K. Teruhiro, T. Takanori, H. B. Kenichi13-]-j, A. J. Pendry, D. J. Holden et al., Magnetic Response of Metamaterials at 100 TerahertzSaturation of the Magnetic Response of Split-Ring Resonators at Optical FrequenciesPhotonic band-gap effects and magnetic activity in dielectric compositesAn all-dielectric route for terahertz cloakingExperimental Observation of Left-Handed Behavior in an Array of Standard Dielectric ResonatorsMagnetically tunable negative permeability metamaterial composed by split ring resonators and ferrite rodsPower absorption and ferromagnetic resonance in Co-rich metallic glassesExperimental evidence of left handed transmission through arrays of ferromagnetic microwiresNegative Refraction Makes a Perfect LensApplication of the transmission line theory of left-handed (LH) materials to the realization of a microstrip "LH lineExperimental verification of backward-wave radiation from a negative refractive index metamaterialComposite right/left handed transmission line phase shifter using ferroelectric varactorsFerroelectric tunable balanced right-and left-handed transmission linesA metamaterial surface for compact cavity resonators Antennas and Wireless Propagation LettersFinite-difference time-domain analysis of the tunneling and growing exponential in a pair of epsilon-negative and mu-negative slabs, Negative permeability spectra in Permalloy granular composite materials Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter IEEE Antenna and Propagation Society International Symposium Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications Microwave and Wireless Components Letters57] M. Caiazzo, S. Maci, and N. Engheta Physical Review E (Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics)59] C. Hongsheng, R. Lixin, H. Jiangtao, Z. Xianmin, C. Kangsheng, M. G. Tomasz, and K, pp.172502-2075, 1999.

J. Au, F. Zhang, G. Houzet, S. Potet, E. Lheurette et al., Metamaterials-based Routing Devices for Space Applications," presented at Signals, Systems and ElectronicsPhase-varying metamaterial for compact steerable directive antennasSubwavelength resolution with a negative-index metamaterial superlensSub-Diffraction-Limited Optical Imaging with a Silver SuperlensExperimental demonstration of a mu = -1 metamaterial lens for magnetic resonance imagingControlling Electromagnetic FieldsPlanar focusing antenna design by using coordinate transformation technology, ISSSE '07. International Symposium on67] Z. Jacob, L. V. Alekseyev, and E. NarimanovOptical Hyperlens: Far-field imaging beyond the diffraction limit, pp.151909-493, 2005.

]. R. Références1, J. Marqués, F. Martel, F. Mesa, J. Medina et al., Enhanced backward wave propagation in evanescent waveguides loaded with split ring resonatorsDesign and experimental verification of backward-wave propagation in periodic waveguide structures Microwave Theory and TechniquesA taper filtering finline at millimeter wavelengths for broadband harmonic multiplication Microwave and Wireless Components LettersDemonstration of a backward wave in a single split ring resonator and wire loaded finline Microwave and Wireless Components LettersMutiplicateurs de fréquence et métamatériaux en technologie finlineAutomatic measurement of complex dielectric constant and permeability at microwave frequenciesMagnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomenaComparative analysis of edge-and broadside-coupled split ring resonators for metamaterial design -theory and experiments Antennas and PropagationMagnetic Response of Metamaterials at 100 TerahertzLeft-handed propagation media via photonic crystal and metamaterialsLeft-handed electromagnetic properties of split-ring resonator and wire loaded transmission line in a fin-line technology, Subwavelength Split-Ring-Resonator-Loaded Metallic Waveguides Microondes et microtechnologies Microwave Theory and Techniques Microwave Theory and Techniques13] M. Perrin, S. Fasquel, T. Decoopman, X. Mélique, O. Vanbésien, E. Lheurette, and D. Lippens, "Left-handed electromagnetism obtained via nanostructured metamaterials, pp.183901-044902, 1974.

O. F. Siddiqui, M. Mojahedi, and G. V. Eleftheriades, Periodically loaded transmission line with effective negative refractive index and negative group velocity Antennas and Propagation, 15] J. Garcia-Garcia, J. Bonache, I. Gil, F. Martin, M. C. Velazquez-Ahumada, and J, pp.2619-2625, 2003.

]. A. Martel16, J. Borja, V. E. Carbonell, D. Boria, G. Lippens et al., Symmetrical frequency response in a split ring resonator based transmission lineDeposition of Ferroelectric BST Thin Films by Sol Gel Route in View of Electronic ApplicationsDispersion and loss of ferroelectric Ba[sub 0.5]Sr[sub 0.5]TiO[sub 3] thin films up to 110 GHzComposite right/left-handed transmission line metamaterials Microwave Magazine Lignes, guides et cavités6-dB K-band phaseshifter using paraelectric BST thin filmsCAD models for multilayered substrate interdigital capacitors Microwave Theory and TechniquesTL Theory of MTMsComposite right/left handed transmission line phase shifter using ferroelectric varactorsMicrowave-frequency loss and dispersion in ferroelectric BaAn all-dielectric route for terahertz cloakingA reciprocical phase shifter using novel pseudochiral or medium, Miniaturized microstrip and CPW filters using coupled metamaterial resonators Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE [see also IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters] Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications Microwave and Wireless Components Letters Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, pp.2628-2635, 1992.

C. R. Simovski, S. He, H. Jiangtao, R. Lixin, C. Hongsheng et al., Microwave solid-state left-handed material with a broad bandwidth and an ultralow loss Antennas and PropagationImpact of inherent periodic structure on effective medium description of left-handed and related metamaterialsActive waveguides patterned in mixed 2D- 3D metallic photonic crystalMetallic photonic band-gap materials (benzocyclobutene) as dielectric mediumExperimental confirmation of negative refractive index of a metamaterial composed of Omega-like metallic patternsComparative analysis of edge-and broadside-coupled split ring resonators for metamaterial design -theory and experiments Antennas and PropagationLowloss left-handed metamaterials at millimeter wavesAutomatic measurement of complex dielectric constant and permeability at microwave frequenciesEnhanced Diffraction from a Grating on the Surface of a Negative-Index MetamaterialA simple method for measuring the relative permittivity of printed circuit board materialsMagnetic control of negative permeability metamaterials based on liquid crystalsSaturation of the Magnetic Response of Split-Ring Resonators at Optical FrequenciesNegative index of refraction in optical metamaterialsNearinfrared double negative metamaterialsOn a Remarkable Case of Uneven Distribution of Light in a Diffraction Grating SpectrumA New Theory of Wood?s Anomalies on Optical GratingsEnhanced millimeter wave transmission through quasioptical subwavelength perforated plates Antennas and Propagation, Condensed Matter and Materials Physics) Proceedings of the IEEE Proceedings of the Physical Society of London, pp.254-263, 1902.

T. W. Ebbesen, H. J. Lezec, H. F. Ghaemi, T. Thio, P. A. Wolff et al., Theory of light transmission through subwavelength periodic hole arraysTheory of Extraordinary Optical Transmission through Subwavelength Hole ArraysRole of Wood anomalies in optical properties of thin metallic films with a bidimensional array of subwavelength holesEnhanced Gain by Double-Periodic Stacked Subwavelength Hole Array Microwave and Wireless Components LettersDetermination of the propagation constant of uniform microstrip lineDetermination of effective permittivity and permeability of metamaterials from reflection and transmission coefficientsPhotovariation of grating-assisted coupling of terahertz waves into a silicon waveguideInfluence of noise on the characterization of materials by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy, Coplanar waveguides on dielectric membranes micromachined on a GaAs substrate25] L. Duvillaret, F. Garet, and J.-L. Coutaz F. Zhang, D. P. Gaillot, C. Croënne, E. Lheurette, X. Mélique, and D. Lippens, pp.667-669, 1976.

G. Zhang, E. Houzet, D. Lheurette, M. Lippens, X. Chaubet et al., Negative-zero-positive metamaterial with omega-type metal inclusions, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.103, issue.8, p.84312, 2008.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2910831

V. G. Veselago, THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF SUBSTANCES WITH SIMULTANEOUSLY NEGATIVE VALUES OF $\epsilon$ AND ??, Soviet Physics Uspekhi, vol.10, issue.4, pp.509-514, 1968.
DOI : 10.1070/PU1968v010n04ABEH003699

J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, W. J. Stewart, and I. Youngs, Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Mesostructures, Physical Review Letters, vol.76, issue.25, pp.4773-4776, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4773

J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.47, issue.11, pp.2075-2084, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/22.798002
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.192.2188

D. R. Smith and N. Kroll, Negative Refractive Index in Left-Handed Materials, Physical Review Letters, vol.85, issue.14, pp.2933-2936, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2933

R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, Experimental Verification of a Negative Index of Refraction, Science, vol.292, issue.5514, pp.77-79, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1058847

C. G. Parazzoli, R. B. Greegor, K. Li, B. E. Koltenbah, and M. Tanielian, Experimental Verification and Simulation of Negative Index of Refraction Using Snell???s Law, Physical Review Letters, vol.90, issue.10, pp.107401-107402, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.107401

R. B. Greegor, C. G. Parazzoli, K. Li, B. E. Koltenbah, and M. Tanielian, Experimental determination and numerical simulation of the properties of negative index of refraction materials, Optics Express, vol.11, issue.7, pp.688-695, 2003.
DOI : 10.1364/OE.11.000688

M. M. Saadoun and N. Engheta, A reciprocal phase shifter using novel pseudochiral or ?? medium, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.60, issue.4, pp.184-188, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/mop.4650050412

M. M. Saadoun and N. Engheta, Theoretical study of the electromagnetic properties of no local medium, Progr. Electromagn. Res, vol.9, pp.351-397, 1994.

C. R. Simovski and S. He, Frequency range and explicit expressions for negative permittivity and permeability for an isotropic medium formed by a lattice of perfectly conducting particles, Physics Letters A, vol.311, issue.2-3, pp.254-263, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0375-9601(03)00494-8

J. Huangfu, L. Ran, H. Chen, X. Zhang, K. Chen et al., Experimental confirmation of negative refractive index of a metamaterial composed of ??-like metallic patterns, Applied Physics Letters, vol.84, issue.9
DOI : 10.1063/1.1655673

L. Ran, J. Huangfu, H. Chen, Y. Li, X. Zhang et al., Microwave solid-state left-handed material with a broad bandwidth and an ultralow loss, Physical Review B, vol.70, issue.7, pp.73102-73103, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.073102

E. Lheurette, O. Vanbésien, and D. Lippens, Double negative media using interconnected ??-type metallic particles, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.34, issue.1, pp.84-89, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/mop.22034
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00255773

S. Enoch, G. Tayeb, P. Sabouroux, N. Guérin, and P. Vincent, A Metamaterial for Directive Emission, Physical Review Letters, vol.89, issue.21, pp.213902-213903, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.213902
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00081183

R. W. Ziolkowski, Propagation in and scattering from a matched metamaterial having a zero index of refraction, Physical Review E, vol.70, issue.4, p.46608, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.046608

A. Alù, M. G. Silveirinha, A. Salandrino, and N. Engheta, Epsilon-near-zero metamaterials and electromagnetic sources: Tailoring the radiation phase pattern, Physical Review B, vol.75, issue.15, p.155410, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.155410

A. Lai, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, Composite right/left-handed transmission line metamaterials, IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol.5, issue.3, pp.35-50, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/MMW.2004.1337766

S. Lim, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, Metamaterial-Based Electronically Controlled Transmission-Line Structure as a Novel Leaky-Wave Antenna With Tunable Radiation Angle and Beamwidth, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.52, issue.12, pp.161-173, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/TMTT.2004.838302

A. Lai, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, Characteristics of the composite right/ left-handed transmission lines, IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett, vol.14, issue.2, pp.68-70, 2004.

F. Zhang, S. Potet, J. Carbonell, E. Lheurette, O. Vanbésien et al., Application of omega-type and related metamaterials for beam steering in X-Ku, 2007 European Microwave Conference, pp.909-912, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/EUMC.2007.4405341
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00362416

D. Lippens, Metamaterials and infra-red applications, Comptes Rendus Physique, vol.9, issue.2, pp.184-196, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crhy.2007.07.006
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00356923

R. Marqués, F. Mesa, J. Martel, and F. Medina, Comparative analysis of edge- and broadside-coupled split ring resonators for metamaterial design - Theory and experiments, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.51, issue.10, pp.2572-2581, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/TAP.2003.817562

I. Bulu, H. Caglayan, and E. Ozbay, Designing materials with desired electromagnetic properties, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.70, issue.12, pp.2611-2615, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/mop.21988

T. Crepin, J. F. Lampin, T. Decoopman, X. Melique, L. Desplanque et al., Experimental evidence of backward waves on terahertz left-handed transmission lines, Applied Physics Letters, vol.87, issue.10, 2005.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2041819

T. Decoopman, O. Vanbesien, and D. Lippens, Demonstration of a backward wave in a single split ring resonator and wire loaded finline, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol.14, issue.11, pp.507-509, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/LMWC.2004.837075
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00133962

C. Croënne, B. Fabre, D. Gaillot, O. Vanbésien, and D. Lippens, Bloch impedance in negative index photonic crystals, Physical Review B, vol.77, issue.12, pp.125333-125334, 2008.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.77.125333

C. Croënne, M. Foulou, E. Lheurette, X. Mélique, M. Gheudin et al., Negative index metamaterial at 100 GHz, Proc. Eur. Microw. Assoc, pp.95-101, 2008.

D. R. Smith, P. Schultz, C. M. Marko?, and . Soukoulis, Determination of effective permittivity and permeability of metamaterials from reflection and transmission coefficients, Physical Review B, vol.65, issue.19, pp.195104-195105, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.195104

X. Chen, T. M. Grzegorczyk, B. Wu, J. Pacheco, and J. A. Kong, Robust method to retrieve the constitutive effective parameters of metamaterials, Physical Review E, vol.70, issue.1, pp.16608-16609, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.70.016608

D. R. Smith, P. M. Rye, J. J. Mock, D. C. Vier, and A. F. Starr, Enhanced Diffraction from a Grating on the Surface of a Negative-Index Metamaterial, Physical Review Letters, vol.93, issue.13, pp.137405-137406, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.137405

J. Carbonell, L. J. Rogla, V. E. Boria, and D. Lippens, Design and experimental verification of backward-wave propagation in periodic waveguide structures, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.54, issue.4, pp.1527-1533, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/TMTT.2006.871364
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00126832

P. Marko? and C. M. Soukoulis, Transmission studies of left-handed materials, Physical Review B, vol.65, issue.3, pp.33401-33402, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.65.033401

Q. Zhao, L. Kang, B. D. , B. Li, J. Zhou et al., Electrically tunable negative permeability metamaterials based on nematic liquid crystals, Applied Physics Letters, vol.90, issue.1, 2007.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2430485

R. Marqués, J. Martel, F. Mesa, and F. Medina, Left-Handed-Media Simulation and Transmission of EM Waves in Subwavelength Split-Ring-Resonator-Loaded Metallic Waveguides, Physical Review Letters, vol.89, issue.18, p.183901, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.183901

R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, Experimental Verification of a Negative Index of Refraction, Science, vol.292, issue.5514, pp.77-79, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1058847

C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Application of the transmission line theory of left-handed (LH) materials to the realization of a microstrip "LH line", IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium (IEEE Cat. No.02CH37313), pp.412-415, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/APS.2002.1016111

A. Grbic and G. V. Eleftheriades, Experimental verification of backward-wave radiation from a negative refractive index metamaterial, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.92, issue.10
DOI : 10.1063/1.1513194

A. Grbic and G. V. Eleftheriades, Overcoming the Diffraction Limit with a Planar Left-Handed Transmission-Line Lens, Physical Review Letters, vol.92, issue.11, p.117403, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.117403

H. Jiangtao, R. Lixin, C. Hongsheng, Z. Xian-min, C. Kangsheng et al., Experimental confirmation of negative refractive index of a metamaterial composed of Omega-like metallic patterns, Appl. Phys. Lett, vol.84, pp.1537-1539, 2004.

L. Ran, J. Huangfu, H. Chen, Y. Li, X. Zhang et al., Microwave solid-state left-handed material with a broad bandwidth and an ultralow loss, Physical Review B, vol.70, issue.7, p.73102, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.70.073102

L. Ran, J. Huangfu, H. Chen, X. Zhang, K. Cheng et al., Experimental study on several left-handed metamaterials, Progr. Electromagn. Res, pp.249-279, 2005.

C. R. Simovski, Plane-wave Reflection and Transmission by Grids of Conducting ??-particles and Dispersion of ?? Electromagnetic Crystals, AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications, vol.57, issue.5, pp.358-364, 2003.
DOI : 10.1078/1434-8411-54100186

T. Decoopman, A. Marteau, E. Lheurette, O. Vanbesien, and D. Lippens, Left-handed electromagnetic properties of split-ring resonator and wire loaded transmission line in a fin-line technology, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.54, issue.4, pp.1451-1457, 2006.
DOI : 10.1109/TMTT.2006.871356
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00126831

O. F. Siddiqui, M. Mojahedi, and G. V. Eleftheriades, Periodically loaded transmission line with effective negative refractive index and negative group velocity, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.51, issue.10, pp.2619-2625, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/TAP.2003.817556

A. Lai, T. Itoh, and C. Caloz, Composite right/left-handed transmission line metamaterials, IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol.5, issue.3, pp.34-50, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/MMW.2004.1337766

É. Lheurette, O. Vanbésien, and D. Lippens, Double negative media using interconnected ??-type metallic particles, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.34, issue.1, pp.84-90, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/mop.22034
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00255773

L. Brillouin, Wave Propagation in Periodic Structures, 1946.

W. B. Weir, Automatic measurement of complex dielectric constant and permeability at microwave frequencies, Proc. IEEE, pp.33-36, 1974.
DOI : 10.1109/PROC.1974.9382

T. Koschny, P. Markos, E. N. Economou, D. R. Smith, D. C. Vier et al., Impact of inherent periodic structure on effective medium description of left-handed and related metamaterials, Physical Review B, vol.71, issue.24, pp.245105-245127, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.71.245105

J. Danglot, O. Vanbesien, and D. Lippens, Active waveguides patterned in mixed 2D-3D metallic photonic crystal, Electronics Letters, vol.35, issue.6, pp.475-477, 1999.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19990310

M. M. Sigalas, C. T. Chan, K. M. Ho, and C. M. Soukoulis, Metallic photonic band-gap materials, Physical Review B, vol.52, issue.16, p.11744, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.52.11744
URL : http://repository.ust.hk/ir/bitstream/1783.1-43914/1/PhysRevB.52.11744.pdf

C. R. Simovsky and S. A. Tretyakov, Local constitutive parameters of metamaterials from an effective-medium perspective, Physical Review B, vol.75, issue.19, p.195111, 2007.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.75.195111

F. Zhang, F. Zhang, G. Houzet, S. Potet, E. A. Lheurette et al., Metamaterials-based Routing Devices for Space Applications, 2007 International Symposium on Signals, Systems and Electronics, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/ISSSE.2007.4294453

M. Gokkavas, K. Guven, I. Bulu, K. Aydin, R. S. Penciu et al., Experimental demonstration of a left-handed metamaterial operating at 100 GHz, Phys. Rev. B, vol.73, 2006.

K. Aydin, I. Bulu, and E. Ozbay, Subswavelength resolution with a negative-index metamaterial superlens, Appl. Phys. Lett, pp.90-254102, 2007.

D. Schurig, J. J. Mock, B. J. Justice, S. A. Cummer, J. B. Pendry et al., Metamaterial Electromagnetic Cloak at Microwave Frequencies, Science, vol.314, issue.5801, pp.977-980, 2006.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1133628

R. Penciu, M. Kafesaki, T. F. Gundogdu, E. N. Economou, and C. M. Soukoulis, Theoretical study of left-handed behavior of composite metamaterials, Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications, vol.4, issue.1, pp.12-16, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.photonics.2005.11.001

J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, W. J. Stewart, and I. Youngs, Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Mesostructures, Physical Review Letters, vol.76, issue.25, pp.76-4773, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4773

C. Croënne, J. F. Lerat, N. Malléjac, O. Acher, and D. Lippens, Extraction ab-initio des paramètres effectifs des métamatériaux, Proc. of the Journées Nationales Microondes, 2007.

O. Acher, A. L. Adenot, and F. Duverger, Fresnel coefficients at an interface with a lamellar composite material, Physical Review B, vol.62, issue.20, pp.13748-13756, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.62.13748

D. R. Smith and J. B. Pendry, Homogenization of metamaterials by field averaging (invited paper), Journal of the Optical Society of America B, vol.23, issue.3, pp.391-403, 2006.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSAB.23.000391

J. S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster, Theory and experiment of novel microstrip slow-wave open-loop resonator filters, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.45, issue.12, pp.2358-2365, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/22.643844

C. C. Yu and K. Chang, Novel compact elliptic-function narrow-band bandpass filters using microstrip open-loop resonators with coupled and crossing lines, IEEE Trans Microwave Theory Tech, vol.46, pp.952-958, 1998.

A. Gorur, A novel dual-mode bandpass filter with wide stopband using the properties of microstrip open-loop resonator, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol.12, issue.10, pp.386-388, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/LMWC.2002.804560

J. X. Chen, J. Xu, and Q. Xue, A novel compact microstrip bandpass filter using an open loop resonator with radial stub, Microwave Opt REFERENCES 1. V.G. Veselago, Electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of permittivity and permeability, Sov Phys Usp, vol.10, pp.509-514, 1968.

J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Ribbins, and W. J. Stewart, Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.47, issue.11, pp.2075-2084, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/22.798002
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.192.2188

R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Schultz, Experimental Verification of a Negative Index of Refraction, Science, vol.292, issue.5514, pp.77-79, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1058847

C. G. Parazzoli, R. B. Gregor, K. Li, B. E. Koltenbah, and M. Tanielian, Experimental Verification and Simulation of Negative Index of Refraction Using Snell???s Law, Physical Review Letters, vol.90, issue.10, pp.107401-107402, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.107401

R. Marqués, J. Martel, F. Mesa, and F. Medina, Left-handed-media simulation and transmission of EM waves in subwavelength split-ringresonator-loaded metallic waveguides, Phys Rev Lett, vol.89, pp.184901-184902, 2002.

T. Decoopman, O. Vanbésien, and D. Lippens, Demonstration of a backward wave in a single split ring resonator and wire loaded finline, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol.14, issue.11, pp.507-509, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/LMWC.2004.837075
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00133962

A. Grbic and G. V. Eleftheriades, Overcoming the Diffraction Limit with a Planar Left-Handed Transmission-Line Lens, Physical Review Letters, vol.92, issue.11, pp.117403-117404, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.92.117403

T. Crépin, J. F. Lampin, T. Decoopman, X. Mélique, L. Desplanque et al., Experimental evidence of backward waves on terahertz left-handed transmission lines, Applied Physics Letters, vol.87, issue.10, pp.104105-104106, 2005.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2041819

G. Prigent, E. Rius, F. Le-pennec, S. Le-maguer, C. Quendo et al., Design of Narrow-Band DBR Planar Filters in Si???BCB Technology for Millimeter-Wave Applications, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.52, issue.3, pp.1045-1051, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/TMTT.2004.823581

J. Danglot, O. Vanbésien, and D. Lippens, Active waveguides patterned in mixed 2D-3D metallic photonic crystal, Electronics Letters, vol.35, issue.6, pp.475-477, 1999.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19990310

J. M. Lourtioz, A. De-lustrac, F. Gadot, S. Rowson, A. Chelnokov et al., Toward controllable photonic crystals for centimeter- and millimeter-wave devices, Journal of Lightwave Technology, vol.17, issue.11, pp.2025-2031, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/50.802990

M. Caulton, Lumped elements in microwave integrated circuits Advances in microwave, pp.143-202, 1974.

A. Lai, T. Itoh, and C. Caloz, Composite right/left-handed transmission line metamaterials, IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol.5, issue.3, pp.34-50, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/MMW.2004.1337766

D. R. Smith, W. J. Padilla, D. C. Vier, S. C. Nemat-nasser, and S. Schultz, Composite Medium with Simultaneously Negative Permeability and Permittivity, Physical Review Letters, vol.84, issue.18, pp.4184-4187, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.4184

C. G. Parazolli, R. B. Greegor, K. Li, B. E. Koltenbah, and M. Tanielan, Experimental Verification and Simulation of Negative Index of Refraction Using Snell???s Law, Physical Review Letters, vol.90, issue.10, pp.107-401, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.107401

L. Liu, C. Caloz, C. C. Chang, and T. Itoh, Forward coupling phenomena between artificial left-handed transmission lines, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.92, issue.9, pp.5560-5565, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1512682

T. Decoopman, X. Melique, O. Vanbésien, and D. Lippens, A taper filtering finline at millimeter wavelengths for broadband harmonic multiplication, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol.13, issue.5, pp.172-174, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/LMWC.2003.811675

F. Martin, J. Bonache, F. Falcone, M. Sorolla, and R. Marqués, Split ring resonator-based left-handed coplanar waveguide, Applied Physics Letters, vol.83, issue.22, pp.4652-4654, 2003.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1631392

J. Bonache, F. Martin, F. Falcone, J. Garcia-garcia, I. Gill et al., Compact coplanar waveguide bandpass filter at the S-band

S. Hrabar, J. Bartolic, and Z. Sipus, Waveguide miniaturization using uniaxial negative permeability metamaterial, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.53, issue.1, pp.110-119, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/TAP.2004.840503

I. A. Eshrah, A. A. Kishk, A. B. Yakovlev, and A. W. Glisson, Evanescent rectangular waveguide with corrugated walls: a composite right/left-handed metaguide, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2005., pp.12-17, 2005.
DOI : 10.1109/MWSYM.2005.1517057

A. Lai, T. Itoh, and C. Caloz, Composite right/left-handed transmission line metamaterials, IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol.5, issue.3, pp.34-50, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/MMW.2004.1337766

J. Duchamp, P. Ferrari, M. Fernandez, A. Jrad, X. Melique et al., Comparison of fully distributed and periodically loaded nonlinear transmission lines, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.51, issue.4, pp.1105-1116, 2003.
DOI : 10.1109/TMTT.2003.809621
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00152074

]. V. Veselago, The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ? and µ, Sov, Phys. Uspekhi, vol.10, issue.14, 1968.

J. B. Pendry, Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens, Physical Review Letters, vol.85, issue.18, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.3966

H. S. Sozuer, J. W. Haus, R. Inguva, R. D. Meade, A. M. Rappe et al., Photonic Bands: Convergence problems with the plane-wave method Accurate theoretical analysis of photonic band gap material, Phys. Rev. B Phys. Rev. B, vol.45, issue.8434, 1992.

S. G. Johnson and J. D. Joannopoulos, Bloch-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell's equations in a planewave basis, Optics Express, vol.8, issue.173, 2001.

A. Edelman and S. T. Smith, On conjugate gradient-like methods for eigen-like problems, B.I.T, p.36, 1996.

M. C. Payne, M. P. Tater, D. C. Allan, T. A. Arias, and J. D. Joannopoulos, total-energy calculations: molecular dynamics and conjugate gradients, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.64, issue.4, p.1045, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.64.1045

J. B. Pendry, A. T. Holden, W. J. Stewart, and I. Youngs, Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Mesostructures, Physical Review Letters, vol.76, issue.25, pp.76-4773, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4773

J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. J. Stewart, Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.47, issue.11, p.47, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/22.798002
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.192.2188

R. Marques, F. Mesa, J. Martel, and F. Medina, Comparative analysis of edge- and broadside-coupled split ring resonators for metamaterial design - Theory and experiments, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol.51, issue.10
DOI : 10.1109/TAP.2003.817562

R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, S. C. Nemat-nasser, and S. Schultz, Microwave transmission through a two-dimensional, isotropic, left-handed metamaterial, Applied Physics Letters, vol.78, issue.4, p.78, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1343489

C. G. Parazzoli, R. B. Greegor, K. Li, B. E. Koltenbah, and M. Tanelian, Experimental Verification and Simulation of Negative Index of Refraction Using Snell???s Law, Physical Review Letters, vol.90, issue.10, p.90, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.107401

T. Decoopman, O. Vanbésien, and D. Lippens, Demonstration of a backward wave in a single split ring resonator and wire loaded finline, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, vol.14, issue.11, 2004.
DOI : 10.1109/LMWC.2004.837075
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00133962

D. R. Smith, J. Pendry, and . Mck, Metamaterials and Negative Refractive Index, Science, vol.305, issue.5685, pp.788-92, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1096796

R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, S. C. Nemat-nasser, and S. Schultz, Microwave transmission through a two-dimensionnal, isotropic, left-handed metamaterial Appl, Phys. Rev. Lett, vol.78, p.489, 2001.

R. A. Shelby, D. R. Smith, and S. Shultz, Experimental Verification of a Negative Index of Refraction, Science, vol.292, issue.5514, pp.77-86, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1058847

J. B. Pendry, A. J. Holden, D. J. Robbins, and W. Stewart, Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.47, issue.11, p.2075, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/22.798002
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.192.2188

H. S. Sozuer, J. W. Haus, and R. Inguva, Photonic bands: Convergence problems with the plane-wave method, Physical Review B, vol.45, issue.24, p.13962, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.45.13962

S. Johnson and J. Joannopoulos, Bloch-iterative frequency-domain methods for Maxwell's equations in a planewave basis Opt, p.173, 2001.

A. Edelman and S. Smith, On conjugate gradient-like methods for eigen-like problems BIT Numer, Math, vol.36, p.494, 1996.

M. C. Payne, M. P. Teter, D. C. Allan, T. Arias, and J. Joannopoulos, total-energy calculations: molecular dynamics and conjugate gradients, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.64, issue.4, p.1045, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.64.1045

D. Felbacq and G. Bouchitte, Homogenization of a set of parallel fibres, Waves in Random Media, vol.2192, issue.2, p.245, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3380
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01283233

C. Poulton, S. Guenneau, and A. Movchan, Noncommuting limits and effective properties for oblique propagation of electromagnetic waves through an array of aligned fibres, Physical Review B, vol.69, issue.19, p.195112, 2004.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.69.195112

G. V. Eleftheriades, A. Iyer, and P. Kremer, Planar negative refractive index media using periodically L-C loaded transmission lines, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.50, issue.12, p.2702, 2002.
DOI : 10.1109/TMTT.2002.805197

A. Grbic and V. Eleftheriades, Experimental verification of backward-wave radiation from a negative refractive index metamaterial, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.92, issue.10, p.5930, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1513194

L. Liu, C. Caloz, C. Chang, and T. Itoh, Forward coupling phenomena between artificial left-handed transmission lines, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.92, issue.9, p.5560, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1512682

R. Marqù-es, J. Martel, F. Mesa, and F. Medina, Left-Handed-Media Simulation and Transmission of EM Waves in Subwavelength Split-Ring-Resonator-Loaded Metallic Waveguides, Physical Review Letters, vol.89, issue.18, p.183901, 2002.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.89.183901

J. Danglot, O. Vanbésien, and D. Lippens, Active waveguides patterned in mixed 2D-3D metallic photonic crystal, Electronics Letters, vol.35, issue.6, p.475, 1999.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19990310

J. Danglot, O. Vanbésien, and D. Lippens, A 4-port resonant switch patterned in a photonic crystal, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol.9, issue.7, p.274, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/75.774145

J. B. Pendry, A. T. Holden, W. J. Stewart, and I. Youngs, Extremely Low Frequency Plasmons in Metallic Mesostructures, Physical Review Letters, vol.76, issue.25, p.4773, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.4773

T. Akalin, J. Danglot, O. Vanbésien, and D. Lippens, Resonant tunnelling in photonic microcavities: design of highly directive radiating system Superlatt. Microstruct, pp.181-189, 2001.

F. Martin, F. Falcone, J. Bonache, T. Lopotegi, M. Laso et al., New periodic-electromagnetic band gap coplanar waveguide with complete spurious passband suppression IEEE Microw, Lett, vol.12, p.434, 2002.

T. Akalin, M. Laso, T. Lopotegi, O. Vanbesien, M. Sorolla et al., PBG-type microstrip filters with one- and two-sided patterns, Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol.21, issue.1, p.69, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/mop.1223

M. Bayindir, K. Aydin, E. Ozbay, M. P. Soukoulis, and C. , Transmission properties of composite metamaterials in free space, Applied Physics Letters, vol.81, issue.1, pp.489-91, 2002.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1492009

D. R. Smith, S. Schultz, M. P. Soukoulis, and C. , Determination of effective permittivity and permeability of metamaterials from reflection and transmission coefficients Ph y s . Rev, p.195104, 2002.

P. F. Loschiolpo, D. L. Smith, D. W. Forester, F. J. Rachford, and J. Schelleng, Electromagnetic waves focused by a negative-index planar lens Phys, p.25602, 2003.

G. Clerc, G. Ghibaudo, and . Pannanakis, Solid-State Electron

V. V. Houssa, A. Afanas-'ev, M. M. Stesmans, and . Heyns, Polarity dependence of defect generation in ultrathin SiO2/ZrO2 gate dielectric stacks, Applied Physics Letters, vol.79, issue.19, p.3134, 2001.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1415401

C. Mao, M. Tan, and . Xu, Solid-State Electron 21 H. Katto, Solid-State Electron, 2001.

E. H. Nicollian and A. Goetzberger, MOS CONDUCTANCE TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING SURFACE STATE PARAMETERS, Applied Physics Letters, vol.7, issue.8, pp.216-219, 1965.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1754385

E. Duval and E. Lheurette, Characterisation of charge trapping at the Si???SiO2 (100) interface using high-temperature conductance spectroscopy, Microelectronic Engineering, vol.65, issue.1-2, pp.103-112, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-9317(02)00732-3

E. H. Nicollian, A. Goetzberger, and A. D. Lopez, Expedient method of obtaining interface state properties from MIS conductance measurements, Solid-State Electron, pp.937-944, 1969.

E. Klausmann, W. Fahrner, and D. H. Braunig, The electronic states of the Si?SiO interface

E. M. Vogel, K. Z. Ahmed, B. Hornung, W. K. Henson, P. K. Mclarty et al., Modeled tunnel currents for high dielectric constant dielectrics, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol.45, issue.6, pp.1350-1355, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/16.678572

J. Zhang, J. S. Yuan, Y. Ma, and A. S. Oates, Design optimization of stacked layer dielectrics for minimum gate leakage currents, Solid-State Electronics, vol.44, issue.12, pp.2165-2170, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-1101(00)00185-4

D. Stievenard and D. Vuillaume, Profiling of defects using deep level transient spectroscopy, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.60, issue.3, p.973, 1986.
DOI : 10.1063/1.337340

D. M. Fleetwood, 'Border traps' in MOS devices, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.39, issue.2, pp.269-271, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/23.277495

D. M. Fleetwood, P. S. Winokur, J. Reber, and T. L. Meisenheimer, Effects of oxide traps, interface traps, and ??????border traps?????? on metal???oxide???semiconductor devices, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.73, issue.10, pp.5058-5074, 1993.
DOI : 10.1063/1.353777

A. De-dios, E. Castan, L. Baillon, and J. Barbolla, Interface state density measurement in MOS structures by analysis of the thermally stimulated conductance, Solid State Electron, pp.987-992, 1990.

E. Duval, E. Lheurette, K. Ketata, and M. Ketata, Determination of slow- and fast-state distributions using high-temperature conductance spectroscopy on MOS structures, Semiconductor Science and Technology, vol.16, issue.10, pp.16-57, 2001.
DOI : 10.1088/0268-1242/16/10/101

L. Soliman, E. Duval, E. Lheurette, M. Benzohra, K. Ketata et al., Improvement of oxide thickness determination on MOS structures using capacitance???voltage measurements at high frequencies, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, vol.4, issue.1-3, pp.163-166, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1369-8001(00)00131-1

W. Fahrner and A. Goetzberger, Energy dependence of electrical properties of interface states in Si?SiO interfaces

D. Vuillaume, Physique des defauts induits lors de la degradation des composants MOS silicium submicroniques, ` Habilitation a diriger des recherches, pp.23-26, 1992.

R. Castagne and A. Vapaille, Description of the SiO2???Si interface properties by means of very low frequency MOS capacitance measurements, Surface Science, vol.28, issue.1, pp.157-193, 1971.
DOI : 10.1016/0039-6028(71)90092-6

C. H. Ling, Trap generation at Si?SiO Interface in submicrometer metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors by 4

M. J. Uren, V. Nayar, K. M. Brunson, and C. J. Anthony, Interface State Capture Cross Section Measurements on Vacuum Annealed and Radiation Damaged Si:SiO[sub 2] Surfaces, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol.145, issue.2, pp.683-689, 1998.
DOI : 10.1149/1.1838323

E. H. Poindexter, MOS interface states: overview and physicochemical perspective, Semiconductor Science and Technology, vol.4, issue.12, pp.961-969, 1989.
DOI : 10.1088/0268-1242/4/12/001

M. Itsumi, S. Noboru, and M. Shimaya, Si?SiO interface state generation at the surface potential of 0

M. J. Uren, K. M. Brunson, and A. M. Hodge, interface using the conductance technique, Applied Physics Letters, vol.60, issue.5, pp.624-626, 1992.
DOI : 10.1063/1.107461

D. Vuillaume, D. Goguenheim, and G. Vincent, New insights on the electronic properties of the trivalent silicon defects at oxidized ???100??? silicon surfaces, Applied Physics Letters, vol.57, issue.12, p.1206, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.103486

E. H. Nicollian, A. Goetzberger, and A. Lopez, Expedient method of obtaining interface state properties from MIS conductance measurements Solid-State Electron, pp.937-981, 1969.

G. Declerck, V. Overstraeten, R. Broux, and G. , Measurements of low densities of surface states at the Si?SiO 2 interface Solid-State Electron, pp.1451-60, 1973.

J. Zhang, J. S. Yuan, Y. Ma, and A. Oates, Design optimization of stacked layer dielectrics for minimum gate leakage currents Solid-State Electron, pp.2165-70, 2000.

S. A. Campbell, D. C. Gilmer, X. C. Whang, M. T. Hsieh, H. S. Kim et al., MOSFET transistors fabricated with high permitivity TiO/sub 2/ dielectrics, MOSFET transistors fabricated with high permitivity TiO 2 dielectrics, pp.104-113, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/16.554800

Y. M. Ma, Z. Li, L. Liu, L. Tian, and Y. Z. , Effective density of states approach to QM correction in MOS structures Solid-State Electron, pp.401-408, 2000.

J. Moragues, B. Sagnes, K. Yckache, R. Jérisian, J. Oualid et al., Experiments and modelling to determine trapped holes and slow states in Fowler?Nordheim stressed MOS capacitors Microelectron. Eng, pp.329-361, 1995.

U. Cilingiroglu, Charge-pumping spectroscopy with pulsed interface probing, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol.37, issue.1, pp.267-72, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/16.43824

G. Groeseneken, H. E. Maes, N. Beltran, and R. Keersmaecker, A reliable approach to charge-pumping measurements in MOS transistors, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol.31, issue.1, pp.42-53, 1984.
DOI : 10.1109/T-ED.1984.21472

D. Fleetwood, 'Border traps' in MOS devices, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol.39, issue.2, pp.269-71, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/23.277495

D. M. Fleetwood, P. S. Winokur, J. Reber, and T. Meisenheimer, Effects of oxide traps, interface traps, and ??????border traps?????? on metal???oxide???semiconductor devices, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.73, issue.10, pp.5058-74, 1993.
DOI : 10.1063/1.353777

A. De-dios, E. Castan, L. Baillon, and J. Barbolla, Interface state density measurement in MOS structures by analysis of the thermally stimulated conductance Solid-State Electron, pp.987-92, 1990.

M. J. Uren, S. Collins, and M. J. Kirton, Observation of ??????slow?????? states in conductance measurements on silicon metal???oxide???semiconductor capacitors, Applied Physics Letters, vol.54, issue.15, pp.1448-50, 1989.
DOI : 10.1063/1.100693

M. J. Uren, K. M. Brunson, and A. Hodge, interface using the conductance technique, Applied Physics Letters, vol.60, issue.5, pp.624-630, 1992.
DOI : 10.1063/1.107461

W. Fahrner and A. Goetzberger, INTERFACES, Applied Physics Letters, vol.17, issue.1, pp.16-24, 1970.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1653234

M. El-sayed, G. Pananakakis, and G. Kamarinos, Complete exploration of the silicon gap at the interface of MIS tunnel diodes using conductance technique at various temperatures and illuminations levels Solid-State Electron, pp.345-57, 1985.

C. Papadas, P. Morfouli, G. Ghibaudo, and G. Pananakakis, Extraction of interface state density profile from the maximums of the parallel conductance versus applied gate bias curves G p (V a ) using the conductance technique Rev, 1992.

D. Bauza, P. Morfouli, and G. Pananakakis, Detection of interface and volume traps in very thin oxide MOS structures using DLTS, quasi-static and conductance measurements Solid-State Electron, pp.933-939, 1991.

A. Singh and J. Simmons, Determination of energy density distribution and capture cross section of interface states in the metal?nitride?oxide?semiconductor (MNOS) References [1] Nicollian EH, Brews JR. MOS (Metal Oxide Semiconductor ) Physics and Technology, 1982.

E. Nicollian and A. Goetzberger, MOS CONDUCTANCE TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING SURFACE STATE PARAMETERS, Applied Physics Letters, vol.7, issue.8, pp.216-225, 1965.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1754385

G. Declerck, R. Van-overstraeten, and G. Broux, Measurement of low densities of surface states at the Si???SiO2-interface, Solid-State Electronics, vol.16, issue.12, p.1451, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1101(73)90062-2

E. Nicollian, A. Goetzberger, and A. Lopez, Expedient method of obtaining interface state properties from MIS conductance measurements, Solid-State Electronics, vol.12, issue.12, p.937, 1969.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1101(69)90014-8

J. Simonne, A method to extract interface state parameters from the MIS parallel conductance technique, Solid-State Electronics, vol.16, issue.1, p.121, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1101(73)90133-0

H. Deuling, E. Klausmann, and A. Goetzberger, Interface states in Si???SiO2 interfaces, Solid-State Electronics, vol.15, issue.5, p.559, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1101(72)90157-8

C. Papadas, P. Morfouli, G. Ghibaudo, and G. Pananakakis, (Va), using the conductance technique, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.63, issue.9, p.4189, 1992.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1143232

D. Bauza, P. Morfouli, and G. Pananakakis, Detection of interface and volume traps in very thin oxide MOS structures using DLTS, quasi-static and conductance measurements, Solid-State Electronics, vol.34, issue.9, p.933, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1101(91)90210-P

M. El-sayed, G. Pananakakis, and G. Kamarinos, Complete exploration of the silicon gap at the Si???SiO2 interface of MIS tunnel diodes using the conductance technique at various temperatures and illumination levels, Solid-State Electronics, vol.28, issue.4, p.345, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1101(85)90095-4

A. Singh and J. Simmons, Determination of energy density distribution and capture cross-section of interface states in the metal-nitride-oxide-semiconductor (MNOS) structure, Solid-State Electronics, vol.25, issue.3, p.219, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1101(82)90111-3

W. Fahrner and A. Goetzberger, INTERFACES, Applied Physics Letters, vol.17, issue.1, p.16, 1970.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1653234

A. De-dios, E. Castan, L. Baillon, and J. Barbolla, Interface state density measurement in MOS structures by analysis of the thermally stimulated conductance, Solid-State Electronics, vol.33, issue.8, p.987, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1101(90)90208-V

T. Katsube, K. Kakimoto, and T. Ikoma, Temperature and energy dependences of capture cross sections at surface states in Si metal???oxide???semiconductor diodes measured by deep level transient spectroscopy, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.52, issue.5, p.3504, 1981.
DOI : 10.1063/1.329128

M. Uren, S. Collins, and M. Kirton, Observation of ??????slow?????? states in conductance measurements on silicon metal???oxide???semiconductor capacitors, Applied Physics Letters, vol.54, issue.15, p.1448, 1989.
DOI : 10.1063/1.100693

M. Mcnutt and C. Sah, Determination of the MOS oxide capacitance, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.46, issue.9, p.3909, 1975.
DOI : 10.1063/1.322138

A. V. Räisänen, Frequency multipliers for millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.80, issue.11, pp.1842-2852, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/5.175259

T. W. Crowe, T. C. Grein, R. Zimmermann, and P. Zimmermann, Progress toward solid-state local oscillators at 1 THz, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol.6, issue.5, pp.206-208, 1996.
DOI : 10.1109/75.491507

K. Hong, P. F. Marsh, G. I. Ng, D. Pavlidis, and C. H. Hong, Optimization of MOVPE grown In/sub x/Al/sub 1-x/As/In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As planar heteroepitaxial Schottky diodes for terahertz applications, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol.41, issue.9, pp.1489-1497, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/16.310098

E. L. Kollberg and A. Rydberg, Quantum-barrier-varactor diodes for high-efficiency millimetre-wave multipliers, Electronics Letters, vol.25, issue.25, pp.1696-1698, 1989.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19891134

A. Rydberg, H. Grönqvist, and E. Kollberg, Millimeter- and submillimeter-wave multipliers using quantum-barrier-varactor (QBV) diodes, IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol.11, issue.9, pp.373-375, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/55.62960

S. M. Nilsen, H. Grönqvist, H. Hjelmgren, A. Rydberg, and E. L. Kollberg, Single barrier varactors for submillimeter wave power generation, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.41, issue.4, pp.572-580, 1993.
DOI : 10.1109/22.231648

D. Choudhury, M. A. Frerking, and P. D. Batelaan, A 200 GHz tripler using a single barrier varactor, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.41, issue.4, pp.595-599, 1993.
DOI : 10.1109/22.231651

K. Krisnamurthi, S. M. Nilsen, and R. G. Harrison, GaAs single-barrier varactors for millimeter-wave triplers: guidelines for enhanced performance, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.42, issue.12, pp.2512-2516, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/22.339790

A. Rahal, E. Boch, J. Ovey, and R. G. Bosisio, Planar multi-stack quantum barrier varactor tripler evaluation at W-band, Electronics Letters, vol.31, issue.23, pp.2022-2023, 1995.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19951371

A. V. Ra¨?sänenra¨?sänen, T. J. Tolmunen, M. Natzic, M. Frerking, E. Brown et al., A single barrier varactor quintupler at 170 GHz, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.43, issue.3, pp.685-688, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/22.372117

J. R. Jones, W. L. Bishop, S. H. Jones, and G. B. Tait, Planar multibarrier 80/240-GHz heterostructure barrier varactor triplers, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.45, issue.4, pp.512-518, 1997.
DOI : 10.1109/22.566631

L. Dillner, J. Stake, and E. Kollberg, Modeling of the heterostructure barrier varactor diode, Proc. 1997 Int. Semiconductor Device Res. Symp, pp.10-13

V. K. Reddy and D. P. Neikirk, High breakdown voltage AlAs/lnGaAs quantum barrier varactor diodes, Electronics Letters, vol.29, issue.5, pp.464-466, 1993.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19930310

P. Mounaix, E. Lheurette, F. Mollot, and D. Lippens, Frequency capability of strained AlAs/InGaAs resonant tunnelling diodes, Electronics Letters, vol.31, issue.17, pp.1508-1510, 1995.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19950960

L. Burgnies, O. Vanbésien, V. Sadaune, D. Lippens, J. Nagle et al., Resonant tunneling structures with local potential perturbations, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.75, issue.9, pp.4527-4531, 1994.
DOI : 10.1063/1.355945

P. Mounaix, O. Vanbésien, and D. Lippens, Effect of cathode spacer layer on the current???voltage characteristics of resonant tunneling diodes, Applied Physics Letters, vol.57, issue.15, pp.1517-1519, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.103381

O. Vanbésien, H. Leroux, and D. Lippens, Maximally flat transmission windows in finite superlattices, Solid-State Electronics, vol.35, issue.5, pp.665-669, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1101(92)90034-A

J. R. Jones, G. B. Tait, S. H. Jones, and D. S. Katzer, DC and large-signal time-dependent electron transport in heterostructure devices: an investigation of the heterostructure barrier varactor, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol.42, issue.6, pp.1070-1080, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/16.387239

J. P. Sun, R. K. Mains, W. L. Chen, J. R. East, and G. I. Haddad, characteristics of quantum well varactors, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.72, issue.6, pp.2340-2346, 1992.
DOI : 10.1063/1.352322

W. R. Frensley, Boundary conditions for open quantum systems driven far from equilibrium, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.62, issue.3, pp.745-792, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.62.745

O. H. Hughes, M. Henini, E. S. Alves, L. Eaves, M. L. Leadbetter et al., Investigations of double barrier resonant tunneling devices based on AlGaAs/GaAs, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, pp.1161-1164, 1988.

T. P. Pearsall, As, Applied Physics Letters, vol.36, issue.3, pp.218-220, 1980.
DOI : 10.1063/1.91431

E. Kollberg, T. J. Tolmunen, M. A. Frerking, and J. R. East, Current saturation in submillimeter-wave varactors, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol.40, issue.5, pp.831-838, 1992.
DOI : 10.1109/22.137387

A. Rahal, R. G. Bosisio, C. Rogers, J. Ovey, M. Sawan et al., A W-band medium power multi-stack quantum barrier varactor frequency tripler, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol.5, issue.11, pp.368-370, 1995.
DOI : 10.1109/75.473540

E. Lheurette, P. Mounaix, P. Salzenstein, F. Mollot, and D. Lippens, High performance InP-based heterostructure barrier varactors in single and stack configuration, Electronics Letters, vol.32, issue.15, pp.1417-1418, 1996.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19960893
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00076889

K. Krisnamurthi and R. G. Harrison, Millimetre-wave frequency tripling using stacked heterostructure-barrier varactors on InP, IEE Proceedings - Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation, vol.143, issue.4, pp.272-276, 1996.
DOI : 10.1049/ip-map:19960431

X. Mélique, J. Carbonell, R. Havart, P. Mounaix, O. Vanbésien et al., InGaAs/InAlAs/AlAs heterostructure barrier varactors for harmonic multiplication, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol.8, issue.7, pp.254-256
DOI : 10.1109/75.701383

E. Lheurette, X. Mélique, P. Mounaix, F. Mollot, O. Vanbésien et al., Capacitance engineering for InP-based heterostructure barrier varactor, IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol.19, issue.9, pp.338-340, 1998.
DOI : 10.1109/55.709634

E. L. Kollberg and A. Rydberg, Quantum-barrier-varactor diodes for high-efficiency millimetre-wave multipliers, Electronics Letters, vol.25, issue.25, pp.1696-1697, 1989.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19891134

J. P. Sun, R. K. Mains, W. L. Chen, J. R. East, and G. I. Haddad, characteristics of quantum well varactors, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.72, issue.6, pp.2340-2346, 1992.
DOI : 10.1063/1.352322

V. K. Reddy and D. P. Neikirk, High breakdown voltage AlAs/lnGaAs quantum barrier varactor diodes, Electronics Letters, vol.29, issue.5, pp.464-465, 1993.
DOI : 10.1049/el:19930310

E. Tournié and K. H. Ploog, As quantum wells, Applied Physics Letters, vol.62, issue.8, pp.858-860, 1993.
DOI : 10.1063/1.108546