V. Caractérisation-du, 113 III.4.1 Mesures de charges d'espace, p.118

.. Etude-des-courants-permanents, .. Fowler-nordheim, and .. Poole-frenkel, 137 IV.3.2.2 Mécanisme d'injection, p.144

L. A. Dissado and J. C. Fothergill, Electrical degradation and breakdown in polymers Peregrinus, 1992.

J. J. O-'dwyer, The theory of electrical conduction and breakdown in solid dielectrics, 1973.

J. V. Champion and S. J. , The effect of voltage and material age on the electrical tree growth and breakdown characteristics of epoxy resins, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.28, issue.2, pp.398-407, 1995.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/28/2/024

J. V. Champion and S. J. , Simulation of partial discharges in conducting and non-conducting electrical tree structures, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.34, issue.8, pp.1235-1242, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/34/8/314

J. V. Champion, S. J. Dodd, Y. Zhao, A. S. Vaughan, M. Brown et al., Morphology and the growth of electrical trees in a propylene/ethylene copolymer, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.8, issue.2, pp.284-292, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/94.919959

P. Budenstein, On the Mechanism of Dielectric Breakdown of Solids, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.15, issue.3, pp.225-240, 1980.
DOI : 10.1109/TEI.1980.298315

C. Laurent and C. Mayoux, Analysis of the Propagation of Electrical Treeing Using Optical and Electrical Methods, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.15, issue.1, p.15, 1980.
DOI : 10.1109/TEI.1980.298294

F. Gutfleisch and L. Niemeyer, Measurements and simulation of PD in epoxy voids IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, pp.729-743, 1995.

R. Schifani and R. Candela, ROMANO On PD mechanisms at high temperature in voids included in an epoxy resin IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, pp.589-597, 2001.

K. Nakanishi, S. Hirabayashi, and Y. , INUISHI Phenomena and mechanisms of tree inception in epoxy resins IEEE Transaction on Electrical Insulation, pp.14306-314, 1979.

Y. Shibuya, S. Zoledziowski, and J. H. , CALDERWOOD Void formation and electrical breakdown in epoxy resin IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, pp.198-207, 1977.

V. Griséri, L. A. Dissado, J. C. Fothergill, G. Teyssèdre, and C. Laurent, Electroluminescence excitation mechanisms in an epoxy resin under divergent and uniform field, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.9, issue.1, pp.150-160, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/94.983899

F. Sandrolini, A. Motori, S. Masoni, G. C. Montanari, and G. Pattini, SIMONI Evaluation of thermal and electrical aging of an insulating composite material by dielectric and microstructural investigations, IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, pp.280-283, 1984.

R. Bozzo, L. Centurioni, G. Coletti, and A. Motori, SANDROLINI An investigation of some surface properties of filled thermosetting resins subjected to thermal ageing and environmental ageing, IEEE International Symposium on Electrical Insulation, pp.275-278, 1984.

H. M. Le, H. , V. Bellenger, J. Verdu, and M. Paris, Thermal oxydation of anhydrid cure epoxies. I-mechanistic aspects Polymer Degradation and Stability, pp.77-86, 1992.

K. Kadotani, Y. Kako, and K. Matsunobu, AKI New voltage-endurance curves for combined thermal and electrical aging of coil insulation, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.18, issue.1, pp.53-58, 1983.

A. Diessner and G. Luxa, Electrical aging tests on epoxy insulators in GIS, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.24, issue.2, pp.277-283, 1989.
DOI : 10.1109/14.90286

G. C. Stone, M. Kurtz, and R. G. , van HEEWIJK The statistical analysis of a high voltage endurance test on an epoxy resin, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, issue.6, pp.14315-326, 1979.

G. C. Montanari, CACCIARI On the electrical endurance characterization of insulating materials by constant and progressive stress tests IEEE Transaction on Electrical Insulation, pp.1000-1008, 1992.

G. C. Montanari, PATTINI Thermal endurance evaluation of insulating materials : a theoretical and experimental analysis, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.21, issue.1, pp.69-77, 1986.

N. Rieux, V. Pouillès, and T. Lebey, Dielectric spectroscopy of epoxy based insulation systems aged under functional electrical and thermal conditions International Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, pp.361-366, 1994.

G. C. Montanari and L. Simoni, Aging phenomenology and modeling IEEE Transaction on Electrical Insulation, pp.755-776, 1993.

S. Glasstone, K. J. Laidler, and H. E. , EYRING The theory of rate processes McGraw Hill NY, 1941.

G. C. Montanari, G. Mazzanti, F. Palmieri, A. Motori, and G. Perego, Space-charge trapping and conduction in LDPE, HDPE and XLPE, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.34, issue.18, pp.2902-2911, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/34/18/325

J. J. Smit, P. H. Morshuis, and J. Beyer, Insulation threshold for electrical ageing obtained by space charge and conduction current measure- ments, 4th International Conference on Electric Charge in Solid Insulators, pp.201-204, 2001.

G. Teyssedre, C. Laurent, G. C. Montanari, F. Palmieri, A. See et al., Charge distribution and electroluminescence in cross-linked polyethylene under dc field, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.34, issue.18, pp.2830-2844, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/34/18/318

J. L. Augé, C. Laurent, D. Fabiani, and G. C. , Investigating dc polyethylene threshold by space charge. Current and electroluminescence measurements, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.7, issue.6, pp.797-803, 2000.
DOI : 10.1109/94.891991

N. Hozumi, T. Takeda, H. Suzuki, and T. Okamoto, Space charge behavior in XLPE cable insulation under 0.2-1.2 MV/cm dc fields, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.5, issue.1, pp.82-90, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/94.660776

T. Mizutani, K. Shinmura, and Y. Tanigushi, KANEKO Effect of anti-oxidants on space charge in low-density polyethylene, 7th IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, pp.228-231, 2001.

M. Ezoe, K. Kuwada, and T. Kawashima, Effects of ionic impurity on space charge distribution in solid dielectrics, ICSD'01. Proceedings of the 20001 IEEE 7th International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (Cat. No.01CH37117), pp.85-88, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/ICSD.2001.955519

S. H. Lee, J. K. Park, C. R. Lee, and K. S. Suh, The effect of low-molecular-weight species on space charge and conduction in LDPE, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.4, issue.4, pp.425-432, 1997.

Y. Li, Experimental observation of charge transport and injection in XLPE at polarity reversal, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.25, issue.4, pp.704-716, 1992.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/25/4/017

M. Se-ondoua, D. Malec, N. Zebouchi, and H. T. , GIAM Study of space charge effect on dielectric DC breakdown of synthetic insulators with the pressure wave propagation method, Journal of Electrostatics, pp.40-41355, 1997.

N. Hozumi, H. Suzuki, T. Okamoto, and K. Watanabe, Direct observation of time-dependent space charge profiles in XLPE cable under high electric fields, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.1, issue.6, pp.1068-1076, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/94.368656

A. See, J. C. Fothergill, L. A. Dissado, and J. M. , Measurement of space-charge distributions in solid insulators under rapidly varying voltage using the high-voltage, high-speed pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) apparatus, Measurement Science and Technology, vol.12, issue.8, pp.1227-1234, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0957-0233/12/8/333

H. Kon, Y. Suzuoki, T. Mizutani, and M. Ieda, Packet-like space charges and conduction current in polyethylene cable insulation, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.3, issue.3, pp.380-385, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/94.506210

M. Fukuma and K. Fukunaga, Space charge and external circuit current measurements in LDPE films during breakdown tests, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.35, issue.1, pp.14-18, 2002.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/35/1/304

A. See, L. A. Dissado, and J. C. Fothergill, Electric field requirements for charge packet generation and movement in XLPE, ICSD'01. Proceedings of the 20001 IEEE 7th International Conference on Solid Dielectrics (Cat. No.01CH37117), pp.232-235, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/ICSD.2001.955603

O. Fanjeau, D. Malec, and N. , ZEBOUCHI Effet de la fréquence sur la formation de charges d'espace dans le polyéthylène réticulé SFE -Société Française d'Electrostatique, pp.33-37, 2000.

Y. F. Ho, G. Chen, A. E. Davies, S. G. Swingler, S. J. Sutton et al., Effect of semiconducting screen on the space charge dynamic in XLPE and polyolefin insulation under dc and 50 Hz ac electric stresses conditions, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.10, issue.3, pp.393-403, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/TDEI.2003.1207464

Y. Zhang, J. Lewiner, C. Alquié, and N. Hampton, Evidence of strong correlation between space-charge buildup and breakdown in cable insulation, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.3, issue.6, pp.778-783, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/94.556559

L. Dissado, G. Mazzanti, and G. C. , The incorporation of space charge degradation in the life model for electrical insulating materials, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.2, issue.6, pp.1147-1158, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/94.484319

L. A. Dissado, G. Mazzanti, and G. C. , The role of trapped space charges in the electrical aging of insulating materials, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.4, issue.5, pp.496-506, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/94.625642

G. Mazzanti, G. C. Montanari, and L. A. , DISSADO Space-charge life model for ac electrical aging of polymers IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, pp.864-875, 1995.

D. M. Taylor and T. J. Lewis, Electrical conduction in polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene films, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.4, issue.9, pp.1346-1357, 1971.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/4/9/315

D. K. Das, G. , and R. S. , BROCKLEY A study of 'absorption currents' in low-density polyethylene, Journal of Physics D : Applied Physics, vol.11, pp.955-962, 1978.

D. K. Das, G. , and K. Joyner, On the nature of absorption currents in polyehtylene terephtalate (PET), Journal of Physics D : Applied Physics, vol.9, pp.829-840, 1976.

J. R. Hanscomb and Y. , High-field transient conduction in PET in the microsecond-millisecond time range, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.11, issue.5, pp.725-734, 1978.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/11/5/016

D. K. Das, G. , and K. , JOYNER A study of absorption currents in polypropylene, Journal of Physics D : Applied Physics, vol.9, pp.2041-2048, 1976.

D. K. Das-gupta, K. Doughty, and R. S. , Charging and discharging currents in polyvinylidene fluoride, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.13, issue.11, pp.2101-2114, 1980.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/13/11/020

V. Adamec and J. H. , Electrical conduction and polarisation phenomena in polymeric dielectrics at low fields, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.11, issue.6, pp.781-800, 1978.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/11/6/002

A. Thielen, J. Niezette, and G. Feyder, Characterization of polyester films used in capacitors. I. Transient and steady???state conductivity, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.76, issue.8, pp.4689-4695, 1994.
DOI : 10.1063/1.357307

R. M. Hill-poole, Frenkel conduction in amorphous solids Philosophical Magazine, pp.59-86, 1971.

T. Mizutani, Carrier transport in high-density polyethylene, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.12, issue.2, pp.291-296, 1979.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/12/2/016

Y. Li, Effect of physical aging on dielectric, thermal and mechanical properties of cast-epoxy insulators, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.1, issue.1, pp.9-17, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/94.300227

K. I. Ivanova and R. A. Pethrick, AFFROSSMAN Hygrothermal aging of rubber-modified and mineral-filled dicyandiamide-cure DGEBA epoxy resin

A. Sylvestre, P. Gonon, and P. Rain, KHOMSI Space charge investigation in unfilled epoxy resins aged under AC field and high temperature, 4th International Conference on Electric Charge in Non-Conductive Materials, pp.404-407, 2001.

S. Holé and T. Ditchi, Non-destructive methods for space charge distribution measurements: what are the differences?, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.10, issue.4, pp.670-677, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/TDEI.2003.1219652

N. H. Ahmed and N. N. , Review of space charge measurements in dielectrics, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.4, issue.5, pp.644-656, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/94.625650

R. E. Collins, Analysis of spatial distribution of charges and dipoles in electrets by a transient heating technique, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.47, issue.11, pp.4404-4408, 1976.
DOI : 10.1063/1.322521

S. B. Lang and D. K. Das-gupta, Laser???intensity???modulation method: A technique for determination of spatial distributions of polarization and space charge in polymer electrets, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.59, issue.6, pp.2151-2160, 1986.
DOI : 10.1063/1.336352

A. Toureille and J. P. , REBOUL The thermal step technique applied to the study of charge decay, polyethylene thermoelectrics 6th International Symposium on Electrets, pp.23-27, 1988.

A. Cherifi, M. Abou-dakka, and A. , The validation of the thermal step method, IEEE Transactions on Electrical Insulation, vol.27, issue.6, pp.1152-1158, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/14.204866

A. Mogliori and J. D. , A nondestructive acoustic electric field probe, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.51, issue.1, pp.479-485, 1980.
DOI : 10.1063/1.327347

T. Takada and T. , SAKAI Measurement of electric fields at a dielectric/electrode interface using an acoustic transducer tech- nique, EI-18 pp, pp.619-628, 1983.

Y. Li, M. Yasuda, T. R. Liu, and T. Takada, TAKADA Pulsed electroacoustic method for measurement of charge accumulation in solid dielectrics TAKASU Pulsed electro-acoustic method for measurement of space charge distribution in power cables under both DC and AC electric fields, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation Journal Physics D : Applied Physics, vol.1, issue.26, pp.188-195986, 1993.

M. Haardt, EISENMENGER High resolution technique for measuring space charge and polarization distributions, dielectrics by piezoelectrically induced pressure step waves International Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 1982.

R. Gerhard-multhaupt-charge, Analysis of pressure-wave methods for the nondestructive determination of spatial charge or field distributions in dielectrics, Physical Review B, vol.27, issue.4, pp.2494-2503, 1983.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.27.2494

M. D. Noskov, M. Sack, A. S. Malinovski, and A. J. , Measurement and simulation of electrical tree growth and partial discharge activity in epoxy resin, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.34, issue.9, pp.1389-1398, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/34/9/316

M. , D. Lorenzo-del, and C. , On multistress aging of epoxy resins ? PD and temperature IEEE Transaction on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, pp.299-303, 2001.

J. V. Champion, S. J. Dodd, and G. C. Stevens, Analysis and modelling of electrical tree growth in synthetic resins over a wide range of stressing voltage, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.27, issue.5, pp.1020-1030, 1994.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/27/5/021

J. V. Champion and S. J. , An approach to the modelling of partial discharges in electrical trees, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.31, issue.18, pp.2305-2314, 1998.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/31/18/016

K. Fukunaga and T. Maeno, GRISERI Space charge observation of a filler free epoxy resin International Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, pp.125-127, 2000.

O. Gallot-lavallée, G. Teyssèdre, C. Laurent, and S. Rowe, Space charge and orientational polarization within epoxy as probed by the pulsed electro-acoustic technique International Conference on Electrical Insulation and Dielectric Phenomena, 2003.

D. Lin-vien, N. B. Colthup, W. G. Fateley, and J. G. , GRASSELLI The handbook of infrared and Raman characteristic frequencies of organic molecules Academic Press, 1991.

G. Chen, T. Y. Tay, A. E. Davies, Y. Tanaka, and T. , Electrodes and charge injection in low-density polyethylene using the pulsed electroacoustic technique, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.8, issue.6, pp.867-873, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/94.971439

Y. Zhang, J. Lewiner, C. Alquié, and N. Hampton, Space charges of different mobilities: A novel data processing method, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.77, issue.10, pp.5195-5200, 1995.
DOI : 10.1063/1.359267

K. R. Bambery, R. J. Fleming, and J. T. , Space charge profiles in low density polyethylene samples containing a permittivity/conductivity gradient, Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, vol.34, issue.20, pp.3071-3077, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3727/34/20/311

T. Mizutani and K. Kaneko, Anomalous Discharging Currents due to Space Charge, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol.20, issue.8, pp.1443-1448, 1981.
DOI : 10.1143/JJAP.20.1443

H. N. Nagashima and R. M. , FARIA Space charge migration in discharging current measurement, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.75, issue.5, pp.2613-2617, 1994.

K. S. Suh, S. J. Hwang, and J. S. , Effects of constituents of XLPE on the formation of space charge, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.1, issue.6, pp.1077-1083, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/94.368655

X. Wang, D. Tu, Y. Tanaka, T. Muronaka, T. Takada et al., Space charge in XLPE power cable under dc electrical stress and heat treatment, IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, vol.2, issue.3, pp.467-474, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/94.395415

F. N. Lim, R. J. Fleming, R. D. Holé, A. Sylvestre, and S. Rowe, NAYBOUR Space charge accumulation in power cable XLPE insulation, Space charge distribution measurement in particle filled insulating materials article soumis au Journal of Physics D : Applied Physics, pp.273-281, 1999.

L. Boudou, J. Guastavino, J. Martinez-vega, and N. Zouzou, Conductivity of polyethylene -role of antioxydant and crosslinking by-products, 7th IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, pp.245-247, 2001.

G. C. Montanari, G. Mazzanti, and F. Palmieri, MOTORI Investigation of charge transport and trapping in LDPE and HDPE through space charge and conduction current measurements, 7th IEEE International Conference on Solid Dielectrics, pp.240-244, 2001.