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. Op and . Cit, Belsey, C. The Subject of Tragedy, p.158, 1985.

E. Sowernam, Ester hath hang'd Haman: or An Ansvvere to a Lewd Pamphlet, entituled, the Arraignment of Women, N. Bourne, 1617. p. 19. See also Mikalachki, pp.122-123

D. E. Underdown, . Op, . Cit, &. Fletcher, and . Stevenson, The Taming of the Scold 57 Ibid. Underdown's chapterThe Taming of the Scold, pp.118-116

. Ibid, . Fletcher, and . Stevenson, 32, and Underdown who gives information about the court records of the times which reflected a "preoccupation with women who are a visible threat to the patriarchal system 59 For more information see Mendelson Women in Early Modern England, pp.11979-80, 1998.

. Op, C. Cit, . Op, . Cit, and . Cotton-pearse, 83 II, iii, 126. The symbolic value of the red beard is discussed by Bruce Smith in his book, Homosexual Desire in Shakespeare's England: A Cultural Poetics Chicago: University of Chicago the Renaissance Durham, NC: Duke University, 1994. p. 282. Cf. Digangi, M. The Homoerotics of Early Modern Drama 133 For questions regarding Fletcher's own sexual orientation see John Aubrey's description of Fletcher and Beaumont's friendship and co-habitation in which he writes: ?There was a wonderfull consimility of phansey between [Francis Beaumont] and Mr. John Fletcher, which caused the dearness of friendship between them, They lived together on the Banke side, not far from the Play-house, both bathchelors; lay together; had one wench in the house between them, which they did so admire; the same cloathes and cloak, &c.; between them? (Aubrey, J. Brief Lives, pp.35-63, 1997.

P. J. Finkelpearl, This ménage à trois is contested by Fletcher's biographer Court and Country Politics in the Plays of Beaumont and Fletcher), although Fletcher had other significant and ambiguous friendships with men such as Charles Cotton the elder (Finkelpearl, p. 49) and Philip Massinger, with whom he was later buried Fletcher's relationships, Squier. p. 11 and Finkelpearl, pp.40-50, 1957.

. Op and . Cit, The reference to homosexuality as an ?open secret? was taken from Jonathan Goldberg's article, ?Colin to Hobbinol: Spenser's Familiar Letters, South Atlantic Quarterly, vol.88, pp.74-107, 1989.

. Op and . Cit, For a review of the status of buggery, compared with that of sodomy, Jonathan Goldberg's review of a case in New England gives invaluable insight into this point, pp.50-238

. Op and . Cit, And Stewart, A. ?Boys' buttocks revisited: James VI and the myth of the sovereign schoolmaster,' in Betteridge. Op. Cit., p. 130. 153 ?homosocial,'a word introduced by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick for intense social bonds between men which are strongly affective, supportive, and competitive; but not (at least not ostensibly) erotic, Cit., Hammond. p. 9. Cf. Sedgwick, E. K. Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire, p.14, 1985.

D. Bergeron, King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire. Iowa City, 1999, which reprints the surviving letters between James and a number of his male favourites, p.129

A. Stewart, . The-cradle, . King, . Life, V. &. James et al., ?James VI and I (1566?1625)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography on 'Corruption and the court: public and private morality.' 156 Ibid, pp.271-51, 2003.

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P. Berger and S. Mcdonald, These are just a few examples. 32 Boudica is portrayed on an oil painting by John McClean. Entitled, Queen Boudica, it can be viewed on the site; http://www.sheshen-eceni.co.uk/boudica_photo.html 33 She was the subject of one episode of the American series, Xena, Warrior Princess 34 For other cultural depictions see the site, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica#Cultural_depictions Hingley and Unwin also discuss these depictions in their book, 31 Songs have been written and performed by the Dutch soprano, pp.200-204, 1986.

. Op, . Cit, and . Keineg, My translation of : ?Ce n'était pas la descendante des grands ancêtres, impatiente de venger sa fortune et son royaume perdus, qui venait à eux, mais plutôt une simple femme, qui se battait pour sa liberté perdue, son corps meurtri et la virginité profanée de ses filles.? 39 Ibid. Keineg. Verse 15: ?Boudica, tête penchée sur la cafetière reine aux cent coups frappe juste. Les femmes/ fortes et les guerriers pare-balles font Oxford: Heinemann, 1997, See also Hingley and Unwin, pp.153-157

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