. Mahidol, M. Ruchirawat, J. Satayavivad, P. Watcharasit et al., Microsample preparation by dielectrophoresis: isolation of malaria, Lab on a Chip, vol.2, issue.2, pp.70-75, 2002.
DOI : 10.1039/b110990c

S. Archer, H. Morgan, and F. J. Rixon, Electrorotation Studies of Baby Hamster Kidney Fibroblasts Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1, Biophysical Journal, vol.76, issue.5, pp.2833-2842, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77437-0

T. Müller, T. Schnelle, and G. Fuhr, Dielectric single cell spectra in snow algae, Polar Biology, vol.20, issue.5, pp.303-310, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s003000050307

J. Yang, Y. Huang, X. Wang, X. Wang, F. F. Becker et al., Dielectric Properties of Human Leukocyte Subpopulations Determined by Electrorotation as a Cell Separation Criterion, Biophysical Journal, vol.76, issue.6, pp.3307-3314, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77483-7

K. L. Chan, P. R. Gascoyne, F. F. Becker, and R. Pethig, Electrorotation of liposomes: verification of dielectric multi-shell model for cells, Lipids and Lipid Metabolism, pp.182-196, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-2760(97)00092-1

G. H. Markx, Y. Huang, and X. Zhou, Dielectrophoretic characterization and separation of micro-organisms, Microbiology, vol.140, issue.3, pp.585-591, 1994.
DOI : 10.1099/00221287-140-3-585

Y. Kang, D. Li, S. A. Kalams, and J. E. Eid, DC-Dielectrophoretic separation of biological cells by size, Biomedical Microdevices, vol.86, issue.2, pp.243-249, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s10544-007-9130-y

H. Li and R. Bashir, Dielectrophoretic separation and manipulation of live and heat-treated cells of Listeria on microfabricated devices with interdigitated electrodes, Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical, vol.86, issue.2-3, pp.215-221, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0925-4005(02)00172-7

S. E. Szabo, Comparison of the efficacy of various yeast viability stains

G. Redziniak, Liposomes et peau : pass??, pr??sent, futur, Pathologie Biologie, vol.51, issue.5, pp.279-281, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0369-8114(03)00079-8

M. I. Angelova, S. Soléau, P. Méléard, J. F. Faucon, and P. Bothorel, Preparation of giant vesicles by external ac electric fields, Trends in Colloid and Interface Science, pp.127-131, 1992.

T. Boulesteix, Microscopie non linéaire : chiralité et génération de second harmonique, 2004.

D. J. Estes and M. Mayer, Giant liposomes in physiological buffer using electroformation in a flow chamber, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1712, issue.2, pp.152-160, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamem.2005.03.012

K. Kuribayashi, G. Tresset, P. Coquet, H. Fujita, and S. Takeuchi, Electroformation of giant liposomes in microfluidic channels, Measurement Science and Technology, vol.17, issue.12, pp.3121-3126, 2006.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-0233/17/12/S01
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00244016

Y. Huang and R. Pethig, Electrode design for negative dielectrophoresis, Measurement Science and Technology, vol.2, issue.12, pp.1142-1146, 1991.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-0233/2/12/005

M. P. Hughes, Computer-aided analysis of conditions for optimizing practical electrorotation, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.43, issue.12, pp.3639-3648, 1998.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/43/12/019

C. Reichle, T. Muller, T. Schnelle, and G. Fuhr, Electro-rotation in octopole micro cages, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.32, issue.16, pp.2128-2135, 1999.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/32/16/323

A. Ramos, H. Morgan, N. G. Green, and A. Castellanos, Ac electrokinetics: a review of forces in microelectrode structures, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.31, issue.18, pp.2338-2353, 1998.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/31/18/021

F. Zernike, How I Discovered Phase Contrast, Science, vol.121, issue.3141, 1953.
DOI : 10.1126/science.121.3141.345

C. Reichle, T. Schnelle, M. Torsten, T. Leya, and G. Fuhr, A new microsystem for automated electrorotation measurements using laser tweezers, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics, vol.1459, issue.1, pp.218-229, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-2728(00)00150-X

G. De-gasperis, X. Wang, J. Yang, F. F. Becker, and P. R. Gascoyne, Automated electrorotation: dielectric characterization of living cells by real-time motion estimation, Measurement Science and Technology, vol.9, issue.3, pp.518-529, 1998.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-0233/9/3/029

A. Budde, G. Grümmer, and E. Knippel, Electrorotation of Cells and Particles: An Automated Instrumentation, Instrumentation Science & Technology, vol.130, issue.1, pp.59-66, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79251-2

X. Zhou, J. P. Burt, and R. Pethig, Automatic cell electrorotation measurements: studies of the biological effects of low-frequency magnetic fields and of heat shock, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.43, issue.5, pp.1075-1090, 1998.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/43/5/003

R. Nakamura, S. Shoji, and A. Yotsumoto, Integrated mixing/reaction micro flow cell for chemical and biochemical applications, MEMS, vol.1, pp.265-268, 1999.

X. Wang, F. F. Becker, and P. R. Gascoyne, Membrane dielectric changes indicate induced apoptosis in HL-60 cells more sensitively than surface phosphatidylserine expression or DNA fragmentation, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1564, issue.2, pp.412-420, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-2736(02)00495-9

K. Ratanachoo, P. R. Gascoyne, and M. Ruchirawat, Detection of cellular responses to toxicants by dielectrophoresis, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1564, issue.2, pp.449-458, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-2736(02)00494-7

D. Voyer, M. Frénéa-robin, F. Buret, and L. Nicolas, Improvements in the extraction of cell electric properties from their electrorotation spectrum, Bioelectrochemistry, vol.79, issue.1
DOI : 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.10.002
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00539740

T. B. Jones, Basic theory of dielectrophoresis and electrorotation, IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, vol.22, issue.6, pp.33-42, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/MEMB.2003.1304999

T. Kotnik and D. Miklavcic, Theoretical Evaluation of Voltage Inducement on Internal Membranes of Biological Cells Exposed to Electric Fields, Biophysical Journal, vol.90, issue.2, pp.480-491, 2006.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.105.070771

T. O. Hagan and M. Kennedy, Gaussian emulator machine software

I. Sobol, Sensitivity estimates for non linear mathematical models, Mathematical Modelling and Computational Experiments, vol.1, pp.407-414, 1993.

R. Pethig and G. Markx, Applications of dielectrophoresis in biotechnology, Trends in Biotechnology, vol.15, issue.10, pp.426-458, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7799(97)01096-2

S. Guyot, E. Ferret, J. Boehm, and P. Gervais, Yeast cell inactivation related to local heating induced by low-intensity electric fields with long-duration pulses, International Journal of Food Microbiology, vol.113, issue.2, pp.180-188, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.06.036

P. Gervais and I. M. Maranon, Effect of the kinetics of temperature variation on Saccharomyces cereuisiae viability and permeability, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1235, issue.1, pp.52-56, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0005-2736(94)00299-5

O. Necas, Cell wall synthesis in yeast protoplasts, Bacteriological reviews, vol.35, pp.149-170, 1971.

K. Asami, T. Hanai, and N. Koizumi, Dielectric properties of yeast cells, The Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.9, issue.1, pp.169-180, 1976.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01869695

N. G. Green, A. Ramos, A. Gonzalez, H. Morgan, and A. Castellanos, Fluid flow induced by nonuniform ac electric fields in electrolytes on microelectrodes.???III.???Observation of streamlines and numerical simulation, Physical Review E, vol.66, issue.2, pp.26305-26306, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.66.026305

J. P. Reeves and R. M. Dowben, Formation and properties of thin-walled phospholipid vesicles, Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.49-60, 1969.
DOI : 10.1002/jcp.1040730108

R. Paul and K. V. Kaler, Effects of particle shape on electromagnetic torques: A comparison of the effective-dipole-moment method with the Maxwell-stress-tensor method, Physical Review E, vol.48, issue.2, pp.1491-1496, 1993.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.48.1491

A. M. Benselama, P. Pham, and P. Atten, Calcul de la force di??lectrophor??tique dans les microsyst??mes biologiques: comparaison du mod??le dipolaire avec le mod??le du tenseur de Maxwell, Journal of Electrostatics, vol.64, issue.7-9, pp.437-444, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.elstat.2005.10.018

H. Suzuki and S. Takeuchi, Microtechnologies for membrane protein studies, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, vol.101, issue.8, pp.2695-2702, 2008.
DOI : 10.1007/s00216-008-1916-0
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2516541