. Préparation-de-l-'arn-l-', ARN codant l'EGFP est préparé in vitro en utilisant le kit MEGAscript (Ambion) en suivant les instructions du fabricant. Après transcription, du TURBO DNase (Ambion) est ajouté pour éliminer l'ADN pouvant contaminer l'expérience. L'ARN généré a été purié par RNeasy MinEluteTM Cleanup 210

C. Annexe, Méthodes pour l'expression de protéines Kit (QIAGEN) en suivant les instructions du fabricant. Préparation de la protéine recombinante GFPuv La protéine recombinante GFPuv a été achetée chez Clontech

. La-chambre-d, observation est constituée d'une pièce de PDMS contenant un trou cylindrique de 4mm de diamètre et 5mm de profondeur collé sur une lame de microscope propre

P. S. Dittrich and A. Manz, Lab-on-a-chip: microfluidics in drug discovery, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol.2, issue.3, p.210218, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/bp034077d

J. El-ali, P. K. Sorger, and K. F. Jensen, Review article cells on chips, Nature, vol.442, p.403411, 2006.

H. Sorribas, C. Padeste, and L. Tiefenauer, Photolithographic generation of protein micropatterns for neuron culture applications, Biomaterials, vol.23, issue.3, p.893900, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0142-9612(01)00199-5

G. Ramsay, DNA chips: State-of-the art, Nature Biotechnology, vol.2, issue.31, pp.40-44, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/geno.1996.0219

P. Calvert, Inkjet Printing for Materials and Devices, Chemistry of Materials, vol.13, issue.10, p.32993305, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/cm0101632

E. Delamarche, A. Bernard, H. Schmid, A. Bietsch, B. Michel et al., Microuidic networks for chemical patterning of substrates : Design and application to bioassays, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.120, p.50005008, 1998.

X. Jiang, Q. Xu, S. K. Dertinger, A. D. Stroock, T. Fu et al., Whitesides : A general method for patterning gradients of biomolecules on surfaces using microuidic networks, Anal. Chem, vol.77, p.23382347, 2005.

D. T. Chiu, N. L. Jeon, S. Huang, R. S. Kane, C. J. Wargo et al., Whitesides : Patterned deposition of cells and proteins onto surfaces by using three-dimensional microuidic systems, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, p.9724082413, 2000.

A. Bernard, J. P. Renault, B. Michel, H. R. Bosshard, and E. Delamarche, Microcontact printing of proteins, Adv. Mater, vol.12, p.10671070, 2000.

S. K. Sia and G. M. Whitesides, Microfluidic devices fabricated in Poly(dimethylsiloxane) for biological studies, ELECTROPHORESIS, vol.24, issue.21, pp.3563-3576, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/elps.200305584

S. Y. Chou, P. R. Krauss, and P. J. , Renstrom : Nanoimprint lithography, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, vol.14, issue.6, p.41294133, 1996.

Y. Chen and A. , Pépin : Nanofabrication : Conventional and nonconventional methods, Electrophoresis Annu. Rev. Mater. Sci, vol.22, issue.153, p.187153184, 1998.

H. Hiroshima, M. Komuro, N. Kasahara, Y. Kurashima, and J. Taniguchi, Elimination of Pattern Defects of Nanoimprint under Atmospheric Conditions, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol.42, issue.Part 1, No. 6B, p.38493853, 2003.
DOI : 10.1143/JJAP.42.3849

E. Kim, Y. Xia, and G. M. Whitesides, Polymer microstructures formed by moulding in capillaries, Nature, vol.376, issue.6541, pp.581-584, 1995.
DOI : 10.1038/376581a0

A. Folch, B. Jo, O. Hurtado, D. J. Beebe, and M. Toner, Microfabricated elastomeric stencils for micropatterning cell cultures, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, vol.43, issue.2, p.346353, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-4636(200011)52:2<346::AID-JBM14>3.0.CO;2-H

L. Malaquin, T. Kraus, H. Schmid, E. Delamarche, and H. Wolf, Controlled Particle Placement through Convective and Capillary Assembly, Langmuir, vol.23, issue.23, p.1151311521, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/la700852c

H. Yabu and M. Shimomuran, Preparation of Self-Organized Mesoscale Polymer Patterns on a Solid Substrate: Continuous Pattern Formation from a Receding Meniscus, Advanced Functional Materials, vol.6, issue.9, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/adfm.200400315

J. Xu, J. Xia, S. W. Hong, Z. Lin, F. Qiu et al., Self-Assembly of Gradient Concentric Rings via Solvent Evaporation from a Capillary Bridge, Physical Review Letters, vol.96, issue.6, p.66104, 2006.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.066104

S. W. Hong, J. Xia, and Z. Lin, Spontaneous Formation of Mesoscale Polymer Patterns in an Evaporating Bound Solution, Advanced Materials, vol.7, issue.10, pp.1413-1417, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/adma.200601882

G. Guéna, C. Poulard, and A. M. Cazabat, Evaporating drops of alkane mixtures, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol.298, issue.1-2, p.211, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.12.008

W. H. Ko, J. T. Suminto, and G. J. Yeh, Bonding Techniques for Microsensors Micromachining and Micropackaging of Transducers, 1985.

P. W. Barth, Silicon fusion bonding for fabrication of sensors, actuators and microstructures. Sensor Actuat. A-Phys, p.919926, 1990.

J. C. Mcdonald and G. M. , Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a Material for Fabricating Microfluidic Devices, Accounts of Chemical Research, vol.35, issue.7, pp.491-499, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/ar010110q

H. Baier and F. Bonhoeffer, Axon guidance by gradients of a targetderived component, Science, vol.255, issue.5043, p.472475, 1992.

N. L. Jeon, S. K. Dertinger, D. T. Chiu, I. S. Choi, A. D. Stroock et al., Whitesides : Generation of solution and surface gradients using microuidic systems, Langmuir, issue.22, p.1683118316, 2000.

S. K. Dertinger, X. Jiang, Z. Li, V. N. Murthy, and G. M. , Whitesides : Gradients of substrate-bound laminin orient axonal specication of neurons, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, p.1254212547, 2002.

E. Delamarche, A. Bernard, H. Schmid, B. Michel, and H. Biebuyck, Patterned delivery of immunoglobulins to surfaces using microuidic networks, Science, vol.276, p.779781, 1997.

D. Armani, C. Liu, and N. , Aluru : Re-congurable uid circuits by PDMS elastomer micromachining, Micro Electro Mechanical Systems, p.222227, 1999.

A. Folch and M. Toner, Cellular Micropatterns on Biocompatible Materials, Biotechnology Progress, vol.14, issue.3, p.388392, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/bp980037b

Y. Xia and G. M. , Whitesides : Soft lithography, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, vol.37, p.550575, 1998.

A. Bernard, E. Delamarche, H. Schmid, B. Michel, H. R. Bosshard et al., Printing Patterns of Proteins, Langmuir, vol.14, issue.9, p.22252229, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/la980037l

C. S. Chen, M. Mrksich, S. Huang, G. M. Whitesides, and D. E. , Ingber : Micropatterned surfaces for control of cell shape, position, and function, Biotechnol. Progr, vol.14, p.356363, 1998.

M. Théry, V. Racine, A. Pépin, M. Piel, Y. Chen et al., Bornens : The extracellular matrix guides the orientation of the cell division axis, Nature Cell Biol, vol.7, issue.10, p.947953, 2005.

N. L. Jeon, H. Baskaran, S. K. Dertinger, G. M. Whitesides, L. Van-de-water et al., Neutrophil chemotaxis in linear and complex gradients of interleukin-8 formed in a microfabricated device, Nature Biotechnol, vol.20, p.826830, 2002.

P. Bourin, . Sensebé, and P. Charbord, Les cellules souches mésenchymateuses (CSM) : données, controverses, perspectives. Hématologie, p.434443, 2004.

A. Tourovskaia, X. Figueroa-masot, and A. , Folch : Dierentiationon-a-chip : A microuidic platform for long-term cell culture studies, Lab Chip, vol.4, p.1419, 2005.

C. Crozatier, Contrôle et analyse électrochimique de la réactivité biologique à l'échelle de la cellule unique dans un dispositif microuidique, Thèse de doctorat, 2007.

E. Jakobs and Y. , Hanein : Micrometer scale gel patterns, Proc of Transducer 05, pp.5-9, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2006.04.045

A. A. Bhagat, P. Jothimuthu, and I. Papautsky, Photodenable polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for rapid lab-on-a-chip prototyping, Lab Chip, vol.7, p.11921197, 2007.

B. Kuczenski, P. R. Leduc, and W. C. , Messner : Pressure-driven spatiotemporal control of the laminar ow interface in a microuidic network, Lab Chip, vol.7, p.647649, 2007.

N. T. Nguyen, X. Huang, and T. K. , Chuan : MEMS-micropumps : a review, J. Fluid Eng, vol.124, p.384392, 2002.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1459075

N. A. Polson and M. A. Hayes, Microuidics controlling uids in small places, Anal. Chem, vol.73, issue.11, pp.312-319, 2001.

D. Juncker, H. Schmid, U. Drechsler, H. Wolf, M. Wolf et al., Autonomous microuidic capillary system, Anal. Chem, issue.24, p.7461396144, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/ac0261449

T. Thorsen, S. J. Maerkl, and S. R. Quake, Microuidic large-scale integration, Science, issue.5593, p.298580584, 2002.

M. A. Unger, H. Chou, T. Thorsen, A. Scherer, and S. R. , Quake : Monolithic microfabricated valves and pumps by multilayer soft lithography Lee : Design of microuidic channel geometries for the control of droplet volume, chemical concentration, and sorting, Science Lab Chip, vol.288, issue.4, p.113116292298, 2000.

C. Sauter and K. Dhouib, Lorber : From macrouidics to microuidics for the crystallization of biological macromolecules, Cryst. Growth Des, vol.7, p.22472250, 2007.

D. , D. Carlo, L. Y. Wu, and L. P. Lee, Dynamic single cell culture array, Lab Chip, vol.6, p.14451449, 2006.

K. Hosokawa, M. Omata, K. Sato, and M. , Maeda : Power-free sequential injection for microchip immunoassay toward point-of-care testing, Lab Chip, vol.6, p.236241, 2006.

M. A. Eddings and B. K. Gale, A PDMS-based gas permeation pump for on-chip uid handling in microuidic devices, J. Micromech. Microeng, vol.16, p.23962402, 2006.

C. L. Hansen, E. Skordalakes, J. M. Berger, and S. R. , Quake : A robust and scalable microuidic metering method that allows protein crystal growth by free interface diusion, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.9916531-16536, 2002.

J. Crank and G. S. Park, Diusion in polymers, 1968.

W. L. Robb, Thin silicon membranes their permeation properties and some applications, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci, vol.146, p.119137, 1968.

J. Crank, The Mathematics of diusion, 1956.

F. Wu, L. Li, Z. Xu, S. Tan, and Z. Zhang, Transport study of pure and mixed gases through PDMS membrane, Chemical Engineering Journal, vol.117, issue.1, p.5159, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cej.2005.12.010

T. C. Merkel, V. I. Bondar, K. Nagai, and B. D. Freeman, Pinnau : Gas sorption, diusion, and permeation in poly(dimethylsiloxane)

H. Scheer, H. Schulz, T. Hoffmann, and C. M. , Sotomayor Torres : Problems of the nanoimprinting technique for nanometer scale pattern denition, J. Vac. Sci. & Technol. B, vol.16, p.39173921, 1998.

Y. Hirai, S. Yoshida, and N. Takagi, Defect analysis in thermal nanoimprint lithography, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures, vol.21, issue.6, p.27652770, 2003.
DOI : 10.1116/1.1629289

E. Roy, Y. Kanamori, M. Belotti, and Y. Chen, Enhanced UV imprint ability with a tri-layer stamp conguration, Microelectron. Eng, pp.78-79, 2005.

W. Tan and T. A. Desai, Microscale multilayer cocultures for biomimetic blood vessels, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A, vol.30, issue.2, p.146160, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/jbm.a.30182

T. Matsumoto, J. Sasaki, E. Alsberg, H. Egusa, H. Yatani et al., Three-Dimensional Cell and Tissue Patterning in a Strained Fibrin Gel System, PLoS ONE, vol.17, issue.11, p.1211, 2007.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pone.0001211.g004

E. Sachlos and J. T. Czernuszka, Making tissue engineering scaolds work. review : The application of solid freeform fabrication technology to the production of tissue engineering scaolds, Eur. Cell Mater, vol.5, p.2940, 2003.

A. Plecis and Y. Chen, Fabrication of microuidic devices based on glass- PDMS-glass technology, Microelectron. Eng, vol.84, pp.5-812651269, 2007.

A. B. Lindner, R. Madden, A. Demarez, E. J. Stewart, and F. Taddei, Asymmetric segregation of protein aggregates is associated with cellular aging and rejuvenation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, p.30763081, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0708931105

. Ladyofhats, Diagrame détaillé membrane cellulaire.svg. Domaine publique, 2007.

G. Cevc and D. Marsh, Phospholipid Bilayers. Physical Principles and Models. Cell biology, 1987.

J. N. Israelachvili, Intermolecular and surface forces, 1985.

J. A. Virtanen, K. H. Cheng, and P. Somerharju, Phospholipid composition of the mammalian red cell membrane can be rationalized by a superlattice model, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, p.49644969, 1998.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.95.9.4964

F. Schuber, A. Kichler, and C. Boeckler, Frisch : Liposomes : from membrane models to gene therapy, Pure Appl. Chem, vol.70, issue.1, p.8996, 1998.

A. A. Date, B. Naik, and M. S. Nagarsenker, Novel Drug Delivery Systems: Potential in Improving Topical Delivery of Antiacne Agents, Skin Pharmacology and Physiology, vol.19, issue.1, p.216, 2004.
DOI : 10.1159/000089138

D. M. Vriezema, M. C. Aragonès, J. A. Elemans, J. J. Cornelissen, A. E. Rowan et al., Nolte : Self-assembled nanoreactors, Chem. Rev, vol.105, p.14451489, 2005.

A. C. Forster and G. M. Church, Towards synthesis of a minimal cell, Molecular Systems Biology, vol.421, issue.45, p.110, 2006.
DOI : 10.1038/msb4100090

M. M. Hanczyc and J. W. Szostak, Replicating vesicles as models of primitive cell growth and division, Current Opinion in Chemical Biology, vol.8, issue.6, p.660664, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cbpa.2004.10.002

S. L. Veatch and S. L. Keller, Seeing spots: Complex phase behavior in simple membranes, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, vol.1746, issue.3, p.172185, 1746.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.06.010

T. Baumgart, A. T. Hammond, P. Sengupta, S. T. Hess, D. A. Holowka et al., Large-scale uid/uid phase separation of proteins and lipids in giant plasma membrane vesicles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, p.31653170, 2007.

K. Simons, E. Ikonen, P. Meleard, C. Gerbeaud, T. Pott et al., Functional rafts in cell membranes Bending elasticities of model membranes : Inuences of temperature and sterol content, Nature Biophys. J, vol.38783, issue.72, p.56957226162629, 1997.

L. Limozin, A. Roth, and E. Sackmann, Microviscoelastic Moduli of Biomimetic Cell Envelopes, Physical Review Letters, vol.95, issue.17, p.178101, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.178101

M. Osawa, D. E. Anderson, and H. P. Erickson, Reconstitution of Contractile FtsZ Rings in Liposomes, Science, vol.320, issue.5877, p.792794, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1154520

N. Khalifat, N. Puff, S. Bonneau, J. Fournier, and M. I. , Angelova : Membrane deformation under local ph gradient : Mimicking mitochondrial cristae dynamics, Biophys. J, 2008.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.108.136077

URL : http://doi.org/10.1529/biophysj.108.136077

A. Cans, N. Wittenberg, R. Karlsson, L. Sombers, M. Karlsson et al., Articial cells : Unique insights into exocytosis using liposomes and lipid nanotubes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, p.400404, 2003.

A. Smith, B. G. Lorz, E. Seifert, and . Sackmann, Antagonist-Induced Deadhesion of Specifically Adhered Vesicles, Biophysical Journal, vol.90, issue.3, pp.1064-1080, 2006.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.105.062166

W. Römer, L. Berland, V. Chambon, K. Gaus, B. Windschiegl et al., Shiga toxin induces tubular membrane invaginations for its uptake into cells, Nature, vol.328, issue.7170, p.670675, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05996

V. Noireaux, Libchaber : A vesicle bioreactor as a step toward an articial cell assembly, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, p.1766917674, 2004.

A. V. Pietrini and P. L. Luisi, Cell-free Protein Synthesis through Solubilisate Exchange in Water/Oil Emulsion Compartments, ChemBioChem, vol.189, issue.8, p.10551062, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/cbic.200400014

Y. Yamashita, M. Oka, T. Tanaka, and M. Yamazaki, A new method for the preparation of giant liposomes in high salt concentrations and growth of protein microcrystals in them, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes, vol.1561, issue.2, p.1561129134, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0005-2736(02)00338-3

D. Stamou, C. Duschl, E. Delamarche, and H. Vogel, Self-assembled microarrays of attoliter molecular vessels, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, vol.42, p.55805583, 2003.

S. M. Christensen and D. Stamou, Surface-based lipid vesicle reactor systems: fabrication and applications, Soft Matter, vol.17, issue.7, p.828836, 2007.
DOI : 10.1039/b702849k

P. Bolinger, D. Stamou, and H. Vogel, Integrated Nanoreactor Systems:?? Triggering the Release and Mixing of Compounds Inside Single Vesicles, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.126, issue.28, p.85948595, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/ja049023u

L. Duan, Q. He, K. Wang, X. Yan, Y. Cui et al., Adenosine triphosphate biosynthesis catalyzed by f 0 f 1 ATP synthase assembled in polymer microcapsules, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed, vol.46, p.69967000, 2007.

T. Matsuura and T. Yomo, In vitro evolution of proteins, Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, vol.101, issue.6, p.449456, 2006.
DOI : 10.1263/jbb.101.449

J. Pereira-lachataignerais, R. Pons, P. Panizza, L. Courbin, J. Rouch et al., Study and formation of vesicle systems with low polydispersity index by ultrasound method, Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, vol.140, issue.1-2, pp.88-97, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2006.01.008

J. P. Reeves and R. M. Dowben, Formation and properties of thin-walled phospholipid vesicles, Journal of Cellular Physiology, vol.3, issue.1, p.4960, 1969.
DOI : 10.1002/jcp.1040730108

N. Rodriguez, F. Pincet, and S. Cribier, Giant vesicles formed by gentle hydration and electroformation: A comparison by fluorescence microscopy, Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, vol.42, issue.2, p.125130, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2005.01.010

L. A. Bagatolli, T. Parasassi, and E. Gratton, Giant phospholipid vesicles : comparison among the whole lipid sample characteristics using dierent preparation methods a two photon uorescence microscopy study, Chem. phys. Lipids, vol.105, p.135147, 2000.

A. Moscho, O. Orwar, D. T. Chiu, B. P. Modi, and R. N. , Zare : Rapid preparation of giant unilamellar vesicles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.11443-11447, 1996.

H. Träuble and E. Grell, Carriers and specicity in membranes. iv. model vesicles and membranes. the formation of asymmetrical spherical lecithin vesicles, Neurosci. Res. Program Bull, vol.9, p.373380, 1971.

S. Pautot, B. J. Frisken, and D. A. Weitz, Engineering asymmetric vesicles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, p.1071810721, 2003.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.1931005100

A. Yamada, T. Yamanaka, T. Hamada, M. Hase, K. Yoshikawa et al., Baigl : Spontaneous transfer of phospholipid-coated oil-in-oil and water-in-oil micro-droplets through oil/water interface, Langmuir, vol.22, p.98249828, 2006.

M. I. Angelova and D. S. , Dimitrov : Liposomes electroformation, Faraday Discuss. Chem. Soc, vol.81, p.303311, 1986.

M. I. Angelova and D. S. Dimitrov, Swelling of Charged Lipids and Formation of Liposomes on Electrode Surfaces, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals Incorporating Nonlinear Optics, vol.37, issue.1, p.89104, 1987.
DOI : 10.1143/JJAP.18.675

T. Pott, H. Bouvrais, and P. Méléard, Giant unilamellar vesicle formation under physiologically relevant conditions, Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, vol.154, issue.2, p.115119, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.03.008

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00323460

M. I. Angelova, S. Soleau, P. Méléard, J. Faucon, and P. Bothorel, Preparation of giant vesicles by external ac elds. kinetics and applications, Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci, vol.89, p.127131, 1992.

D. J. Estes and M. Mayer, Electroformation of giant liposomes from spin-coated lms of lipids Mesoscopic structure in the chain-melting regime of anionic phospholipid vesicles : DMPG, Colloids Surf., B Biophys. J, vol.42, issue.86, p.11512337223733, 2004.

L. Montes, A. Alonso, F. M. Goñi, and L. A. , Bagatolliy : Giant unilamellar vesicles electroformed from native membranes and organic lipid mixtures under physiological conditions, Biophys. J, vol.93, p.35483554, 2007.

D. Dong, D. Baigl, Y. Cui, P. Sina¸, M. Sollogoub et al., Amphiphilic bipolar duplex ??-cyclodextrin forming vesicles, Tetrahedron, vol.63, issue.14, p.6329732977, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tet.2007.01.065

K. Akashi, H. Miyata, H. Itoh, and K. Kinosita, Preparation of giant liposomes in physiological conditions and their characterization under an optical microscope, Biophysical Journal, vol.71, issue.6, p.32423250, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79517-6

G. A. Ayuyan and F. S. Cohen, Lipid Peroxides Promote Large Rafts: Effects of Excitation of Probes in Fluorescence Microscopy and Electrochemical Reactions during Vesicle Formation, Biophysical Journal, vol.91, issue.6, p.21722183, 2006.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.106.087387

K. Akashi, H. Miyata, H. Itoh, and K. Kinosita, Formation of Giant Liposomes Promoted by Divalent Cations: Critical Role of Electrostatic Repulsion, Biophysical Journal, vol.74, issue.6, p.29732982, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(98)78004-X

P. Peterlin and V. Arrigler, Electroformation in a ow chamber with solution exchange as ameans of preparation of accid giant vesicles, Colloids Surf., B, vol.64, issue.1, p.7787, 2008.

D. D. Lasi£, The spontaneous formation of unilamellar vesicles, J. Colloids Surf., A Interface Sci, vol.124, p.428435, 1987.

D. D. Lasi£ and J. Kidri£, Zagorc : A simple method for the preparation of small unilamellar vesicles, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, vol.896, p.117122, 1987.

D. D. Lasi£ and A. Beli£, A new method for the instant preparation of large unilamellar vesicles, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.110, issue.3, pp.970-971, 1988.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00211a049

L. Avanti-polar, Inc. Preparing Large, Unilamellar Vesicles by Extrusion (LUVET) Mini-Extruder technical note

P. S. Dittrich, M. Heule, and P. Renaud, On-chip extrusion of lipid vesicles and tubes through microsized apertures, Lab on a Chip, vol.127, issue.4, pp.488-493, 2006.
DOI : 10.1039/b517670k

K. Funakoshi, H. Suzuki, and S. Takeuchi, Formation of giant lipid vesiclelike compartments from a planar lipid membrane by a pulsed jet ow, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.129, p.1260812609, 2007.

J. C. Stachowiak, D. L. Richmond, T. H. Li, A. P. Liu, S. H. Parekh et al., Fletche : Unilamellar vesicle formation and encapsulation by microuidic jetting, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, p.46974702, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0710875105

URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2290793

P. Taylor, C. Xu, P. D. Fletcher, and V. N. , Paunov : A novel technique for preparation of monodisperse giant liposomes, Chem. Commun, vol.14, p.17321733, 2003.

P. Taylor, C. Xu, P. D. Fletcher, and V. N. , Paunov : Fabrication of 2D arrays of giant liposomes on solid substrates by microcontact printing, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys, vol.5, p.49184922, 2003.

K. Kuribayashi and S. Takeuchi, Formation of monodisperse giant liposomes using micro-patterned lipid lms, proceedings of µTAS 2005, p.14551457, 2005.

K. Katagiri and F. Caruso, Monodisperse plolyelectrolyte-supported asymmetric lipid-bilayer vesicles, Adv. Mater, vol.17, issue.6, p.738743, 2005.

H. C. Shum, D. Lee, I. Yoon, T. Kodger, and D. A. Weitz, Double Emulsion Templated Monodisperse Phospholipid Vesicles, Langmuir, vol.24, issue.15, p.76517653, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/la801833a

M. Sonka, V. Hlavac, and R. Boyle, Image Processing, Analysis and Machine Vision, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4899-3216-7

J. Heuvingh, F. Pincet, and S. Cribier, Hemifusion and fusion of giant vesicles induced by reduction of inter-membrane distance, The European Physical Journal E, vol.131, issue.3, p.269276, 2004.
DOI : 10.1140/epje/i2003-10151-2

L. Mathivet, S. Cribier, and P. F. , Devaux : Shape change and physical properties of giant phospholipid vesicles prepared in the presence of an AC electric eld, Biophys. J, vol.70, p.11121121, 1996.

P. Fromherz, V. Kiessling, K. Kottig, and G. Zeck, Membrane transistor with giant lipid vesicle touching a silicon chip, Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing, vol.69, issue.5, p.571576, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s003390051476

V. Atanasov, N. Knorr, R. S. Duran, S. Ingebrandt, A. Offenhäusser et al., Membrane on a Chip: A Functional Tethered Lipid Bilayer Membrane on Silicon Oxide Surfaces, Biophysical Journal, vol.89, issue.3, p.17801788, 2005.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.105.061374

R. L. Derosa, P. A. Schader, and J. E. Shelby, Hydrophilic nature of silicate glass surfaces as a function of exposure condition, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, vol.331, issue.1-3, p.3313240, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2003.08.078

S. M. Kanan, W. T. Tze, and C. P. Tripp, Method to Double the Surface Concentration and Control the Orientation of Adsorbed (3-Aminopropyl)dimethylethoxysilane on Silica Powders and Glass Slides, Langmuir, vol.18, issue.17, p.66236627, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/la0203133

R. Fondecave, Brochard-Wyart : Polymers as dewetting agents, Macromolecules, vol.31, p.93059315, 1998.

J. Nissen, S. Gritsch, G. Wiegand, and J. O. , Rädler : Wetting of phospholipid membranes on hydrophilic surfaces -concepts towards selfhealing membranes, Eur. Phys. J. B, vol.10, p.335344, 1999.

J. N. Lee, C. Park, and G. M. , Solvent Compatibility of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Based Microfluidic Devices, Analytical Chemistry, vol.75, issue.23, pp.6544-6554, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/ac0346712

D. Quéré and A. De-ryck, Le mouillage dynamique des bres, Ann. Phys Fr, vol.23, issue.11, 1998.

M. Seul, J. Sammon, R. D. Deegan, O. Bakajin, T. F. Dupont et al., Preparation of surfactant multilayer lms on solid substrates by deposition from organic solution Thin Solid Films Witten : Capillary ow as the cause of ring stains from dried liquid drops, Nature, vol.185, issue.289, p.287305827829, 1990.

T. Spangenberg, N. F. De-mello, T. B. Creczynski-pasa, and A. A. Pasa, Niehus : AFM in-situ characterization of supported phospholipid layers formed by solution spreading, Phys. Stat. sol, vol.201, issue.5, p.857860, 2004.

L. Caseli, R. P. Furriel, J. F. De-andrade, F. A. Leone, and M. E. Zaniquelli, Surface density as a signicant parameter for the enzymatic activity of two forms of alkaline phosphatase immobilized on phospholipid langmuir-blodgett lms, J. Colloid Interface Sci, vol.275, p.123130, 2004.

B. Cross, Etude expérimentale des propriétés mécaniques de membranes supportées et en phase lamellaire, Thèse de doctorat, 2004.

G. Roberts, Langmuir-Blodgett Films, 1990.

A. V. Hughes, J. R. Howse, A. Dabkowska, R. A. Jones, M. J. Lawrence et al., Roser : Floating lipid bilayers deposited on chemically grafted phosphatidylcholine surfaces, Langmuir, issue.5, p.24, 2008.

G. Decher, J. D. Hong, and J. Schmitt, Buildup of ultrathin multilayer lms by a self-assembly process : Iii. consecutively alternating adsorption of anionic and cationic polyelectrolytes on charged surfaces, Thin Solid Films, pp.210-211831835, 1992.

R. P. Richter, R. Bérat, and A. R. Brisson, Formation of solidsupported lipid bilayers : An integrated view, Langmuir, vol.22, p.34973505, 2006.

M. Rappolt, H. Amenitsch, J. Strancar, C. V. Teixeira, M. Kriechbaum et al., Phospholipid mesophases at solid interfaces : in-situ x-ray diraction and spin-label studies, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci, vol.111, p.6377, 2004.

H. Hianik, Structure and physical properties of biomembranes and model membranes, Acta Physica Slovaca. Reviews and Tutorials, vol.56, issue.6, p.687805, 2006.
DOI : 10.2478/v10155-010-0082-z

J. T. Woodward and J. A. Zasadzinski, High-Resolution Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Fully Hydrated Ripple-Phase Bilayers, Biophysical Journal, vol.72, issue.2, p.964976, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78731-9

M. C. Howland, A. W. Szmodis, B. Sanii, and A. N. , Characterization of Physical Properties of Supported Phospholipid Membranes Using Imaging Ellipsometry at Optical Wavelengths, Biophysical Journal, vol.92, issue.4, pp.1306-1317, 2007.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.106.097071

Z. Leonenko and M. Amrein, Finot : Determination of the molecular architecture of supported lipid-protein lms using atomic force microscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry, Microsc. Microanal, vol.13, p.15881589, 2007.

M. Hishida, H. Seto, and K. Yoshikawa, Smooth/rough layering in liquid-crystalline/gel state of dry phospholipid lm, in relation to its ability to generate giant vesicles, Chem. phys. Lett, vol.411, p.267272, 2005.

S. Lenhert, P. Sun, Y. Wang, H. Fuchs, and C. A. , Mirkin : Massively parallel dip-pen nanolithography of heterogeneous supported phospholipid multilayer patterns, Small, vol.01, p.7175, 2007.

S. Hénon and J. Meunier, Microscope at the Brewster angle: Direct observation of first???order phase transitions in monolayers, Review of Scientific Instruments, vol.62, issue.4, p.936939, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1142032

J. Tsai, E. Sun, Y. Gao, J. C. Hone, and L. C. Kam, Non-Brownian Diffusion of Membrane Molecules in Nanopatterned Supported Lipid Bilayers, Nano Letters, vol.8, issue.2, p.425430, 2008.
DOI : 10.1021/nl072304q

M. P. Jonsson, P. Jönsson, A. B. Dahlin, and F. Höök, Supported Lipid Bilayer Formation and Lipid-Membrane-Mediated Biorecognition Reactions Studied with a New Nanoplasmonic Sensor Template, Nano Letters, vol.7, issue.11, p.34623468, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/nl072006t

O. Purrucker, H. Hillebrandt, K. Adlkofer, and M. Tanaka, Deposition of highly resistive lipid bilayer on silicon???silicon dioxide electrode and incorporation of gramicidin studied by ac impedance spectroscopy, Electrochimica Acta, vol.47, issue.5, p.791798, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00759-9

F. Bernoux, J. P. Piel, B. Castellon, P. Boher, J. L. Stehlé et al., Ellipsométrie -théorie, Mesures -Analyse, volume R6, chapitre traité Mesures et Contrôle, p.490, 2003.

M. Hartil, I. Krupka, R. Polisuk, M. Liska, J. Molimard et al., Vergne : Thin lm colorimetric interferometry, Tribol. Trans, vol.44, issue.2, p.270276, 2001.

N. D. Denkov, O. D. Velev, P. A. Kralchevsky, I. B. Ivanov, and H. Yoshimura, Two-dimensional crystallization, Nature, vol.361, issue.6407, p.26, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/361026a0

C. J. Brinker, Y. Lu, A. Sellinger, and H. Fan, Evaporation-induced self-assembly : Nanostructures made easy, Adv. Mater, vol.11, issue.7, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(sici)1521-4095(199905)11:7<579::aid-adma579>3.3.co;2-i

G. Berteloot, C. Pham, A. Daerr, and F. Lequeux, Evaporation-induced flow near a contact line: Consequences on coating and contact angle, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.83, issue.1, p.14003, 2008.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/83/14003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00292117

L. Landau and B. Levich, Dragging of a liquid by a moving plate. Acta phys.-chim, URSS, vol.7, issue.12, p.42, 1942.

B. Derjaguin, On the thickness of the liquid lm adhering to the walls of a vessel after emptying. Acta phys.-chim, URSS, vol.20, issue.3, p.6, 1945.

X. Fanton and A. M. Cazabat, Spreading and Instabilities Induced by a Solutal Marangoni Effect, Langmuir, vol.14, issue.9, pp.2554-2561, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/la971292t

O. O. Ramdane, Quére : Thickening factor in marangoni coating, Langmuir, vol.13, p.29112916, 1997.

G. Guéna, C. Poulard, and A. Cazabat, The leading edge of evaporating droplets, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.312, issue.1, p.164171, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.06.023

P. M. Moran and F. F. Lange, Microscale lithography via channel stamping : Relationships between capillarity, channel lling, and debonding [179] A. Bird : Perceptions of epigenetics, Thattai et A. van Oudenaarden : Stochastic gene expression in uctuating environments, p.13321334396398523530, 1999.

N. Q. Balaban, J. Merrin, R. Chait, L. Kowalik, and S. Leibler, Bacterial Persistence as a Phenotypic Switch, Science, vol.305, issue.5690, p.16221625, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1099390

S. M. Nomura, Y. Yoshikawa, K. Yoshikawa, O. Dannenmuller, S. Chasserot-golaz et al., Towards protocells : "primitive" lipid vesicles encapsulating giant DNA and its histone complex, Chem. Bio Chem, vol.6, p.457459, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/1439-7633(20010601)2:6<457::aid-cbic457>3.3.co;2-6

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.417.110

A. Fischer, A. Franco, and T. Oberholzer, Giant Vesicles as Microreactors for Enzymatic mRNA Synthesis, ChemBioChem, vol.3, issue.5, p.409417, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/1439-7633(20020503)3:5<409::AID-CBIC409>3.0.CO;2-P

G. Tresset and S. Takeuchi, Utilization of Cell-Sized Lipid Containers for Nanostructure and Macromolecule Handling in Microfabricated Devices, Analytical Chemistry, vol.77, issue.9, p.27952801, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/ac048207o

D. Baigl and K. Yoshikawa, Dielectric control of counter-ion-induced single-chain folding transition of DNA, Biophys. J, vol.88, p.34863493, 2005.

W. Huang, A. A. Zinchenko, C. Pawlak, and Y. Chen, Baigl : Dynamic conformational behavior and molecular interaction discrimination of DNA/Binder complexes by single-chain stretching in a microdevice, Chem. Bio Chem, vol.8, p.17711774, 2007.

A. Ny and C. T. Lee, Photosensible DNA condensation using light-responsive surfactants, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.128, p.64006408, 2006.

I. A. Chen, K. Salehi-ashtiani, and J. W. , Szostak : Rna catalysis in model protocell vesicles, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.127, p.1321313219, 2005.

S. S. Mansy, J. P. Schrum, M. Krishnamurthy, S. Tobé, D. A. Treco et al., Szostak : Template-directed synthesis of a genetic polymer in a model protocell, Nature, vol.454, p.122125, 2008.

M. Hase, A. Yamada, T. Hamada, D. Baigl, and K. Yoshikawa, Manipulation of Cell-Sized Phospholipid-Coated Microdroplets and Their Use as Biochemical Microreactors, Langmuir, vol.23, issue.2, p.348352, 2007.
DOI : 10.1021/la0618521

X. Fanton, A. M. Cazabat, and D. Quéré, Thickness and Shape of Films Driven by a Marangoni Flow, Langmuir, vol.12, issue.24, pp.5875-5880, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/la960488a

T. Donald and . Haynie, Articial red blood cells, 2008.

B. Ilic and H. G. Craighead, Topographical patterning of chemically sensitive biological materials using a polymer-based dry lift o, Biomed. Microdev, vol.2, issue.4, p.317322, 2000.

I. Jung, M. Pelton, R. Piner, D. A. Dikin, S. Stankovich et al., Simple approach for highcontrast optical imaging and characterization of graphene-based sheets, Nano Lett, vol.7, issue.12, p.35693575, 2007.

M. Nonomura, R. Kobayashi, Y. Nishiura, and M. Shimomura, Periodic Precipitation during Droplet Evaporation on a Substrate, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol.72, issue.10, p.24682471, 2003.
DOI : 10.1143/JPSJ.72.2468

Y. Okumura, H. Zhang, T. Sugiyama, and Y. , Iwata : Electroformation of giant vesicles on a non-electroconductive substrate, J. Am. Chem. Soc, vol.129, issue.6, p.14901491, 2007.

D. Ryan, B. A. Parviz, V. Linder, V. Semetey, S. K. Sia et al., Patterning multiple aligned selfassembled monolayers using light, Langmuir, vol.20, p.90809088, 2004.

P. Tabeling, Introduction à la microuidique, Belin, 2003.

Y. Wang, X. Cheng, Y. Hanein, A. Shastry, D. D. Denton et al., Selective attachment of multiple cell types on thermally responsive polymer, Transducer, p.979982, 2003.

M. N. Yousaf, B. T. Houseman, and M. Mrksich, Using electroactive substrates to pattern the attachment of two dierent cell populations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, pp.59925996-226, 2001.

C. Crozatier, M. L. Berre, and Y. Chen, Multi-colour micro-contact printing based on microuidic network inking, Microelectron. Eng, vol.83, pp.4-9910913, 2006.

C. Crozatier, I. Tapsoba, M. Le-berre, S. Arbault, C. Amatore et al., A reversibly assembled microuidic chip for culture and analysis of single cell array, Proc. of µTAS2006, p.981983, 2006.

A. Diguet, M. Le-berre, and Y. Chen, Baigl : Preparation of phospholipid multilayer patterns of controlled size and thickness by capillary assembly on a microstructured substrate, Small, 2009.

M. L. Berre and Y. Chen, Baigl : From convective assembly to landau-levich deposition of multilayered phospholipid lms of controlled thickness, Langmuir, vol.25, issue.5, p.25542557, 2009.

M. L. Berre, Y. Chen, C. Crozatier, and Z. L. Zhang, Electrocapillary force actuation of microuidic elements, Microelectron. Eng, pp.78-799399, 2005.

M. L. Berre, C. Crozatier, and G. , Velve Casquillas et Y. Chen : Liquid handling by micro-aspiration for microuidic PDMS chip, Proc of Transducer 07, p.747750, 2007.

M. L. Berre, C. Crozatier, G. Velve-casquillas, and Y. Chen, Reversible assembling of microuidic devices by aspiration, Microelectron. Eng, vol.83, pp.4-912841287, 2006.

M. L. Berre, M. Guedeau-boudeville, and Y. Chen, Baigl : Preparation of cell-sized of controlled size containing long genomic DNA

M. Le-berre, J. Shi, C. Crozatier, and G. , Velve Casquillas et Y. Chen : Micro-aspiration assisted lithography, Microelectron. Eng, vol.84, pp.5-8864, 2007.

M. L. Berre, A. Yamada, and Y. Chen, Baigl : Preparation of cell-sized liposomes on silicon : controlling liposome size by surface microengineering, Proc. of µTAS2007, p.16131615, 2007.

M. L. Berre, A. Yamada, L. Reck, and Y. Chen, Baigl : Electroformation of giant phospholipid vesicles on a silicon substrate : Advantages of controllable surface properties, Langmuir, vol.24, p.26432650, 2008.

M. Lounaci, P. Rigolet, C. Abraham, M. L. Berre, and Y. Chen, Microuidic device for protein crystallization under controlled humidity, Microelectron. Eng, vol.84, pp.5-817581761, 2007.

H. Saito, Y. Kato, M. L. Berre, A. Yamada, T. Inoue et al., Baigl : Time-resolved tracking of a minimum gene expression system reconstituted in giant liposomes, Chem. Bio Chem, 2009.

G. Velve-casquillas, F. Bertholle, M. Le-berre, S. Meance, L. Malaquin et al., Thermo-resistance based micro-calorimeter for continuous chemical enthalpy measurements, Microelectronic Engineering, vol.85, issue.5-6, pp.5-613671369, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mee.2007.12.074

G. Velve-casquillas, M. Le-berre, C. Peroz, Y. Chen, and J. J. Greffet, Microlitre hot stripe devices for thermal characterization of nanouids, Microelectron. Eng, vol.84, p.11941197, 2007.

G. Velve-casquillas, M. Le-berre, C. R. Terrena, C. Fu, A. M. Haghiri-gosnet et al., Disposable microuidic temperature control on chip cell studies, Proc. of µTAS2008, p.18341836, 2008.

A. Yamada, M. Le-berre, K. Yoshikawa, and D. , Baigl : Spontaneous generation of giant liposomes from an oil/water interface, Chem. Bio Chem, vol.8, p.22152218, 2007.

Z. L. Zhang, C. Crozatier, M. L. Berre, and Y. Chen, In situ biofunctionalization and cell adhesion in microuidic devices, Microelectron. Eng, pp.78-79556562, 2005.

M. L. Berre and Y. Chen, Baigl : Spontaneous formation of phospholipid multilayer patterns by wetting instabilities. En cours de rédaction, 2009.

M. L. Berre, C. Crozatier, and G. , Velve Casquillas et Y. Chen : Liquid handling by micro-aspiration, Part II : characterization. En cours de rédaction, 2009.

M. L. Berre, C. Crozatier, and G. , Velve Casquillas et Y. Chen : On micro-aspiration based microuidic device assembly. En cours de rédaction, 2009.

M. L. Berre, C. Crozatier, G. Velve-casquillas, M. Lounaci, and Y. Chen, Liquid handling by micro-aspiration, Part I : demonstration. En cours de rédaction, 2009.

G. Velve-casquillas, F. Chuanhai, C. R. Terrena, M. Le-berre, J. J. Greffet et al., Microuidic temperature control for high resolution imaging of yeast cells on chip. En cours de rédaction, 2009.