D. Acchiappati, N. Cerullo, and R. Guzzardi, Assessment of the scatter fraction evaluation methodology using Monte Carlo simulation techniques, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.35, issue.11, pp.683-686, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00631756

R. Accorsi, L. Adam, and M. Werner, Optimization of a fully 3D single scatter simulation algorithm for 3D PET, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.49, issue.12, pp.2577-2598, 2004.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/49/12/008

L. Adam, J. Karp, and R. Freifelder, Scatter correction using a dual energy window technique for 3D PETwith NaI(Tl) detectors, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, vol.3, pp.2011-2018, 1998.

S. Alenius and U. Ruotsalainen, Bayesian image reconstruction for emission tomography based on median root prior, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol.24, pp.258-65, 1997.

R. Allemand, C. Gresset, and J. Vacher, POTENTIAL ADVANTAGES OF A CESIUM FLUORIDE SCINTILLATOR FOR A TIME-OF-FLIGHT POSITRON CAMERA, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.4, issue.4, pp.153-155, 1980.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-198008000-00054

H. Anger, Scintillation Camera, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.29, issue.1, pp.27-33, 1958.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1715998

J. Aston, V. Cunningham, M. Asselin, A. Hammers, A. Evans et al., Positron Emission Tomography Partial Volume Correction: Estimation and Algorithms, Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism, vol.22, pp.1019-1053, 2002.
DOI : 10.1097/00004647-200208000-00014

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.2.7574

K. Assié, I. Gardin, P. Vera, and I. Buvat, Validation of the Monte Carlo simulator GATE for indium-111 imaging, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.50, issue.13, pp.3113-3125, 2005.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/50/13/010

B. Atkins, D. Pressley, and M. Lenox, A Data Acquisition, Event Processing and Coincidence Determination Module for a Distributed Parallel Processing Architecture for PET and SPECT Imaging, 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, pp.11-62, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.2006.354404

M. Aykac, F. Bauer, and C. Williams, Timing performance of Hi-Rez detector for time-of-flight (TOF) PET, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.53, issue.3, pp.1084-1089, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/TNS.2006.874957

R. Badawi and P. Marksen, Developments in component-based normalization for 3D PET, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.44, issue.2, pp.571-594, 1999.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/44/2/020

R. Badawi, A. Miller, and D. Bailey, Randoms variance reduction in 3D PET, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.44, issue.4, pp.941-54, 1999.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/44/4/010

R. Badawi, N. Ferreira, and S. Kohlmyer, A comparison of normalization effects on three whole-body cylindrical 3D PET systems, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.45, issue.11, pp.3253-66, 2000.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/45/11/310

K. Baete, J. Nuyts, K. Laere, W. Paesschen, S. Ceyssens et al., Evaluation of anatomy based reconstruction for partial volume correction in brain FDG-PET, NeuroImage, vol.23, issue.1, pp.305-322, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.04.041

B. Bai, Q. Li, C. Holdsworth, E. Asma, Y. Tai et al., Model-based normalization for iterative 3D PET image reconstruction, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.47, issue.15, p.2773, 2002.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/47/15/316

B. Bai, A. Ruangma, and R. Laforest, Positron range modeling for statistical PET image reconstruction, 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515), pp.2501-2505, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352400

D. Bailey and S. Meikle, A convolution-subtraction scatter correction method for 3D PET, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.39, issue.3, pp.411-424, 1994.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/39/3/009

D. Bailey, D. Townsend, and P. Kinahan, An investigation of factors affecting detector and geometric correction in normalization of 3-D PET data, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.43, issue.6, pp.3300-3307, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/23.552739

D. Bailey, Transmission scanning in emission tomography, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol.25, issue.7, pp.774-787, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s002590050282

D. Bailey, J. Karp, and S. Surti, Physics and instrumentation in PET " . Positron emission tomography basic science and clinical practice, pp.41-67, 2003.

O. Barret, T. Carpenter, and J. Clark, Monte Carlo simulation and scatter correction of the GE Advance PET scanner with SimSET and Geant4, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.50, issue.20, pp.4823-4863, 2005.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/50/20/006

H. Barrett, D. Wilson, and B. Tsui, Noise properties of the EM algorithm. I. Theory, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.39, issue.5, pp.833-846, 1994.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/39/5/004

H. Barrett, T. White, and L. Parra, List-mode likelihood, Journal of the Optical Society of America A, vol.14, issue.11, pp.2914-2923, 1997.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSAA.14.002914

B. Bendriem, R. Trebossen, and V. Frouin, A PET scatter correction using simultaneous acquisitions with lowand high lower energy thresholds, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, vol.31, pp.1779-1783, 1993.

B. Bendriem and T. Dw, The theory and practice of 3D PET, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-3475-2

M. Berger, J. Hubbell, and S. Seltzer, NIST X-ray Attenuation Databases, 1998.

M. Bergstrom, L. Eriksson, and C. Bohm, Correction for Scattered Radiation in a Ring Detector Positron Camera by Integral Transformation of the Projections, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.7, issue.1, pp.42-50, 1983.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-198302000-00008

T. Beyer, D. Townsend, and T. Brun, A Combined PET/CT Scanner for Clinical Oncology, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.41, pp.1369-1379, 2000.

L. Bouchet, W. Bolch, and D. Weber, A revised Dosimetric Model of the Adult Head and Brain, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.37, pp.1226-1236, 1996.

N. Boussion, M. Hatt, F. Lamare, Y. Bizais, A. Turzo et al., A multiresolution image based approach for correction of partial volume effects in emission tomography, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.51, issue.7, pp.1857-1876, 2006.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/51/7/016

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00537786

N. Boussion, M. Hatt, A. Reilhac, and D. Visvikis, Fully automated partial volume correction in PET based on a wavelet approach without the use of anatomical information, 2007 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, pp.2812-2816, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.2007.4436723

N. Boussion, C. Rest, C. Hatt, M. Visvikis, and D. , Incorporation of wavelet-based denoising in iterative deconvolution for partial volume correction in whole-body PET imaging, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol.17, issue.2, pp.1064-1075, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/s00259-009-1065-5

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00537782

J. Brankov, Y. Yang, and M. Wernick, Tomographic Image Reconstruction Based on a Content-Adaptive Mesh Model, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.23, issue.2, pp.202-212, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/TMI.2003.822822

G. Brownell and W. Sweet, Localization of brain tumors with positron emitters, Nucleonics, vol.11, pp.40-45, 1953.

G. Buffon, Essai d'arithmétique morale " . Supplément à l, Histoire Naturelle, vol.4, pp.46-123, 1777.

C. Burger, G. Goerres, and S. Schoenes, PET attenuation coefficients from CT images: experimental evaluation of the transformation of CT into PET 511-keV attenuation coefficients, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol.29, issue.7, pp.922-927, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00259-002-0796-3

I. Buvat and I. Castiglioni, Monte Carlo simulations in SPET and PET, Quarterly Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.46, pp.48-61, 2002.

M. Casey and E. Hoffman, Quantitation in Positron Emission Computed Tomography, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.10, issue.5, pp.845-50, 1986.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-198609000-00027

M. Casey and R. Nutt, A Multicrystal Two Dimensional BGO Detector System for Positron Emission Tomography, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.33, issue.1, pp.460-463, 1986.
DOI : 10.1109/TNS.1986.4337143

M. Casey, H. Gadagkar, and D. Newport, A component based method for normalization in volume PET " . Fully Three-Dimensional Image Reconstruction in Radiology and Nuclear Medicine pp, pp.67-71, 1995.

H. Chen, C. Kao, and C. Chen, A fast, energy-dependent scatter reduction method for 3D PET imaging, 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515), pp.2630-2634, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352429

J. Cheng, A. Rahmim, S. Blinder, M. Camborde, K. Raywood et al., A scatter-corrected list-mode reconstruction and a practical scatter/random approximation technique for dynamic PET imaging, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.52, issue.8, pp.2089-2106, 2007.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/52/8/004

S. Cherry, M. Dahlbom, and E. Hoffman, 3D PET using a Conventional Multislice Tomograph without Septa, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.15, issue.4, pp.655-68, 1991.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-199107000-00023

S. Cherry, S. Meikle, and E. Hoffman, Correction and characterization of scattered events in three-dimensional PET using scanners with retractable septa, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.34, pp.671-678, 1993.

S. Cherry and S. Huang, Effects of scatter on model parameter estimates in 3D PET studies of the human brain, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.42, issue.4, pp.1174-1179, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/23.467730

S. Cherry, J. Sorenson, M. Phelps, and . Saunders, Physics in Nuclear Medicine, Medical Physics, vol.31, issue.8, pp.325-359, 2003.
DOI : 10.1118/1.1776595

A. Cohen, Concepts of Nuclear Physics On the partial difference equations of mathematical physics, Mathematische Annalen, vol.100, pp.32-74, 1928.

M. Dahlbom and E. Hoffman, An evaluation of a two-dimensional array detector for high resolution PET, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.7, issue.4, pp.264-272, 1988.
DOI : 10.1109/42.14508

H. Daniel, Shapes of Beta-Ray Spectra, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.40, issue.3, pp.659-672, 1968.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.40.659

M. Daube-witherspoon and G. Muehllehner, Treatment of Axial Data in Three- Dimensional PET, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.28, pp.1717-1724, 1987.

M. Defrise, D. Townsend, and R. Clack, Three-dimensional image reconstruction from complete projections, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.34, issue.5, pp.573-587, 1989.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/34/5/002

M. Defrise, D. Townsend, and D. Bailey, A normalization technique for 3D PET data, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.36, issue.7, pp.939-952, 1991.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/36/7/003

M. Defrise, P. Kinahan, and D. Townsend, Exact and approximate rebinning algorithms for 3-D PET data, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.16, issue.2, pp.145-158, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/42.563660

M. Defrise and P. Kinahan, Data acquisition and image reconstruction for 3D PET " in The theory and practice of 3D PET, pp.11-53, 1998.

R. Dekemp and C. Nahmias, Attenuation correction in PET using single photon transmission measurement, Medical Physics, vol.21, issue.6, pp.771-778, 1994.
DOI : 10.1118/1.597394

A. Dempster, N. Laird, and D. Rubin, Maximum likelihood from incomplete data via the EM algorithm, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B, vol.39, pp.1-38, 1977.

L. Eriksson, K. Wienhard, and M. Dahlbom, A simple data loss model for positron camera systems, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.41, issue.4, pp.1566-1570, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/23.322950

F. Fahey, Data Acquisition in PET Imaging, Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology, vol.30, pp.39-49, 2002.

J. Fessler, Penalized weighted least-squares image reconstruction for positron emission tomography, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.13, issue.2, pp.290-300, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/42.293921

R. Fisher, On the probable error of a coefficient of correlation deduced from small sample, pp.3-32, 1921.

C. Floyd, R. Jaszczak, C. Harris, and R. Coleman, Energy and spatial distribution of multiple order Compton scatter in SPECT: a Monte Carlo investigation, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.29, issue.10, p.1217, 1984.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/29/10/005

C. Floyd, R. Jaszczak, K. Greer, and R. Coleman, Deconvolution of Compton Scatter in SPECT, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.26, pp.403-408, 1985.

V. Frouin, C. Comtat, and A. Reilhac, Correction of Partial-Volume Effect for PET Striatal Imaging: Fast Implementation and Study of Robustness, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.43, pp.1715-1726, 2002.

P. Gonias, N. Bertsekas, P. Liaparinos, D. Cavouras, I. Kandarakis et al., Validation of a GATE model for the simulation of the Siemens PET/CT biograph 6 scanner, Physics Research A, vol.571, pp.263-266, 2007.

P. Green, Bayesian reconstructions from emission tomography data using a modified EM algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.9, issue.1, pp.84-93, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/42.52985

S. Grootoonk, T. Spinks, and T. Jones, Correction for scatter using a dual energy window technique with a tomograph operated without septa, Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp.1569-1573, 1991.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.1991.259177

B. Guérin, E. Fakhri, and G. , Realistic Monte Carlo PET Simulation with Pixellated Block Detectors, Light Sharing and Randoms Modeling, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, 2005, pp.942-952, 2008.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.2005.1596617

B. Guérin, A. Sitek, and G. Fakhri, Statistical energy-based scatter correction in 3D listmode PET, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.49, p.25, 2008.

S. Haber, S. Derenzo, and D. Uber, Application of mathematical removal of positron range blurring in positron emission tomography, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.37, issue.3, pp.1293-1299, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/23.57379

P. Harper, R. Beck, and D. Charleston, Optimization of a scanning method using technetium-99m, Nucleonics, vol.22, pp.50-54, 1964.

R. Harrison, D. Haynor, and T. Lewellen, Dual energy window scatter corrections for positron emission tomography, Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp.1700-1704, 1991.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.1991.259205

R. Harrison, M. Kaplan, and S. Vannoy, Positron range and coincidence noncollinearity in SimSET, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, vol.3, pp.1265-1268, 1999.

R. Harrison, D. Haynor, and S. Gillispie, A public-domain simulation system for emission tomography: photon tracking through heterogeneous attenuation using importance sampling, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.34, p.60, 1993.

D. Haynor, R. Harrison, and T. Lewellen, The use of importance sampling techniques to improve the efficiency of photon tracking in emission tomography simulations, Medical Physics, vol.18, issue.5, pp.990-1001, 1991.
DOI : 10.1118/1.596615

T. Hebert and S. Gopal, The GEM MAP algorithm with 3-D SPECT system response, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.11, issue.1, pp.81-90, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/42.126914

G. Hevesy-de, Radioelements as tracers in physics and chemistry, Chemistry News, vol.108, pp.166-167, 1913.

E. Hoffman, S. Huang, and M. Phelps, Quantitation in Positron Emission Computed Tomography, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.3, issue.3, pp.299-308, 1979.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-197906000-00001

E. Hoffman, S. Huang, and M. Phelps, Quantitation in Positron Emission Computed Tomography, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.5, issue.3, pp.391-400, 1981.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-198106000-00015

E. Hoffman, S. Huang, and D. Plummer, Quantitation in Positron Emission Computed Tomography, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.6, issue.5, pp.987-99, 1982.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-198210000-00022

E. Hoffman, T. Guerrero, and G. Germano, PET system calibrations and corrections for quantitative and spatially accurate images, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.36, issue.1, pp.1108-1112, 1989.
DOI : 10.1109/23.34613

C. Holdsworth, C. Levin, and T. Farquhar, Investigation of accelerated Monte Carlo techniques for PET simulation and 3D PET scatter correction, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.48, issue.1, pp.74-81, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/23.910835

C. Holdsworth, C. Levin, and M. Janecek, Performance analysis of an improved 3-D PET Monte Carlo simulation and scatter correction, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.49, issue.1, pp.83-89, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/TNS.2002.998686

A. Horsch, T. Deserno, and H. Handels, Photon Attenuation Correction in Misregistered Cardiac PET, Informatik Aktuell, vol.10, pp.227-231, 2007.

S. Huang, E. Hoffman, and M. Phelps, Quantitation in Positron Emission Computed Tomography, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.3, issue.6, pp.804-818, 1979.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-197903060-00018

S. Huang, E. Hoffman, and M. Phelps, Quantitation in Positron Emission Computed Tomography, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.4, issue.6, pp.819-845, 1980.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-198012000-00014

H. Hudson and R. Larkin, Accelerated image reconstruction using ordered subsets of projection data, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.13, issue.4, pp.601-609, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/42.363108

R. Huesman, S. Derenzo, and J. Cahoon, Orbiting transmission source for positron tomography, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.35, issue.1, pp.735-739, 1988.
DOI : 10.1109/23.12822

R. Huesman, G. Klein, W. Moses, J. Qi, B. Reutter et al., List-mode maximum-likelihood reconstruction applied to positron emission mammography (PEM) with irregular sampling, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.19, issue.5, pp.532-539, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/42.870263

H. Johns and J. Cunningham, The physics of Radiology, C Thomas, issue.3, 1978.

A. Kac and M. Slaney, Principles of computerized tomographic imaging, 1988.

D. Kadrmas, LOR-OSEM: statistical PET reconstruction from raw line-of-response histograms, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.49, issue.20, pp.4731-4744, 2004.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/49/20/005

H. Kahn, Application of Monte Carlo RM-1237-AEC, Rand Corporation Monte Carlo methods, 1956.

M. Kaplan, R. Harrison, and S. Vannoy, Coherent scatter implementation for SimSET, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.45, issue.6, pp.3064-3068, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/23.737665

N. Karakatsanis, N. Sakellios, N. Tsantilas, N. Dikaios, C. Tsoumpas et al., Comparative evaluation of two commercial PET scanners, ECAT EXACT HR+ and Biograph 2, using GATE " . Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section, pp.368-372, 2006.

J. Karp, G. Muehllehner, and D. Mankoff, Continuous-Slice PENN-PET: A Positron Tomograph with Volume Imaging Capability, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.31, pp.617-627, 1990.

S. Karp, G. Muehllehner, and H. Qu, Cs source, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.40, issue.5, pp.929-944, 1995.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/40/5/014

J. Karp, S. Surti, and M. Daube-witherspoon, Benefit of Time-of-Flight in PET: Experimental and Clinical Results, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.49, issue.3, pp.462-470, 2008.
DOI : 10.2967/jnumed.107.044834

N. Keller and L. Lupton, PET Detector Ring Aperture Function Calculations Using Monte Carlo Techniques, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.30, issue.1, p.1, 1983.
DOI : 10.1109/TNS.1983.4332353

P. Kinahan and J. Rogers, Analytic 3D image reconstruction using all detected events, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.36, issue.1, pp.964-968, 1989.
DOI : 10.1109/23.34585

P. Kinahan, D. Townsend, and T. Beyer, Attenuation correction for a combined 3D PET/CT scanner, Medical Physics, vol.43, issue.10, pp.2046-53, 1998.
DOI : 10.1118/1.598392

A. Kirov, J. Piao, and C. Schmidtlein, Partial volume effect correction in PET using regularized iterative deconvolution with variance control based on local topology, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.53, issue.10, p.2577, 2008.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/53/10/009

G. Knoll, Radiation detection and measurement Seminumerical algorithms, The Art of Computer Programming, 1997.

D. Kuhl and R. Edwards, Image Separation Radioisotope Scanning, Radiology, vol.80, issue.4, pp.653-62, 1963.
DOI : 10.1148/80.4.653

P. Khurd and G. Gindi, A globally convergent ordered-subset algorithm for list-mode reconstruction, IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Record, vol.5, pp.3057-3061, 2003.

D. Lalush and B. Tsui, conjugate gradient reconstruction algorithm, Medical Physics, vol.22, issue.8, pp.1273-1284, 1995.
DOI : 10.1118/1.597614

D. Lalush and M. Wernick, Emission tomography, the fundamentals of PET and SPECT, pp.443-472, 2004.

F. Lamare, A. Turzo, Y. Bizais, L. Rest, C. Visvikis et al., Validation of a Monte Carlo simulation of the Philips Allegro/GEMINI PET systems using GATE, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.51, issue.4, pp.943-962, 2006.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/51/4/013

T. Lang, B. Hasegawa, and S. Liew, A prototype emission-transmission imaging system, Conference Record of the 1991 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp.1902-1906, 1991.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.1991.259246

T. Lang, B. Hasegawa, and S. Liew, Description of a prototype emissiontransmission computed tomography imaging system, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.33, pp.1881-1887, 1992.

K. Lange and R. Carson, EM reconstruction algorithms for emission and transmission tomography, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.8, pp.306-316, 1984.

P. Laplace, Théorie analytique des probabilités, Oeuvres Complètes de Laplace, pp.365-366, 1886.

D. Lazaro, I. Buvat, G. Loudos, D. Strul, G. Santin et al., Validation of the GATE Monte Carlo simulation platform for modelling a CsI(Tl) scintillation camera dedicated to small-animal imaging, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.49, issue.2, pp.271-285, 2004.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/49/2/007

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00023196

R. Leahy and X. Yan, Information processing in medical imaging, pp.105-120, 1991.

L. Pogam, A. Hatt, M. Boussion, M. Guilloteau, D. Baulieu et al., Conditional voxel-wise partial volume correction for emission tomography: Combining a wavelet-based hidden Markov model with a mutual multi-resolution analysis approach, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.49, p.62, 2008.

M. Lercher and K. Wienhard, Scatter correction in 3-D PET, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.13, issue.4, pp.649-657, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/42.363103

S. Levin, M. Dahlbom, and E. Hoffman, A Monte Carlo correction for Compton scattering effects in 3D PET brain imaging, Proceedings of 1994 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium, NSS'94, pp.1502-1506, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.1994.474776

S. Levin and E. Hoffman, Calculation of positron range and its effect on the fundamental limit of positron emission tomography system spatial resolution, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.44, issue.3, pp.781-799, 1999.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/44/3/019

S. Levin, Emission tomography: the fundamentals of PET and SPECT, pp.53-88, 2004.

T. Lewellen, A. Bice, and R. Harrison, Performance measurements of the SP3000/UW time-of-flight positron emission tomograph, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.35, issue.1, pp.665-669, 1988.
DOI : 10.1109/23.12808

T. Lewellen and J. Karp, Emission tomography: the fundamentals of PET and SPECT, pp.179-194, 2004.

R. Lewitt, Alternatives to voxels for image representation in iterative reconstruction algorithms, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.37, issue.3, pp.705-716, 1992.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/37/3/015

M. Ljungberg and S. Strand, A Monte Carlo program for the simulation of scintillation camera characteristics, Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, vol.29, issue.4, pp.257-272, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-2607(89)90111-9

J. Logan and H. Bernstein, A Monte Carlo Simulation of Compton Scattering in Positron Emission Tomography, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.7, issue.2, pp.316-320, 1983.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-198304000-00022

L. Rayleigh, On the light from the sky, its polarization and colour, Philosophical Magazine Series, vol.4, pp.41-274, 1876.

L. Lucy, An iterative technique for the rectification of observed distributions, The Astronomical Journal, vol.79, pp.745-754, 1974.
DOI : 10.1086/111605

L. Lupton and N. Keller, Performance Study of Single-Slice Positron Emission Tomography Scanners by Monte Carlo Techniques, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.2, issue.4, pp.154-168, 1983.
DOI : 10.1109/TMI.1983.4307635

B. Mazoyer, R. Trebossen, and C. Schoukroun, Physical characteristics of TTV03, a new high spatial resolution time-of-flight positron tomograph, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.37, issue.2, pp.778-782, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/23.106714

J. Mazziotta, M. Phelps, and D. Plummer, Quantitation in Positron Emission Computed Tomography: 5. Physical???Anatomical Effects, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.5, issue.5, pp.734-743, 1981.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-198110000-00029

S. Meikle, M. Dahlbom, and S. Cherry, Attenuation correction using count-limited transmission data in Positron Emission Tomography, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.34, pp.143-144, 1993.

S. Meikle and R. Badawi, Positron Emission Tomography, pp.115-146, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-417021-6.00004-6

C. Meltzer, P. Kinahan, P. Greer, T. Nichols, C. Comtat et al., Comparative evaluation of MR-based partial-volume correction schemes for PET, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.40, pp.2053-65, 1999.

C. Moisan, J. Rogers, and J. Douglas, A count rate model for PET and its application to an LSO HR PLUS scanner, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.44, issue.3, pp.1219-1224, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/23.596991

R. Moult, A century of X-rays and radioactivity in medicine, 1993.

Y. Nakamoto, B. Chin, and D. Kraitchman, Effects of Nonionic Intravenous Contrast Agents at PET/CT Imaging: Phantom and Canine Studies, Radiology, vol.227, issue.3, pp.817-824, 2003.
DOI : 10.1148/radiol.2273020299

F. Natterer, Inversion of the attenuated Radon transform, Inverse Problems, vol.17, issue.1, pp.113-119, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0266-5611/17/1/309

N. Standards, Performance Measurements of Positron Emission Tomographs " . National Electrical Manufacturers Association (spatial resolution pp. 7-9, pp.17-20, 2001.

T. Nichols, J. Qi, and R. Leahy, Continuous Time Dynamic PET Imaging Using List Mode Data, Information Processing in Medical Imaging, vol.1613, pp.98-111, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-48714-X_8

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.466.3412

T. Nichols, J. Qi, E. Asma, and R. Leahy, Spatiotemporal reconstruction of list-mode PET data, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.21, issue.4, pp.396-404, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/TMI.2002.1000263

T. Oakes, V. Sossi, and T. Ruth, Normalization for 3D PET with a low-scatter planar source and measured geometric factors, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.43, issue.4, pp.961-972, 1998.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/43/4/023

J. Ollinger, Maximum-likelihood reconstruction of transmission images in emission computed tomography via the EM algorithm, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.13, issue.1, pp.89-101, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/42.276147

J. Ollinger, Model-based Scatter Correction For Fully 3D PET, 1993 IEEE Conference Record Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference, pp.153-176, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.1993.701845

J. Ortuño, P. Guerra-gutiérrez, and J. Rubio, 3D-OSEM iterative image reconstruction for high-resolution PET using precalculated system matrix, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol.569, issue.2, pp.440-444, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.nima.2006.08.067

O. Sullivan and J. , A Fast Sinc Function Gridding Algorithm for Fourier Inversion in Computer Tomography, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.4, issue.4, pp.200-207, 1985.
DOI : 10.1109/TMI.1985.4307723

X. Ouyang, W. Wong, and V. Johnson, Incorporation of correlated structural images in PET image reconstruction, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.13, issue.4, pp.627-640, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/42.363105

M. Palmer and G. Brownell, Annihilation density distribution calculations for medically important positron emitters, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.11, issue.3, pp.373-378, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/42.158941

V. Panin, F. Kehren, and C. Michel, Fully 3-D PET reconstruction with system matrix derived from point source measurements, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.25, issue.7, pp.907-921, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/TMI.2006.876171

D. Papathanassiou, S. Becker, and A. Amir, Respiratory motion artefact in the liver dome on FDG PET/CT: comparison of attenuation correction with CT and a caesium external source, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol.31, issue.Suppl 1, pp.1422-1428, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00259-005-1868-y

S. Park, W. Rogers, and N. Clinthome, Design of a very high-resolution small animal PET scanner using a silicon scatter detector insert, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.52, issue.15, pp.4653-4677, 2007.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/52/15/019

S. Park and S. Miller, Random number generators: good ones are hard to find, Communications of the ACM, vol.31, issue.10, pp.1192-1201, 1988.
DOI : 10.1145/63039.63042

L. Parra and H. Barrett, List-mode likelihood: EM algorithm and image quality estimation demonstrated on 2-D PET, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.17, issue.2, pp.228-235, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/42.700734

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2969844

M. Phelps, E. Hoffman, and N. Mullani, Application of annihilation coincidence detection to transaxial reconstruction tomography, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.16, pp.210-224, 1975.

M. Phelps, E. Hoffman, and S. Huang, ECAT: A New Computerized Tomographic Imaging System for Positron-Emitting Radiopharmaceuticals, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.19, pp.635-647, 1978.
DOI : 10.2172/5423721

B. Pichler, M. Judenhofer, and C. Catana, Performance Test of an LSO-APD Detector in a 7-T MRI Scanner for Simultaneous PET/MRI, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.47, pp.639-647, 2006.

E. Polak, Computational methods in optimization, 1971.

L. Popescu, R. Lewitt, and S. Matej, PET energy-based scatter estimation and image reconstruction with energy-dependent corrections, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.51, issue.11, pp.2919-2937, 2006.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/51/11/016

W. Press, S. Teulosky, and W. Vetterling, Numerical recipes in C++, 2005.

J. Qi, R. Leahy, and S. Cherry, High-resolution 3D Bayesian image reconstruction using the microPET small-animal scanner, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.43, issue.4, pp.1001-1013, 1998.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/43/4/027

J. Qi and R. Huesman, Scatter correction for positron emission mammography, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.47, issue.15, pp.2759-2771, 2002.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/47/15/315

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.23.9207

J. Qi and R. Leahy, Iterative reconstruction techniques in emission computed tomography, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.51, issue.15, pp.541-578, 2006.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/51/15/R01

J. Qi, Calculation of the Sensitivity Image in List-Mode Reconstruction for PET, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.53, issue.5, pp.2746-2751, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/TNS.2006.882298

L. Quanzheng, E. Asma, A. Sangtae, and R. Leahy, A fast fully 4D incremental gradient reconstruction algorithm for list mode PET data, 2004 2nd IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging: Macro to Nano (IEEE Cat No. 04EX821), pp.58-67, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/ISBI.2004.1398598

M. Quarantelli, K. Berkouk, A. Prinster, B. Landeau, C. Svarer et al., Integrated software for the analysis of brain PET/SPECT studies with partial-volume-effect correction, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.45, pp.192-201, 2004.

A. Rahmim, M. Lenox, A. Reader, C. Michel, Z. Burbar et al., Statistical list-mode image reconstruction for the high resolution research tomograph, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.49, issue.18, p.4239, 2004.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/49/18/004

A. Rahmim, J. Cheng, and S. Blinder, Statistical dynamic image reconstruction in state-of-the-art high-resolution PET, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.50, issue.20, pp.4887-4912, 2005.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/50/20/010

A. Reader, A. S. Bakatselos, F. Manavaki, R. Walledge, R. Jeavons et al., One-pass list-mode EM algorithm for high-resolution 3-D PET image reconstruction into large arrays, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.49, issue.3, pp.693-699, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/TNS.2002.1039550

A. Reader, K. Erlandsson, M. Flower, and R. Ott, Fast accurate iterative reconstruction for low-statistics positron volume imaging, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.43, issue.4, p.835, 2008.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/43/4/012

W. Richardson, Bayesian-Based Iterative Method of Image Restoration*, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol.62, issue.1, pp.55-59, 1972.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSA.62.000055

J. Rogers, A. Taylor, and M. Rahimit, An improved multicrystal 2-D BGO detector for PET, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.39, issue.4, pp.1063-1068, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/23.159760

S. Ross, Introduction to probability models, 2001.

O. Rousset, Y. Ma, and A. Evans, In vivo correction for partial volume effects in PET: accuracy and precision, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.39, pp.904-911, 1998.

O. Rousset, Quantitative analysis in nuclear medicine imaging, pp.236-271, 2006.

E. Saloman and J. Hubbell, Critical analysis of soft X-ray cross section data, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol.255, issue.1-2, pp.38-42, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9002(87)91068-0

G. Santin, D. Strul, and D. Lazaro, GATE: A Geant4-Based Simulation Platform for PET and SPECT Integrating Movement and Time Management, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.50, issue.5, pp.1516-1521, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/TNS.2003.817974

W. Segars, D. Lalush, and B. Tsui, Modeling respiratory mechanics in the MCAT and spline-based MCAT phantoms, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.48, issue.1, pp.89-97, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/23.910837

L. Shao and J. Karp, Cross-plane scattering correction-point source deconvolution in PET, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.10, issue.3, pp.234-239, 1991.
DOI : 10.1109/42.97570

L. Shao, R. Freifelder, and J. Karp, Triple energy window scatter correction technique in PET, IEEE Conference on Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging, pp.641-648, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.1992.301005

L. Shepp and Y. Vardi, Maximum Likelihood Reconstruction for Emission Tomography, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.1, issue.2, pp.113-122, 1982.
DOI : 10.1109/TMI.1982.4307558

C. Schmidtlein, A. Kirov, L. Bidaut, S. Nehmeh, Y. Erdi et al., Validation of GATE Monte Carlo simulations of the GE Advance/Discovery LS PET scanners, Medical Physics, vol.32, issue.1, pp.198-208, 2006.
DOI : 10.1118/1.1644532

W. Snyder, H. Fisher, and M. Ford, Estimates of absorbed fractions for monoenergetic photon sources uniformly distributed in various organs of a heterogeneous phantom, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.3, pp.7-52, 1969.

M. Soret, S. Bacharach, and I. Buvat, Partial-Volume Effect in PET Tumor Imaging, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.48, issue.6, pp.932-977, 2007.
DOI : 10.2967/jnumed.106.035774

S. Staelens, D. Strul, and G. Santin, Monte Carlo simulations of a scintillation camera using GATE: validation and application modelling, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.48, issue.18, pp.3021-3042, 2003.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/48/18/305

J. Stayman and J. Fessler, Compensation for Nonuniform Resolution Using Penalized-Likelihood Reconstruction in Space-Variant Imaging Systems, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.23, issue.3, pp.269-284, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/TMI.2003.823063

C. Stearns, D. Mcdaniel, and S. Kohlmyer, Random coincidence estimation from single event rates on the Discovery ST PET/CT scanner, 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515), pp.3067-3069, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1352545

S. Surti, A. Kuhn, and M. Werner, Performance of Philips Gemini TF PET/CT Scanner with Special Consideration for Its Time-of-Flight Imaging Capabilities, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.48, pp.471-480, 2007.

T. Tabata, R. Ito, and S. Okabe, Generalized semiempirical equations for the extrapolated range of electrons, Nuclear Instruments and Methods, vol.103, issue.1, pp.85-91, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/0029-554X(72)90463-6

Y. Tai, A. Chatziioannou, and M. Dahlbom, Investigation of deadtime characteristics for simultaneous emission-transmission data acquisition in PET (positron emission tomography, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.45, pp.2200-2204, 1998.

B. Teo, Y. Seo, S. Bacharach, J. Carrasquillo, and S. Libutti, Partial-volume correction in PET: validation of an iterative post reconstruction method with phantom and patient, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.48, pp.802-810, 2007.

M. Ter-pogossian, N. Mullani, and J. Hood, Design Considerations for a Positron Emission Transverse Tomograph (PETT V) for Imaging of the Brain, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.2, issue.5, pp.539-544, 1978.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-197811000-00002

M. Ter-pogossian, D. Ficke, and J. Hood, PETT VI, Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography, vol.6, issue.1, pp.125-133, 1982.
DOI : 10.1097/00004728-198202000-00021

C. Thompson, J. Moreno-cantu, and Y. Picard, PETSIM: Monte Carlo simulation of all sensitivity and resolution parameters of cylindrical positron imaging systems, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.37, issue.3, pp.731-749, 1992.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/37/3/017

C. Thompson, The problem of scatter correction in positron volume imaging, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol.12, issue.1, pp.124-132, 1993.
DOI : 10.1109/42.222675

M. Tornai, E. Hoffman, and S. Cherry, Effect of refraction index and light sharing on detector element identification for 2D detector modules in Positron Emission Tomography, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, vol.348, issue.2-3, pp.618-622, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0168-9002(94)90810-9

D. Townsend, P. Frey, and A. Jeavons, High Density Avalanche Chamber (HIDAC) Positron Camera, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.28, pp.1554-1562, 1987.

D. Townsend, T. Beyer, and P. Kinahan, The SMART scanner: a combined PET/CT tomograph for clinical oncology, 1998 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. 1998 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference (Cat. No.98CH36255), pp.1170-1174, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.1998.774368

N. Uemoto and Y. Kosugi, Dynamic regularization for the restoration of PET images, Systems and Computers in Japan, vol.80, issue.113, pp.23-31, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-684X(199907)30:8<23::AID-SCJ3>3.0.CO;2-T

P. Van-cittert, Zum Einfluß der Spaltbreite auf die Intensitätsverteilung in Spektrallinien, Zeitschrift für Physik A Hadrons and Nuclei, pp.298-308, 1931.

C. Watson, A technique for measuring the energy response of a PET tomograph using a compact scattering source, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.44, issue.6, pp.2500-2508, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/23.656459

C. Watson, New, faster, image-based scatter correction for 3D PET, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.47, issue.4, pp.1587-1594, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/23.873020

C. Watson, M. Casey, and C. Michel, Advances in scatter correction for 3D PET/CT, IEEE Symposium Conference Record Nuclear Science 2004., pp.3008-3012, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.2004.1466317

C. Watson, Extension of Single Scatter Simulation to Scatter Correction of Time-of-Flight PET, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.54, issue.5, pp.1679-1686, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/TNS.2007.901227

J. Williams, D. Mcdaniel, and C. Kim, Detector characterization of Discovery ST whole-body PET scanner, 2003 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium. Conference Record (IEEE Cat. No.03CH37515), pp.717-721, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/NSSMIC.2003.1351800

S. Wollenweber, Parameterization of a model-based 3-D PET scatter correction, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.49, issue.3, pp.722-727, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/TNS.2002.1039554

W. Wong, N. Mullani, and E. Philippe, Performance-characteristics of the University-of-Texas TOFPET-I PET camera, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.25, pp.46-47, 1984.

E. Xu, N. Mullani, and K. Gould, A segmented attenuation correction for PET, Journal of Nuclear Medicine, vol.32, pp.161-165, 1991.

D. Yu and J. Fessler, Mean and variance of single photon counting with deadtime, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.45, issue.7, pp.2043-2056, 2000.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/45/7/324

S. Yu and C. Nahmias, Cs, Physics in Medicine and Biology, vol.40, issue.7, pp.1255-1266, 1995.
DOI : 10.1088/0031-9155/40/7/008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00023739

H. Zaidi, A. Scheurer, and C. Morel, Development of an object-oriented Monte Carlo simulator for 3D positron tomography, Proceedings of the International Meeting on Fully 3D Image Reconstruction, pp.176-179, 1997.

H. Zaidi, M. Montandon, and D. Slosman, Attenuation compensation in cerebral 3D PET: effect of the attenuation map on absolute and relative quantitation, European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, vol.31, issue.1, pp.52-63, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00259-003-1325-8

I. Zubal, C. Harrell, and E. Smith, Computerized three-dimensional segmented human anatomy, Medical Physics, vol.21, issue.2, pp.299-302, 1994.
DOI : 10.1118/1.597290