A. A. Variabilitévariabilit´variabilité and . Erou, u sont mesurées les niveaux de l'Amazone, car situéè a l'aval de la confluence des rios Marañón et Ucayali. A cette station, qui draine un bassin de 726 400 km 2 dont 53% situés dans les Andes, l'Amazone transporte de grandes quantités de sédiments

. Le-bassin-versant-de-l, Amazonè a Tamshiyacu a ´ eté délimitédélimitéà partir du modèle numérique de terrain SRTM, selon une procédure semi?automatique, 2005.

. Les-niveaux-d, eau journaliers de l'Amazonè a la station hydrométrique de Tamshiyacu (4.00 ? S et 73.16 ? W) sont mesurés par lecture d'uné echelle limnimétrique 4

S. Fois-par-jour,-par-un-observateur-du, Service National de Météorologie et d'Hydrologie, www.senamhi.gob.pe) depuis 1983. A cette station, une courbe d'´ etalonnage fiable a pû etre construire par le programme HYBAM (Fig. A.2), grâcè a 16 jaugeages réalisés de, par courantomètrè a effet Doppler (ADCP), techniqueparticulì erement bien adaptée aux grands fleuves amazoniens (Filizola and Guyot, 2004.

L. Données-de-hauteurs-d, eau de la station d'Iquitos (3.71 ? S et 73.25 ? W) gérée par ENAPU Pérou (Entreprise Nationale des Ports, www.enapu.com.pe) depuis 1969, ont permis d'´ etendre la série des débits de Tamshiyacù a la période, pp.1969-2005

A. Figure, 4 ? Rio AmazonasàAmazonasà Tamshiyacu : débits mensuels pour la période, et précipitation moyenne sur le bassin de avec lignes de tendance, 1969.

. Ede, les valeurs annuelles (Fig. A.7) montrent une diminution nette des précipitations (?0.83% par an), comme des débits (-0.81% par an) Les débits annuels minimum et maximum décroissentdécroissentégalement sur la période, avec des valeurs respectives de -0.61% et -1.68%. Il faut cependant signaler que les pluies de 1964à1964à 1970 présentent une tendancè a l'augmentation, montrant que l'année 1970 pourrait ici aussi représenter une rupture dans la série comme cela a déjàdéjàété observé sur d'autres fleuves amazoniens Calì, 1970.

. Cutim, du fait de l'augmentation des pluiesàpluiesà cetté epoque, comme cela a ´ etéetéégalement confirmé par d'autresétudesautresétudes sur le bassin de l Aussi la décroissance observée sur la série 1970?1997, peutêtrepeutêtre le résultat de cette hydraulicité anormalementélevéeanormalementélevée des années 1970, d'une tendance généralè a la diminution des pluies et des débits dans la région, Les débits observésobservésà Tamshiyacu montrent des valeurs plusélevéesplusélevées durant la décennie des années, 1970.

B. Aceituno and P. , On the Functioning of the Southern Oscillation in the South American Sector. Part I: Surface Climate, Monthly Weather Review, vol.116, issue.3, pp.505-524, 1988.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<0505:OTFOTS>2.0.CO;2

P. Aceituno, Climate elements of the South American Altiplano, Rev. Geofisica IPGH, vol.44, pp.37-55, 1998.

P. Aceituno and A. Montecinos, Circulation anomalies associated with dry and wet periods in the South American Altiplano, Proc. Fourth Int. Conf. on Southern Hemisphere Meteorology, 1993.

E. Agosta, R. Compagnucci, and W. Vargas, Cambios en el régimen de la precipitación estival en la región centro?oeste Argentina, Meteorológica, vol.24, pp.63-84, 1999.

N. Akkur, I. Cameron, A. Auliciems, and K. Verrall, Symoptic ozone risks at Brisbane, Australia?Prediction using multivariate analysis and rule induction, Proceedings of the International Clean Air Conference, 1992.

R. Avissar and Y. Liu, Three-dimensional numerical study of shallow convective clouds and precipitation induced by land surface forcing, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.32, issue.D3, pp.7499-7518, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/95JD03031

A. Bárdossy, H. Muster, L. Duckstein, and I. Bogardi, Knowledge based classification of circulation patterns for stochastic precipitation modelling, Proceedings of International Conference on Stochastic Methods in Hydrology and Environmental Engineering, pp.201-215, 1994.

V. Barros, M. Gonzales, B. Liebmann, C. , and I. , Influence of the South Atlantic convergence zone and SouthAtlantic Sea surface temperature on interannual summerrainfall variability in Southeastern South America, Theoretical and Applied Climatology, vol.67, issue.3-4, pp.123-133, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s007040070002

J. Bendix, S. Gammerler, C. Reudenbach, and A. Bendix, A case study on rainfall dynamics during El Ni??o/La Ni??a 1997/99 in Ecuador and surrounding areas as inferred from GOES-8 and TRMM-PR observations, Erdkunde, vol.57, issue.2, pp.81-93, 2003.
DOI : 10.3112/erdkunde.2003.02.01

J. Broggy, Climatología general. Boletín de la sociedad geográfica de Lima, pp.30-35, 1965.

Y. Brunet-moret, Homogénéisation des précipitations, Cahiers ORSTOM, Série Hydrologie, vol.16, pp.3-4, 1979.

T. Buishand, Tests for detecting a shift in the mean of hydrological time series, Journal of Hydrology, vol.73, issue.1-2, pp.51-69, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1694(84)90032-5

W. Buytaert, R. Celleri, P. Willems, B. Debì-evre, G. et al., Spatial and temporal rainfall variability in mountainous areas: A case study from the south Ecuadorian Andes, Journal of Hydrology, vol.329, issue.3-4, pp.413-421, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.02.031

M. Cailas, G. Cavadias, and R. Gehr, Application of a nonparametric approach for monitoring and detecting trends in water quality data of the St, Lawrence River. Water Poll. Res. J, vol.21, pp.153-167, 1986.

J. Calì-ede, J. Guyot, J. Ronchail, Y. L-'hôte, H. Niel et al., Evolution du d??bit de l???Amazone ?? ??bidos de 1903 ?? 1999 / Evolution of the River Amazon???s discharge at ??bidos from 1903 to 1999, Hydrological Sciences Journal, vol.39, issue.6, pp.85-97, 2004.
DOI : 10.1623/hysj.48.3.489.45285

J. Calì-ede, J. Guyot, J. Ronchail, M. Molinier, D. Oliveira et al., L'Amazone ?? ??bidos (Br??sil): ??tude statistique des d??bits et bilan hydrologique, Hydrological Sciences Journal, vol.39, issue.2, pp.321-333, 2002.
DOI : 10.3406/geo.1935.11217

J. Calì-ede, J. Ronchail, and J. Guyot, Déboisement amazonien : son influence sur le débit de l'Amazonè a ´ Obidos (Brésil), pp.59-72, 2008.

L. Carvalho, C. Jones, and T. Ambrizzi, Opposite Phases of the Antarctic Oscillation and Relationships with Intraseasonal to Interannual Activity in the Tropics during the Austral Summer, Journal of Climate, vol.18, issue.5, pp.702-718, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI-3284.1

L. Carvalho, C. Jones, and B. Liebmann, Extreme Precipitation Events in Southeastern South America and Large-Scale Convective Patterns in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone, Journal of Climate, vol.15, issue.17, pp.2377-2394, 2002.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2377:EPEISS>2.0.CO;2

L. Carvalho, C. Jones, and B. Liebmann, The South Atlantic Convergence Zone: Intensity, Form, Persistence, and Relationships with Intraseasonal to Interannual Activity and Extreme Rainfall, Journal of Climate, vol.17, issue.1, pp.88-108, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0088:TSACZI>2.0.CO;2

T. Cavazos, Large-Scale Circulation Anomalies Conducive to Extreme Precipitation Events and Derivation of Daily Rainfall in Northeastern Mexico and Southeastern Texas, Journal of Climate, vol.12, issue.5, pp.1506-1523, 1999.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1506:LSCACT>2.0.CO;2

F. Chen and R. Avissar, Impact of Land-Surface Moisture Variability on Local Shallow Convective Cumulus and Precipitation in Large-Scale Models, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.33, issue.12, pp.1382-1401, 1994.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1994)033<1382:IOLSMV>2.0.CO;2

J. Chen, D. Genio, A. Carlson, B. Bosilovich, and M. , The Spatiotemporal Structure of Twentieth-Century Climate Variations in Observations and Reanalyses. Part II: Pacific Pan-Decadal Variability, Journal of Climate, vol.21, issue.11, pp.2634-2650, 2008.
DOI : 10.1175/2007JCLI2012.1

T. Chen, J. Yoon, . St, K. Croix, and E. Takle, Suppressing impacts of the Amazon deforestation by the global circulation change, Bulletin American Meteorology Society, vol.82, pp.2210-2216, 2001.

P. Chu, Z. Yu, and S. Hastenrath, Detecting Climate Change Concurrent with Deforestation in the Amazon Basin: Which Way Has It Gone?, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.75, issue.4, pp.579-583, 1994.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<0579:DCCCWD>2.0.CO;2

W. Collischonn, C. Tucci, C. , and R. , Further evidence of changes in the hydrological regime of the River Paraguay: part of a wider phenomenon of climate change?, Journal of Hydrology, vol.245, issue.1-4, pp.218-238, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00348-1

M. Costa and J. Foley, Trends in the hydrologic cycle of the Amazon Basin, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.9, issue.D12, pp.14189-14198, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1998JD200126

S. Curtis and S. Hastenrath, Trends of upper-air circulation and water vapour over equatorial South America and adjacent oceans, International Journal of Climatology, vol.101, issue.8, pp.863-876, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0088(19990630)19:8<863::AID-JOC394>3.0.CO;2-2

E. Cutim, L. Molion, and D. Nechet, Chuvas na Amazônia durante o século XX. XI Congrès brasileiro de Meteorologia, pp.1327-1333, 2000.

D. 'almeida, C. Vorosmarty, C. Hurtt, G. Marengo, J. Dingman et al., The effects of deforestation on the hydrological cycle in Amazonia: a review on scale and resolution, International Journal of Climatology, vol.37, issue.5, pp.633-647, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.1475

R. Davis, R. Dolan, and G. Demme, Synoptic climatology of atlantic coast North-Easters, International Journal of Climatology, vol.108, issue.2, pp.171-189, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.3370130204

R. Davis and L. Kalkstein, Using a spatial synoptic climatological classification to assess changes in atmospheric pollution concentration, Physical Geog, vol.11, pp.320-342, 1990.

H. Diaz and V. Markgraf, El Niño : Historical and paleclimatic aspects of the southern oscillation, p.476, 1992.

W. Dillon and M. Goldstein, Multivariate analysis. Methods and applications, 1984.

P. Dirmeyer and J. Shukla, Albedo as a modulator of climate response to tropical deforestation, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.4, issue.6, pp.20863-20877, 1994.
DOI : 10.1029/94JD01311

J. Dobremez, La montagne du biologiste, Revue de g??ographie alpine, vol.89, issue.2, pp.93-100, 2001.
DOI : 10.3406/rga.2001.3040
URL : http://doi.org/10.3406/rga.2001.3040

D. Dommenget and M. Latif, A Cautionary Note on the Interpretation of EOFs, Journal of Climate, vol.15, issue.2, pp.216-225, 2002.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0216:ACNOTI>2.0.CO;2

D. 'onofrio, A. Boulanger, J. Segura, and E. Submitted, A weather pattern classification system for regional climate downscaling of daily precipitation, Climatic Change

M. Douglas, M. Nicolini, and C. Saulo, Observational evidences of a low level jet east of the Andes during, Meteorologica, vol.3, pp.63-72, 1998.

J. Durbin and G. Watson, Testing for serial correlation in least squares regression, p.409428, 1950.

L. Durieux, L. Toledo-machado, L. , and H. , The impact of deforestation on cloud cover over the Amazon arc of deforestation, Remote Sensing of Environment, vol.86, issue.1, pp.132-140, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0034-4257(03)00095-6

H. Elsenbeer, D. Cassel, and L. Zuniga, Throughfall in the terra firme forest of western Amazonia, Journal of Hydrology, vol.32, pp.30-44, 1994.

E. Eltahir and R. Bras, Precipitation recycling in the Amazon basin, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.233, issue.518, pp.861-880, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49712051806

D. Enfield, A. Mesa-nuñes, and P. Timble, The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and its relation to rainfall and river flows in the continental U.S., Geophysical Research Letters, vol.13, issue.5473, pp.2077-2080, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000GL012745

D. Enfield, Relationships of inter-american rainfall to tropical Atlantic and Pacific SST variability, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.6, issue.23, pp.3305-3308, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96GL03231

J. Espinoza, P. Fraizy, J. Guyot, J. Ordoñez, R. Pombosa et al., Climate Variability and Change-Hydrological impacts, La variabilité des débits du rio Amazonas au Pérou, pp.424-429, 2006.

S. Figueroa and C. Nobre, Precipitation distribution over central and western tropical South America, Climanalise, vol.6, pp.36-40, 1990.

N. Filizola, Transfert sédimentaire actuel par les fleuves amazoniens, p.292, 2003.

N. Filizola and J. Guyot, The use of Doppler technology for suspended sediment discharge determination in the River Amazon / L???utilisation des techniques Doppler pour la d??termination du transport solide de l???Amazone, Hydrological Sciences Journal, vol.3, issue.2, pp.143-153, 2004.
DOI : 10.1623/hysj.49.1.143.53990

G. Fisch, J. Marengo, and C. Nobre, Uma revis??o geral sobre o clima da Amaz??nia, Acta Amazonica, vol.28, issue.2, pp.101-126, 1998.
DOI : 10.1590/1809-43921998282126

J. Foley, A. Botta, M. Coe, C. , and M. , El Ni??o-Southern oscillation and the climate, ecosystems and rivers of Amazonia, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.9, issue.D8, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2002GB001872

B. Francou and L. Pizarro, El Niño y las sequías en los altos Andes centrales (Perú y Bolivia) Bulletin de l'Institut Franais, Etudes Andines, vol.14, pp.1-18, 1985.

W. Franken, P. Leopold, E. Matsui, and M. Ribeiro, Estudo da intercepta????o da ??gua de chuva em cobertura florestal amaz??nica do tipo terra firme, Acta Amazonica, vol.12, issue.2, pp.327-331, 1982.
DOI : 10.1590/1809-43921982122327

J. Fritsch, L'augmentation du ruissellement après défrichement mécanisé de la forêt amazonienne, 1986.

R. Fu, R. Dickinson, M. Chen, W. , and H. , How Do Tropical Sea Surface Temperatures Influence the Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation in the Equatorial Amazon?, Journal of Climate, vol.14, issue.20, pp.4003-4026, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4003:HDTSST>2.0.CO;2

R. Fu, B. Zhu, and R. Dickinson, How Do Atmosphere and Land Surface Influence Seasonal Changes of Convection in the Tropical Amazon?, Journal of Climate, vol.12, issue.5, pp.1306-1321, 1999.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012<1306:HDAALS>2.0.CO;2

M. Gan, V. Kousky, R. , and C. , The South America Monsoon Circulation and Its Relationship to Rainfall over West-Central Brazil, Journal of Climate, vol.17, issue.1, pp.47-66, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0047:TSAMCA>2.0.CO;2

M. Gan and V. Rao, The Influence of the Andes Cordillera on Transient Disturbances, Monthly Weather Review, vol.122, issue.6, pp.1141-1157, 1994.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1994)122<1141:TIOTAC>2.0.CO;2

T. Gan, Hydroclimatic trends and possible climatic warming in the Canadian Prairies, Water Resources Research, vol.1, issue.1, pp.3009-3015, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98WR01265

N. Garcia and C. Mechoso, Variability in the discharge of South American rivers and in climate, Hydrol. Sci. J, vol.50, pp.459-478, 2005.

N. García and W. Vargas, The temporal climatic variability in the Rio de la Plata basin displayed by the river discharges, Climatic Change, vol.38, issue.3, pp.359-379, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1005386530866

R. Garreaud, Cold Air Incursions over Subtropical South America: Mean Structure and Dynamics, Monthly Weather Review, vol.128, issue.7, pp.2544-2559, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2544:CAIOSS>2.0.CO;2

R. Garreaud and P. Aceituno, Interannual Rainfall Variability over the South American Altiplano, Journal of Climate, vol.14, issue.12, pp.2779-2789, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<2779:IRVOTS>2.0.CO;2

R. Garreaud, M. Vuille, and A. Clements, The climate of the Altiplano: observed current conditions and mechanisms of past changes, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, vol.194, issue.1-3, pp.1-18, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00269-4

R. Garreaud and J. Wallace, Summertime Incursions of Midlatitude Air into Subtropical and Tropical South America, Monthly Weather Review, vol.126, issue.10, pp.2713-2733, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1998)126<2713:SIOMAI>2.0.CO;2

E. Gautier, D. Brunstein, P. Vauchel, M. Roulet, O. Fuertes et al., Temporal relations between meander deformation, water discharge and sediment fluxes in the floodplain of the, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, pp.230-248, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00325706

J. Genta, G. Pérez-iribarren, and C. Merchoso, A Recent Increasing Trend in the Streamflow of Rivers in Southeastern South America, Journal of Climate, vol.11, issue.11, pp.2858-2862, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2858:ARITIT>2.0.CO;2

A. Grimm, The El Ni??o Impact on the Summer Monsoon in Brazil: Regional Processes versus Remote Influences, Journal of Climate, vol.16, issue.2, pp.263-280, 2003.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2003)016<0263:TENIOT>2.0.CO;2

A. Grimm, How do La Niña events disturb the summer monsoon system in Brazil ? Climate Dynamics, pp.123-138, 2004.

C. Guyot, Impact socio?´ economique de la migration des méandres du fleuve Ucayali sur la ville de pucallpa, p.50, 2007.

J. Guyot, Hydrogéochimie des fleuves de l'Amazonie bolivienne. Editions de lORSTOM, p.261, 1993.

J. Guyot, H. Bazán, P. Fraizy, and J. Ordoñez, Suspended sediment yields in the Amazon basin of Peru, first estimation. Water quality and sediment behaviour of the future : Predictions for the 21st Century, pp.1-8, 2007.

J. Guyot, J. Calì-ede, M. Molinier, W. Guimarães, and E. De-oliveira, La variabilité hydrologique actuelle dans le bassin amazonien, Bull. Inst. Fr. ´ etudes andines, vol.27, pp.779-788, 1998.

J. Guyot, N. Filizola, and A. Laraque, Régime et bilan du flux sédimentaire de l'Amazonè a ´ Obidos, 2003.

S. Hastenrath, Circulation and teleconnection mechanisms of Northeast Brazil droughts, Progress in Oceanography, vol.70, issue.2-4, pp.407-415, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pocean.2005.07.004

S. Hastenrath and L. Heller, Dynamics of climatic hazards in northeast Brazil, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.5, issue.435, pp.77-92, 1977.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49710343505

A. Henderson-sellers, R. Dickinson, T. Durbidge, P. Kennedy, K. Mcguffie et al., Tropical deforestation: Modeling local- to regional-scale climate change, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.199, issue.D4, pp.7289-7315, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/92JD02830

B. Hewitson and R. Crane, Neural computing : Application in geography, 1994.

B. Hewitson and R. Crane, Self-organizing maps: applications to synoptic climatology, Climate Research, vol.22, pp.1315-1337, 2002.
DOI : 10.3354/cr022013

G. Hiez, L'homogénéité des données pluviométriques, Cahier ORSTOM, série Hydrologie, vol.14, pp.129-172, 1977.

R. Hirsch, J. Slack, and R. Smith, Techniques of trend analysis for monthly water quality data, Water Resources Research, vol.174, issue.4012, pp.107-121, 1982.
DOI : 10.1029/WR018i001p00107

J. Horel, A. Hahmann, and J. Geisler, An investigation of the Annual Cycle of Convective Activity over the Tropical Americas, Journal of Climate, vol.2, issue.11, pp.1388-1403, 1989.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1989)002<1388:AIOTAC>2.0.CO;2

R. Houghton, D. Skole, C. Nobre, J. Hackler, K. Lawrence et al., Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brasilian Amazon, Nature, vol.403, issue.6767, pp.301-304, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35002062

P. Hubert, J. Bader, and H. Bendjoudi, Un si??cle de d??bits annuels du fleuve S??n??gal, Hydrological Sciences Journal, vol.13, issue.1, pp.68-73, 2007.
DOI : 10.2307/1907241

P. Hubert, J. Carbonnel, and A. Chaouche, Segmentation des s??ries hydrom??t??orologiques ??? application ?? des s??ries de pr??cipitations et de d??bits de l'afrique de l'ouest, Journal of Hydrology, vol.110, issue.3-4, pp.349-367, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1694(89)90197-2

J. Hurell, Decadal Trends in the North Atlantic Oscillation: Regional Temperatures and Precipitation, Science, vol.269, issue.5224, pp.675-679, 1995.
DOI : 10.1126/science.269.5224.676

J. Hurrell, Y. Kushnir, G. Ottersen, and M. Visbeck, North Atlantic Oscillation, Geophysical Monograph Series, vol.134, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/1-4020-3266-8_150

R. Huth, Disaggregating climatic trends by classification of circulation patterns, International Journal of Climatology, vol.37, issue.2, pp.135-153, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.605

G. Jacon and K. Cudo, Hidrologia Curva?Chave. Análise e traçado, DNAEE Brasilia, p.273, 1989.

A. Johnson, The climate of Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador In : Climates of Central and South America. World Survey of Climatology, pp.147-218, 1976.

C. Jones and L. Carvalho, Changes in the Activity of the Madden???Julian Oscillation during 1958???2004, Journal of Climate, vol.19, issue.24, pp.6353-6370, 1958.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI3972.1

R. Kane, Relationship of El Ni??o???Southern Oscillation and Pacific Sea Surface Temperature with Rainfall in Various Regions of the Globe, Monthly Weather Review, vol.125, issue.8, pp.1792-1800, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<1792:ROENOS>2.0.CO;2

M. Kendall, Rank Correlation Methods., Biometrika, vol.44, issue.1/2, 1975.
DOI : 10.2307/2333282

R. Kerr, A North Atlantic Climate Pacemaker for the Centuries, Science, vol.288, issue.5473, pp.1984-1985, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.288.5473.1984

Y. Kodama, Large?scale common features of subtropical precipitation zones (the baiu frontal zona, the SPCZ and the SACZ. Part I : Characteristic of subtropical frontal zones, J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, vol.70, pp.813-836, 1992.

T. Kohonen, Construction of similarity diagrams for phonemes by a self?organizing algorithm

T. Kohonen, Self organization and associative memory, p.312, 1984.

T. Kohonen, Self?organizing maps, Series in Information Sciences, 2001.

V. Kousky, M. Kayano, C. , and I. , A review of the Southern Oscillation: oceanic-atmospheric circulation changes and related rainfall anomalies, Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography, vol.16, issue.5, pp.490-504, 1984.
DOI : 10.1080/00431672.1983.9930138

C. Krepper, N. Garcia, and P. Jones, Low-frequency response of the upper Paran?? basin, International Journal of Climatology, vol.130, issue.3, pp.351-360, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.1535

D. Labat, J. Ronchail, J. Calì-ede, J. Guyot, E. De-oliveira et al., Wavelet analysis of Amazon hydrological regime variability, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.12, issue.19, p.2501, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2003GL018741

D. Labat, J. Ronchail, and J. Guyot, Recent advances in wavelet analyses: Part 2???Amazon, Parana, Orinoco and Congo discharges time scale variability, Journal of Hydrology, vol.314, issue.1-4, pp.289-311, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.04.004
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00320540

H. Lamb, Types and spells of weather around the year in the British Isles : Annual trends, seasonal structure of the year, singularities, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.55, issue.330, pp.393-429, 1950.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49707633005

A. Laraque, J. Ronchail, G. Cochonneau, R. Pombosa, and J. Guyot, Heterogeneous Distribution of Rainfall and Discharge Regimes in the Ecuadorian Amazon Basin, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.8, issue.6, pp.1364-1381, 2007.
DOI : 10.1175/2007JHM784.1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ird-00555542

K. Lau and H. Wu, Detecting trends in tropical rainfall characteristics, 1979???2003, International Journal of Climatology, vol.5, issue.8, pp.979-988, 1979.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.1454

L. Tourneau and F. , Jusqu'au bout de la forêt ? causes et mécanismes de la déforestation en Amazonie brésilienne, M@ppemonde, vol.75, 2004.

A. Lee and S. Heghinian, A shift of the mean level in a sequence of independent normal random variables?A bayesian approach, Technometrics, vol.19, pp.503-511, 1977.

B. Leibmann, G. Kiladis, J. , M. Ambrizzi, T. et al., A Comparison of Rainfall, Outgoing Longwave Radiation, and Divergence over the Amazon Basin, Journal of Climate, vol.11, issue.11, pp.2898-2909, 1999.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2898:ACOROL>2.0.CO;2

J. Leloup, Influence du changement climatique sur les caractéristiques d'ENSO par méthodes neuronales, p.167, 2006.

J. Lenters, K. H. Cook, D. , and R. T. , Comments on ???On the Influence of the Andes on the General Circulation of the Southern Hemisphere", Journal of Climate, vol.8, issue.8, pp.2113-2115, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<2113:COTIOT>2.0.CO;2

J. Lenters and K. Cook, On the Origin of the Bolivian High and Related Circulation Features of the South American Climate, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.54, issue.5, pp.656-677, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0656:OTOOTB>2.0.CO;2

B. Liebmann, G. Kiladis, C. Vera, C. Saulo, and L. Carvalho, Subseasonal Variations of Rainfall in South America in the Vicinity of the Low-Level Jet East of the Andes and Comparison to Those in the South Atlantic Convergence Zone, Journal of Climate, vol.17, issue.19, pp.3829-3842, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3829:SVORIS>2.0.CO;2

B. Liebmann and J. Marengo, Interannual Variability of the Rainy Season and Rainfall in the Brazilian Amazon Basin, Journal of Climate, vol.14, issue.22, pp.4308-4318, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<4308:IVOTRS>2.0.CO;2

G. Liénou, G. Mahé, J. Paturel, E. Servat, D. Sighomnou et al., Evolution des r??gimes hydrologiques en r??gion ??quatoriale camerounaise: un impact de la variabilit?? climatique en Afrique ??quatoriale?, Hydrological Sciences Journal, vol.12, issue.4, pp.789-801, 2008.
DOI : 10.3354/cr026085

N. Mantua, S. Hare, Y. Zhang, J. Wallace, F. et al., A Pacific Interdecadal Climate Oscillation with Impacts on Salmon Production, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.78, issue.6, pp.1069-1079, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<1069:APICOW>2.0.CO;2

J. Marengo, Interannual variability of surface climate in the Amazon basin, International Journal of Climatology, vol.112, issue.8, pp.853-863, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.3370120808

J. Marengo, Variations and change in south American streamflow, Climatic Change, vol.235, issue.12, pp.99-117, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01092983

J. Marengo, Interdecadal variability and trends of rainfall across the Amazon basin, Theoretical and applied climatology, pp.79-96, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00704-004-0045-8

J. Marengo and S. Hastenrath, Case Studies of Extreme Climatic Events in the Amazon Basin, Journal of Climate, vol.6, issue.4, pp.617-627, 1993.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<0617:CSOECE>2.0.CO;2

J. Marengo, C. Nobre, M. E. Clain, R. L. Victoria, and J. E. Richey-editors, General characteristics and variability of climate in the Amazon basin and its links to the global climate system, pp.17-41, 2001.

J. Marengo, C. Nobre, J. Tomasella, M. Oyama, G. De-oliveira et al., The Drought of Amazonia in 2005, Journal of Climate, vol.21, issue.3, pp.495-516, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/2007JCLI1600.1
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01103536

J. Marengo, W. Soares, R. Saulo, C. Nicolini, and M. , Climatology of the Low-Level Jet East of the Andes as Derived from the NCEP???NCAR Reanalyses: Characteristics and Temporal Variability, Journal of Climate, vol.17, issue.12, pp.2261-2280, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2261:COTLJE>2.0.CO;2

J. Marengo, J. Tomasella, and C. Uvo, Trends in streamflow and rainfall in tropical South America: Amazonia, eastern Brazil, and northwestern Peru, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.4, issue.12, pp.1775-1783, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD02551

M. Marie, Les conséquences des crues et desétiagesdesétiages sur le trafic fluvial, dans les ports d'Iquitos et de Yurimaguas (Amazonie péruvienne), p.90, 2007.

J. Marquez, E. Salati, M. Santos, and J. , A diverg??ncia do campo do fluxo de vapor d'??gua e as chuvas na regi??o Amaz??nica, Acta Amazonica, vol.10, issue.1, pp.133-140, 1980.
DOI : 10.1590/1809-43921980101133

J. Martinez, J. Guyot, N. Filizola, and F. Sondag, Increase in suspended sediment yield of the amazon river assessed by monitoring network and satellite data. Catena, 2008.

H. Matsuyama, J. Marengo, G. Obregón, and C. Nobre, Spatial and temporal variabilities of rainfall in tropical South America as derived from Climate Prediction Center merged analysis of precipitation, International Journal of Climatology, vol.104, issue.2, pp.175-195, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.724

A. Mcleod, K. Hipel, and B. Bodo, TREND ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY TIME SERIES, Journal of the American Water Resources Association, vol.13, issue.4, pp.537-547, 1991.
DOI : 10.2307/2529301

R. Meade, J. Rayol, S. Da-conceicão, and J. Natividade, Backwater effects in the Amazon River basin of Brazil, Environmental Geology and Water Sciences, vol.6, issue.2, pp.105-114, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01704664

O. Mestre, Méthodes statistiques pour l'homogénéisation de longues séries climatiques, p.229, 2000.

L. Mialocq, M. Acuña, F. Seyler, J. Yerren, and J. Guyot, Extraction of the topographic limits of the Andean and Amazonian rivers basin from SRTM. Isotopes tracers and remote sensing techniques for assessing water cycle variability, 2005.

M. D. Ministerio-de-transportes-y-comunicaciones, Transporte fluvial y vías navegables en el Perú, 2001.

M. Molinier, J. Guyot, E. De-oliveira, and V. Guimares, Les régimes hydrologiques de l'Amazone et de ses affluents. L'hydrologie tropicale : géoscience et outil pour le développement, pp.209-222, 1996.

L. Molion, Amazonian rainfall and its variability. Hydrological and water management in the humid tropics, pp.99-111, 1993.

L. Molion and J. Moraes, Oscilação sul e descarga de rios na América do Sul Tropical, Revista Brasileira de Engenaria. Caderno Hidrológico, vol.5, pp.53-63, 1987.

V. Moron, S. Bigot, and P. Roucou, Rainfall variability in subequatorial America and Africa and relationships with the main sea-surface temperature modes (1951???1990), International Journal of Climatology, vol.8, issue.3, pp.1297-1322, 1951.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.3370151202

V. Moron, A. Robertson, M. Ward, and O. Ndiaye, Weather Types and Rainfall over Senegal. Part I: Observational Analysis, Journal of Climate, vol.21, issue.2, pp.266-287, 2008.
DOI : 10.1175/2007JCLI1601.1

V. Moron, N. Ward, and A. Navarra, Observed and SST-forced seasonal rainfall variability across tropical America, International Journal of Climatology, vol.6, issue.12, pp.1467-1501, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.690

A. Niang, F. Badran, C. Moulin, M. Crépon, and S. Thiria, Retrieval of aerosol type and optical thickness over the Mediterranean from seawifs images using an automaticneural classification method. Remote sensing of Environment, pp.82-94, 2006.

C. Nicholson, Ensayo de la clasificación de los climas del Perú, pp.3-8, 1948.

C. Nobre, P. Sellers, and J. Shukla, Amazonian Deforestation and Regional Climate Change, Journal of Climate, vol.4, issue.10, pp.957-988, 1991.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1991)004<0957:ADARCC>2.0.CO;2

P. Nobre and J. Shukla, Variations of Sea Surface Temperature, Wind Stress, and Rainfall over the Tropical Atlantic and South America, Journal of Climate, vol.9, issue.10, pp.2469-2479, 1996.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<2464:VOSSTW>2.0.CO;2

J. Nogues-peagle and K. Mo, Alternating Wet and Dry Conditions over South America during Summer, Monthly Weather Review, vol.125, issue.2, pp.279-291, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125<0279:AWADCO>2.0.CO;2

A. Oliveira and C. Nobre, Meridional penetration of frontal systems in South America and its relation to organized convection in the Amazon, Publication INPE, vol.3407, p.676, 1986.

. Open-university, Ocean circulation, 1989.

A. Pasquini and P. Depetris, Discharge trends and flow dynamics of South American rivers draining the southern Atlantic seaboard: An overview, Journal of Hydrology, vol.333, issue.2-4, pp.385-399, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.09.005

J. Peixoto and A. Oort, Physics of climate, p.520, 1992.

A. Pettitt, A Non-Parametric Approach to the Change-Point Problem, Applied Statistics, vol.28, issue.2, pp.126-135, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/2346729

P. Pilon, R. Condie, H. , and K. , Consolidated frequency analysis package (CFA), User Manual of version 1 -DEC PRO series, Water Resources Branch, 1985.

J. Polcher and K. Laval, A statistical study of the regional impact of deforestation on climate in the LMD GCM, Climate Dynamics, vol.10, issue.4-5, pp.205-219, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00208988

G. Poveda, La hidroclimatología de Colombia : Una síntesis desde la escala interdecadal hasta la escala diurna, Revista de la Academia da Ciencias, pp.201-222, 2004.

G. Poveda and O. Mesa, Metodologías de predicción de la hidrología colombiana considerando el evento de El Niño oscilación del sur (ENOS), p.17, 1993.

R. Pulwarty, R. Barry, C. Hurst, K. Sellinger, and L. Mogollon, Precipitation in the Venezuelan Andes in the context of regional climate. Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, pp.217-237, 1998.

B. Rabus, M. Eineder, A. Roth, and R. Bamler, The shuttle radar topography mission???a new class of digital elevation models acquired by spaceborne radar, ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, vol.57, issue.4, pp.241-262, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0924-2716(02)00124-7

V. Rao, I. Cavalcanti, and K. Hada, Annual variation of rainfall over Brazil and water vapor characteristics over South America, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.104, issue.D21, pp.26539-26551, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD01936

L. Ratisbona, The climate of Brazil. World survey of climatology, pp.219-293, 1976.

N. Rayner, D. Parker, E. Horton, C. Folland, L. Alexander et al., Global analyses of sea surface temperature, sea ice, and night marine air temperature since the late nineteenth century, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.220, issue.D18, pp.4407-4417, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002670

J. Richey, C. Nobre, and C. Deser, Amazon River Discharge and Climate Variability: 1903 to 1985, Science, vol.246, issue.4926, pp.101-103, 1989.
DOI : 10.1126/science.246.4926.101

M. Richman, Rotation of principal components, Journal of Climatology, vol.17, issue.3, pp.293-335, 1986.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.3370060305

A. Robertson and C. Mechoso, Interannual and Decadal Cycles in River Flows of Southeastern South America, Journal of Climate, vol.11, issue.10, pp.2570-2581, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<2570:IADCIR>2.0.CO;2

A. Robertson and C. Mechoso, Interannual and Interdecadal Variability of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone, Monthly Weather Review, vol.128, issue.8, pp.2947-2957, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<2947:IAIVOT>2.0.CO;2

M. Roche, A. Aliaga, J. Campos, J. Pena, J. Cortes et al., Hétérogénéité des précipitations sur lacordilì ere des Andes boliviennes. Hydrology in Mountainous Regions. I -Hydrological Measurements ; the Water Cycle, pp.381-388, 1990.

M. Roche, F. Jáuregui, and C. , Water resources, salinity and salt yields of the rivers of the Bolivian Amazon, Journal of Hydrology, vol.101, issue.1-4, pp.305-331, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1694(88)90042-X

J. Ronchail, Relation entre saisons remarquables avec la structure de latmosphère et les situations météorologiques sur l'altiplano boliviano-péruvien, p.38, 1985.

J. Ronchail, Advections polaires en Bolivie : mise enévidenceenévidence et caractérisation des effets climatiques, Hydrol. Continent, vol.4, pp.49-56, 1989.

J. Ronchail, Variabilité pluridécénale des précipitations en Bolivie Essai de mise en relation avec les températures de surface océaniques de l'Atlantique extra? tropical, pp.504-511, 1996.

J. Ronchail, Variabilité pluviométrique en Bolivie lors de phases extrêmes de l'Oscillation Australe du pacifique (1950-1993) Bulletin de l'Institut Française d' ´ Etudes Andines, pp.687-698, 1998.

J. Ronchail, L. Bourrel, G. Cochonneau, P. Vauchel, L. Phillips et al., Inundations in the Mamor?? basin (south-western Amazon???Bolivia) and sea-surface temperature in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, Journal of Hydrology, vol.302, issue.1-4, pp.223-238, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2004.07.005

J. Ronchail and G. Cochonneau, Main patterns of summer rainfall variability and associated circulation in western and southern amazon. Communication and paper (4 pages) at the/ VAMOS/CLIVAR Conference on South American lowlevel jet, pp.5-7, 2002.

J. Ronchail, G. Cochonneau, M. Molinier, J. Guyot, A. Goretti-de-miranda-chaves et al., Interannual rainfall variability in the Amazon basin and sea-surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific and the tropical Atlantic Oceans, International Journal of Climatology, vol.13, issue.13, pp.1663-1686, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.815

J. Ronchail and R. Gallaire, ENSO and rainfall along the Zongo valley (Bolivia) from the Altiplano to the Amazon basin, International Journal of Climatology, vol.21, issue.9, pp.1223-1236, 2006.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.1296
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00124831

J. Ronchail, D. Labat, J. Calì-ede, G. Cochonneau, J. Guyot et al., Discharge variability within the Amazon basin. Climate variability and Change Hydrological Impacts, pp.21-29, 2005.

F. Rossel, P. Goulven, and E. Cadier, Areal distribution of the influence of ENSO on the annual rainfall in Ecuador, Journal of Water Science, vol.12, pp.183-200, 1999.

R. Sadourny, Le climat de la Terre. Flammarion, collection Dominos, p.126, 1994.

E. Salati, J. Márquez, and L. Molion, Origem e distribuição das chuvas na Amazônia, Interciencia, vol.3, pp.200-205, 1978.

E. Salati and P. Vose, Amazon Basin: A System in Equilibrium, Science, vol.225, issue.4658, pp.129-138, 1984.
DOI : 10.1126/science.225.4658.129

A. Saulo, M. Nicolini, and S. Chou, Model characterization of the South American low-level flow during the 1997-1998 spring-summer season, Climate Dynamics, vol.16, issue.10-11, pp.867-881, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s003820000085

R. Schnur and D. Lettenmaier, A case study of statistical dowscaling in Australia using weather classification by recursive partitioning, Journal of Hydrology, pp.212-213362, 1998.

M. Seluchi and J. Marengo, Tropical-midlatitude exchange of air masses during summer and winter in South America: climatic aspects and examples of intense events, International Journal of Climatology, vol.11, issue.10, pp.1167-1190, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-0088(200008)20:10<1167::AID-JOC526>3.0.CO;2-T

J. Shukla, C. Nobre, and P. Sellers, Amazon Deforestation and Climate Change, Science, vol.247, issue.4948, pp.1322-1325, 1990.
DOI : 10.1126/science.247.4948.1322

S. Siegel and N. Castellan, Non -parametric statistics for the behavioural sciences, 1988.

S. Dias, M. Rutledge, S. Kabat, P. , S. Dias et al., Cloud and rain processes in a biosphere?atmosphere interaction context in the Amazon Region, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.107, 1029.

T. Tapley and P. Waylen, Spatial variability of annual precipitation and ENSO events in western Peru, Hydrological Sciences Journal, vol.98, issue.4, pp.429-445, 1990.
DOI : 10.1029/WR022i006p00965

A. Thiessen, PRECIPITATION AVERAGES FOR LARGE AREAS, Monthly Weather Review, vol.39, issue.7, pp.1082-1084, 1911.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1911)39<1082b:PAFLA>2.0.CO;2

D. Thompson and J. Wallace, Annular Modes in the Extratropical Circulation. Part I: Month-to-Month Variability*, Journal of Climate, vol.13, issue.5, pp.1000-1016, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013<1000:AMITEC>2.0.CO;2

K. Trenberth and J. Hurrell, Decadal atmosphere-ocean variations in the Pacific, Climate Dynamics, vol.9, issue.6, pp.303-319, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00204745

I. Turner, The ecology of trees in the Tropical Rain Forest, p.298, 2001.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511542206

W. Unesco, Glossaire international d'hydrologie, p.1, 2000.

S. Uppala, P. Kallberg, A. Simmons, U. Andrae, V. Da-costa-bechtold et al., The ERA-40 re-analysis, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.132, issue.612, pp.2961-3012, 2005.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.04.176

C. Uvo and N. Graham, Seasonal runoff forecast for northern South America: A statistical model, Water Resources Research, vol.11, issue.12, pp.3515-3524, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98WR02854

C. Uvo, C. Repelli, S. Zebiak, and Y. Kushnir, The Relationships between Tropical Pacific and Atlantic SST and Northeast Brazil Monthly Precipitation, Journal of Climate, vol.11, issue.4, pp.551-562, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<0551:TRBTPA>2.0.CO;2

C. Uvo, U. Tolle, and R. Berndtsson, Forecasting discharge in Amazon using artificial neural networks, International Journal of Climatology, vol.20, pp.1495-1507, 2000.

P. Vauchel, HYDRACCESS : Software for Management and processing of Hydro -meteorological data, 2005.

C. Vera, W. Higgins, J. Amador, T. Ambrizzi, R. Garreaud et al., Toward a Unified View of the American Monsoon Systems, Towards a unified view of the American Monsoon System, pp.4977-5000, 2006.
DOI : 10.1175/JCLI3896.1

M. Vrac, K. Stein, K. Hayhoe, and X. Liang, A general method for validating statistical downscaling methods under future climate change, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.62, issue.18, pp.10-1029, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2007GL030295

M. Vuille, R. Bradley, and F. Keiming, Interannual climate variability in the Central Andes and its relation to tropical Pacific and Atlantic forcing, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.11, issue.3-4, pp.12447-12460, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD900134

M. Vuille, F. , and K. , Interannual Variability of Summertime Convective Cloudiness and Precipitation in the Central Andes Derived from ISCCP-B3 Data, Journal of Climate, vol.17, issue.17, pp.3334-3348, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<3334:IVOSCC>2.0.CO;2

J. Wang, R. Bras, and E. Eltahir, The Impact of Observed Deforestation on the Mesoscale Distribution of Rainfall and Clouds in Amazonia, Journal of Hydrometeorology, vol.1, issue.3, pp.267-286, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1525-7541(2000)001<0267:TIOODO>2.0.CO;2

H. Wanner, S. Bronnimann, C. Casty, D. Gyalistras, J. Luterbacher et al., North Atlantic Oscillation : Concepts and studies, pp.321-382, 2001.

A. Weberbauer, El mundo vegetal de los Andes peruanos, estudio fitogeográfico, 1945.

K. Wolter, M. Timlin, N. /. Ok, N. , and O. Clim, Monitoring ENSO in COADS with a seasonally adjusted principal component index, Proc. of the 17th Climate Diagnostics Workshop, pp.52-57, 1993.

Y. Yu, S. Zou, and D. Whittemore, Non-parametric trend analysis of water quality data of rivers in Kansas, Journal of Hydrology, vol.150, issue.1, pp.61-80, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-1694(93)90156-4

S. Yue, P. Pilon, C. , and J. , Power of the Mann???Kendall and Spearman's rho tests for detecting monotonic trends in hydrological series, Journal of Hydrology, vol.259, issue.1-4, pp.254-271, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00594-7

W. Zbigniew, Change detection in hydrological records -a review of the methodology, Hydrological Sciences Journal, vol.49, pp.7-119, 2004.

X. Zhang, K. Harvey, W. Hogg, Y. , and T. , Trends in Canadian streamflow, Water Resources Research, vol.38, issue.281, pp.987-998, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2000WR900357

X. Zhang, L. Vincent, W. Hogg, and A. Niitsoo, Temperature and precipitation trends in Canada during the 20th century, Atmosphere-Ocean, vol.12, issue.3, pp.395-429, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<0317:TDIRMT>2.0.CO;2

Y. Zhang, J. Wallace, and D. Battisti, ENSO-like Interdecadal Variability: 1900???93, Journal of Climate, vol.10, issue.5, pp.1004-1020, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1997)010<1004:ELIV>2.0.CO;2

J. Zhou and K. Lau, Does a Monsoon Climate Exist over South America?, Journal of Climate, vol.11, issue.5, pp.1020-1040, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<1020:DAMCEO>2.0.CO;2

J. Zhou and K. Lau, Principal modes of interannual and decadal variability of summer rainfall over South America, International Journal of Climatology, vol.11, issue.13, pp.1623-1644, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/joc.700