. Agirre, Exploring automatic word sense disambiguation with decision lists and, the Web Proceedings of the COLING Workshop on Semantic Annotation and Intelligent Content, 2000.

E. Agirre, A. Olatz, E. Hovy, and D. Martinez, Enriching very large ontologies using the WWW, Ontology Construction of the European Conference of AI (ECAI), 2000.

E. Agirre and O. Lopez, Publicly available topic signatures for all wordnet nominal senses, Proceedings of the 4rd International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), 2004.

E. Agirre, E. Alfonseca, and O. Loper, Approximating Hierarchy-Based Similarity for Wordet ominal Synsets using Topic Signatures, Second International Wordnet Conference, Czech Republic, 2004.

J. J. Almeida, A. M. Simoes, and J. A. Castro, Grabbing parallel corpora from the Web, 2002.

B. T. Atkins, Corpus Lexicography : The Bilingual Dimension, Computational Lexicoglogy and Lexicography, 1990.

L. Audibert, Outils d'exploration de corpus et désambiguïsation lexicale automatique, 2003.

C. Bally, Traité de stylistique française, 1909.

C. Bally, 1ère édition 1932) Linguistique générale et linguistique française, 1965.

Y. Bar-hillel, Idioms. Machine Translation of Languages, Fourteen Essays, 1955.

M. Baroni and S. Bernardini, BootCaT: Bootstrapping corpora and terms from the web, 2004.

M. Baroni and S. Vegnaduzzo, Identifying subjective adjectives through web-based mutual information, KONVENS, 2004.

M. Baroni and M. Ueyama, Retrieving japanese specialized terms and corpora from the WWW, Proceedings of KONVENS, 2004.

M. Baroni and S. Bisi, Using cooccurrence statistics and the web to discover synonyms in a technical language, Proc. of the Fourth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, 2004.

M. Baroni and M. Ueyama, Building general-and special-purpose corpora by Web crawling, Proceedings of the 13th NoeL International Symposium, Language Corpora : Their Compilation and Application, 2006.

M. Baroni and A. Kilgarriff, Large linguistically-processed web corpora for multiple languages, Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Posters & Demonstrations on, EACL '06, 2006.
DOI : 10.3115/1608974.1608976

M. Benson, E. Benson, and R. Ilson, The BBI Combinatory Dictionary of English : A guide to Word Combinations, 1986.
DOI : 10.1075/z.bbi1(1st)

M. Benson, Collocations and General-purpose Dictionaries, International Journal of Lexicography, vol.3, issue.1, pp.23-35, 1990.
DOI : 10.1093/ijl/3.1.23

URL : http://ijl.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/3/1/23

E. Benveniste, Formes nouvelles de la composition nominale, BSL, vol.61, pp.82-95, 1966.

E. Benveniste, Fondements syntaxiques de la composition nominale, BSL, vol.62, pp.15-31, 1967.

I. Blank, Terminology extraction from parallel technical texts. Parallel Text Processing, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-2535-4_12

G. Bonnin and V. Prince, Emphasizing Syntax for French to German Machine Translation, SNLP'07: 7th International Symposium on Natural Language Processing, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00171308

P. Bouillon, Traitement automatique des langues naturelles, 1998.

J. Boulanger, Commentaire de Jean-Claude Boulanger. Table ronde sur les problèmes du découpage du 260 terme, pp.169-182, 1979.

D. Bourigault, LEXTER, un Logiciel d'Extraction de TERminologie. Application à l'acquisition des connaissances à partir de textes, 1994.

D. Bourigault and C. Fabre, Approche linguistique pour l'analyse syntaxique de corpus, pp.131-151, 2000.

D. Bourigault, C. Jacquemin, and . Ed, Construction de ressources terminologiques. Industrie des langues, 2000.

D. Bourigault, N. Aussenac-gilles, and J. Charlet, Construction de ressources terminologiques ou ontologiques ?? partir de textes Un cadre unificateur pour trois ??tudes de cas, Revue d'intelligence artificielle, vol.18, issue.1, 2004.
DOI : 10.3166/ria.18.87-110

P. F. Brown, D. Pietra, S. , D. Pietra, V. J. Mercer et al., Word-sense disambiguation using statistical methods, Proceedings of the 29th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1991.
DOI : 10.3115/981344.981378

P. F. Brown, J. C. Lai, and R. L. Mercer, Aligning sentences in parallel corpora, Proceedings of the 29th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1991.
DOI : 10.3115/981344.981366

P. F. Brown, D. Pietra, S. , D. Pietra, V. J. Mercer et al., The mathematics of statistical machine translation : parameter estimation, Computational Linguistics, vol.19, issue.2, pp.263-311, 1993.

E. Brunet, Peut-on mesurer la distance entre deux textes, Corpus, La distance intertextuelle 2, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01362741

R. Bunescu, Associative Anaphora Resolution: AWeb-Based Approach, Proceedings of the EACL-2003 Workshop on the Computational Treatment of Anaphora, 2003.

L. Burnard, Users Reference Guide British ational Corpus Version 1.0, 1995.

H. Calvo and A. Gelbukh, Improving Prepositional Phrase Attachment Disambiguation Using the Web as Corpus, CIARP, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-24586-5_74

Y. Cao and H. Li, Base Noun Phrase translation using web data and the EM algorithm, Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics -, 2002.
DOI : 10.3115/1072228.1072239

J. Chauché, Détermination sémantique en analyse structurelle : une expérience basée sur une définition de distance, TAL Information, pp.17-24, 1990.

J. Chen and J. Nie, Parallel Web Text Mining for Cross-Language IR, Proceedings of RIAO 2000: Content-Based Multimedia Information Access, 2000.

P. Cheng, Y. Pan, W. Lu, and L. Chien, Creating multilingual translation lexicons with regional variations using web corpora, Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , ACL '04, 2004.
DOI : 10.3115/1218955.1219023

T. Chklovski and R. Mihalcea, Building a sense tagged corpus with open mind word expert, Proceedings of the ACL-02 workshop on Word sense disambiguation recent successes and future directions -, 2002.
DOI : 10.3115/1118675.1118692

N. Chomsky, Syntactic structures, 1957.
DOI : 10.1515/9783110218329

N. Chomsky, 7. The Logical Basis of Linguistic Theory, Preprints of Papers from the 9th International Congress of Linguists, 1962.
DOI : 10.1163/9789004242050_009

Y. Choueka, E. S. Conley, and I. Dagan, A comprehensive bilingual word alignment system, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-2535-4_4

S. Chung, J. Jun, and D. Mcleod, A Web-Based ovel Term Similarity Framework for Ontology Learning, 2006.

H. Chuquet and M. Paillard, Approche linguistique des problemes de traduction anglais <-> français, 1987.

K. Church and P. Hanks, Word association norms, mutual information, and lexicography, Proceedings of the 27th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, pp.22-29, 1990.
DOI : 10.3115/981623.981633

K. Church, Char_align, Proceedings of the 31st annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1993.
DOI : 10.3115/981574.981575

A. Clas, Collocations et langues de sp??cialit??, Meta: Journal des traducteurs, vol.39, issue.4, pp.576-580, 1994.
DOI : 10.7202/002327ar

J. Clear and . Ed, From Firth principles: Computational tools for the study of collocation. Text and technology: In honour of John Sinclair, 1993.

D. Corbin and . Ed, Locutions, composés, unités polylexématiques : lexicalisation et mode de construction, 1997.

A. Cowie, The Treatment of Collocations and Idioms in Learners' Dictionaries, Applied Linguistics, vol.2, issue.3, pp.223-235, 1981.
DOI : 10.1093/applin/2.3.223

A. Cowie and . Ed, Phraseology, Theory, Analysis, and Applications, 1998.

D. A. Cruse, Lexical Semantics. Cambridge, 1986.

I. Dagan, . Alon, S. Itai, and . Ulrike, Two languages are more informative than one, Proceedings of the 29th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1991.
DOI : 10.3115/981344.981361

B. Daille, Approche mixte pour l'extraction automatique de terminologie : statistiques lexicales et filtres linguistiques, Thèse de Doctorat en Informatique Fondamentale, 1994.

B. Daille, Repérage et extraction de terminologie par une approche mixte statistique et linguistique, Revue TAL, Traitements probabilistes et corpus, vol.36, pp.1-2, 1995.

A. Darmesteter, Traité de la formation des mots composés dans la langue française comparée aux autres langues romanes et au latin, 1875.

S. David and P. Plante, De la nécessité d'une approche morpho-syntaxique dans l'analyse de textes, Intelligence Artificielle et Sciences Cognitives au Québec, vol.3, issue.3, pp.140-154, 1990.

D. Schryver and G. , Web for/as Corpus: A Perspective for the African Languages, Journal of African Studies, vol.11, issue.112, pp.266-282, 2002.

F. Debili and E. Sammouda, Appariement des Phrases de Textes Bilingues, Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING'92), 1992.

S. C. Deerwester, S. T. Dumais, T. K. Landauer, G. W. Furnas, and R. A. Harshman, Indexing by latent semantic analysis, Journal of the American Society for Information Science, vol.41, issue.6, pp.391-407, 1990.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4571(199009)41:6<391::AID-ASI1>3.0.CO;2-9

H. Déjean and E. Gaussier, Une nouvelle approche à l'extraction de lexiques bilingues à partir de corpus comparables, Lexicometrica, numéro spécial sur Alignement lexical dans les corpus multilingues, pp.1-22, 2002.

M. Diab and S. Finch, A Statistical Word-Level Translation Model for Comparable Corpora, Proceedings of the Conference on Content-Based Multimedia Information Access (RIAO), 2000.

A. Doan, J. Madhavan, R. Dhamankar, P. Domingos, and A. Halevy, Learning to match ontologies on the Semantic Web, The VLDB Journal The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases, vol.12, issue.4, pp.303-319, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00778-003-0104-2

P. Drouin, Acquisition automatique des termes : l'utilisation des pivots lexicaux spécialisés, Thèse de doctorat, 2002.

J. Dubois, Dictionnaire de linguistique, 1973.

E. Dubreil, Collocations : définitions et problématiques, Texto XIII, issue.1, 2008.

F. Duclaye, Apprentissage automatique de relations d'équivalence sémantique à partir du Web, 2003.

. Dunning, Accurate Methods for the Statistics of Surprise and Coincidenc, Computational Linguistics, vol.19, issue.1, 1993.

C. Enguehard, Acquisition de terminologie à partir de gros corpus, Informatique & Langue Naturelle, ILN'93, 1993.

C. Enguehard and L. Panterra, Automatic natural acquisition of a terminology*, Journal of Quantitative Linguistics, vol.91, issue.1, pp.27-32, 1995.
DOI : 10.3115/981823.981855

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00442216

C. Fabre and P. Sébillot, Interprétation automatique des composés nominaux anglais hors domaine : quelles solutions ? 10ème Congrès Reconnaissance des Formes et Intelligence Artificielle, RFIA' 96), 1996.

H. Felber, Manuel de terminologie, 1987.

J. R. Firth and . Ed, Modes of Meaning, Papers in Linguistics. Londres, 1951.

W. Fletcher, Facilitating the Compilation and Dissemination of Ad-Hoc Web Corpora. Teaching and Language Corpora, 2002.

W. Fletcher, Making the Web More Useful as a Source for Linguistic Corpora, LAGUAGE AD COMPUTERS, 2004.
DOI : 10.1163/9789004333772_011

W. Fletcher, Towards an Independent Search Engine for Linguists: Issues and Solutions. Web as Corpus SSMILT Forlì, 2005.

W. H. Fletcher, Concordancing the Web with KWiCFinder Applied Corpus Linguistics, 2001.

F. Fontenelle, Réseaux sémantiques et dictionnaires bilingues électroniques, 1996.

T. Fontenelle, Turning a Bilingual Dictionary into a Lexical-Semantic Database, 1997.
DOI : 10.1515/9783110920116

A. Fujii and T. Ishikawa, Utilizing the world wide web as an encyclopedia, Proceedings of the 38th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , ACL '00, pp.488-495, 2000.
DOI : 10.3115/1075218.1075280

P. Fung, Compiling bilingual lexicon entries from a non-parallel English-Chinese corpus, 3rd Annual Workshop on Very Large Corpora, 1995.

P. Fung and K. Mckeown, Finding Terminology Translations from on-parallel Corpora, 1997.

P. Fung and L. Y. Yee, An IR approach for translating new words for non-parallel, comparable texts, Actes de International Conference on Computational Linguistics (COLING), 1998.

P. Fung, A statistical view on bilingual lexicon extraction, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-2535-4_11

N. Gala and S. Aït-mokhtar, Lexicalising a robust parser grammar using the WWW, Conference on Corpus Linguistics, 2003.

N. Gala, Un modèle d'analyseur syntaxique robuste fondé sur la modularité et la lexicalisation de ses grammaires, 2003.

N. Gala, Une méthode non supervisée d'apprentissage sur leWeb pour la résolution d'ambiguïtés structurelles liées au rattachement prépositionnel, 2003.

W. Gale, A. Church, and K. W. , A program for aligning sentences in bilingual corpora, Proceedings of the 29th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, pp.75-102, 1993.
DOI : 10.3115/981344.981367

W. A. Gale, K. W. Church, and D. Yarowsky, A method for disambiguating word senses in a large corpus, Computers and the Humanities, vol.9, issue.5-6, pp.415-439, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00136984

E. Gaussier and J. Lange, Modèles statistiques pour l'extraction de lexiques bilingues, Traitement Automatique des Langues, vol.36, issue.12, pp.133-155, 1995.

R. Ghani and R. Jones, Learning a monolingual language model from a multilingual text database, Proceedings of the ninth international conference on Information and knowledge management , CIKM '00, 2000.
DOI : 10.1145/354756.354818

R. Ghani, R. Jones, and D. Mladenic, Automatic web search query generation to create minority language corpora, Proceedings of the 24th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval , SIGIR '01, 2001.
DOI : 10.1145/383952.384072

R. Ghani, Building Minority Language Corpora by Learning to Generate Web Search Queries, Knowledge and Information Systems, vol.34, issue.1, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1007545901558

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.28.8831

R. Ghani, R. Jones, and D. Mladenic, On-line learning for Web query generation: finding documents matching a minority concept on the Web, Proceedings of the The First, 2001.

R. Ghani, R. Jones, and D. Mladenic, Using the Web to Create Minority Language Corpora, 10th International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management (CIKM- 2001), 2001.

R. Ghani, R. Jones, and D. Mladenic, Building Minority L\anguage Corpora by Learning to Generate Web Search Queries, KAIS Knowledge and Information Systems, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s10115-003-0121-x

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.28.8831

J. C. Gonzalo, I. Verdejo, and F. , The web as a resource for WSD, 2003.

S. Granger and . Ed, Prefabriqued Patterns in Andavnced EFL Writing : Collocations and Formulae. Phraseology : Theory, Analysis and Applications, 1998.

G. Grefenstette, The World Wide Web as a Resource for Example-Based Machine Translation Tasks. ASLIB "Translating and the Computer" conference, 1999.

A. Greimas, Sémantique structurale : recherche de méthode, 1986.
DOI : 10.3917/puf.grei.2002.01

A. J. Greimas, Idiotismes, proverbes, dictions, Cahiers de lexicologie, pp.41-61, 1960.

R. Grishman, Iterative Alignment of Syntactic Structures for a Bilingual Corpus, Proceedings of the Second Annual Workshop on Very Large Corpora, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-2390-9_14

G. Gross, Les expressions figées en français. oms composés et autres locutions, 1996.

F. Grossmann and A. Tutin, Quelques pistes pour le traitement des collocations, Travaux et recherches en linguistique appliquée, 2003.

V. Grundy and . Ed, L'utilisation d'un corpus dans la rédaction du dictionnaire bilingue. Les dictionnaires bilingues, 1996.

L. Guilbert, La formation du vocabulaire de l'aviation, 1965.

J. Guillemin-flescher, Syntaxe comparée du français et de l'anglais, 1981.

B. Habert, A. Nazarenko, and A. Salem, Les linguistiques de corpus, 1997.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00619268

B. Habert, Linguistique sur corpus, Etudes et réflexions. Perpignan, 2000.

B. Harris, Bi-text, a new concept in translation theory, Language Monthly, vol.54, pp.8-10, 1988.

Z. Harris, Methods in Structural Linguistics, 1951.

Z. Harris, A theory of language and information. A mathematical approach, 1991.

R. R. Hartmann, Contrastive Textology. Comparative Discourse Analysis in Applied Linguistics (Studies in Descriptive Linguistics 5), J. Gross. Heidelberg, 1980.

F. J. Hausmann, Un dictionnaire de collocations est-il possible ?, TraLili, vol.17, issue.1, pp.187-195, 1979.

F. J. Hausmann, H. E. Wiegand, L. Zgusta, and . Berlin, Le dictionnaire de collocations Wörterbücher : ein internationales Hadbuch zur Lexicographie, Dictionaries. Dictionnaires. R. Hausmann F. J., O, pp.1010-1019, 1989.

F. J. Hausmann and . Ed, Tout est idiomatique dans les langues. Langages, La Locution entre langues et usages, 1997.

D. Hiemstra, Multilingual domain modeling in Twenty-One: automatic creation of a bi-directional translation lexicon from a parallel corpus, Proceedings of the eighth CLIN meeting, 1998.

E. Hovy and C. Y. Lin, Automated Text Summarization in SUMMARIST. Workshop on Intelligent Scalable Text Summarization, 1997.

P. Howarth and . Ed, The Phraseology of Learners' Academic Writing. Phraseology : Theory, Analysis and Applications, 1998.

F. Huang, Y. Zhang, and S. Vogel, Mining key phrase translations from web corpora, Proceedings of the conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , HLT '05, 2005.
DOI : 10.3115/1220575.1220636

URL : http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/H/H05/H05-1061.pdf

P. Imbs, Trésor de la Langue Française, Dictionnaire de la langue du XIXè et du XXè siècles, 1789.

D. Z. Inkpen and G. Hirst, Acquiring Collocations for Lexical Choice between ear- Synonyms, Proceedings of the ACL-02 workshop on Unsupervised lexical acquisition, 2002.

P. Isabelle, La bi-textualit????: vers une nouvelle g??n??ration d???aides ?? la traduction et la terminologie, Meta: Journal des traducteurs, vol.37, issue.4, pp.721-737, 1992.
DOI : 10.7202/003228ar

C. Jacquemin, Variation terminologique : Reconnaissance et acquisition automatiques de termes et de leurs variantes en corpus. Mémoire d'habilitation à diriger des recherches en informatique fondamentale, 1997.

C. Jacquemin and C. Bush, Fouille du Web pour la collecte d'Entités ommées, 2000.

C. B. Jacquemin and C. , Combining Lexical and Formatting Cues for amed Entity Acquisition from the Web, Proceedings of the 2000 Joint SIGDAT conference on Empirical methods in natural language processing and very large corpora: held in conjunction with the 38th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics Hong Kong, 2000.

F. Jalabert and M. Lafourcade, ommage sens à l'aide de vecteurs conceptuels, 2004.

S. Johansson, J. Ebeling, K. Hofland, and . Ed, Coding and aligning the Englishorwegian parallel corpus, Languages in Contrast, Papers from a Symposium on Text-based Cross-linguistic Studies. Lund, 1993.

D. B. Jones, H. L. Somers, and . Ed, Bilingual vocabulary estimation from noisy parallel corpora using variable bag estimation. Recent advances in natural language processing Amsterdam, 1997.
DOI : 10.1075/cilt.136.36jon

R. Jones and R. Ghani, Automatically Building a Corpus of a Minority Language from the Web, 2000.

H. Kaji, Y. Kida, and Y. Morimoto, Learning translation templates from bilingual text, Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics -, 1992.
DOI : 10.3115/992133.992174

URL : http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/C/C92/C92-2101.pdf

A. Kaplan, An experimental study of ambiguity in context, Mechanical Translation, vol.1, pp.1-3, 1950.

J. J. Katz, J. A. Fodor, and . Ed, The structure of a semantic theory. The Structure of Language, 1964.

M. Kay and M. Röscheisen, Text-translation alignment, 1988.

A. Kehoe and . Ed, Diachronic Linguistic Analysis on the Web with WebCorp. The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics, 2006.

A. Kehoe and M. Gee, New corpora from the web: making web text more 'text-like, 2007.

F. Keller and M. Lapata, Using the Web to Obtain Frequencies for Unseen Bigrams, Computational Linguistics, vol.24, issue.2, pp.459-484, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/ijl/3.4.235

G. Kikui, Term-list Translation using Mono-lingual Word Co-occurrence Vectors, 1998.
DOI : 10.3115/980451.980957

URL : http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P98/P98-1110.pdf

A. Kilgarriff and G. Grefenstette, Introduction to the Special Issue on the Web as Corpus, Computational Linguistics, vol.19, issue.1, pp.333-348, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/21987

A. Kilgarriff, P. Rychly, P. Smrz, and D. Tugwell, The Sketch Engine, 2004.

P. Kjaersgaard, REFTEX. A context-based translation aid, 1987.

G. Kjellmer, A dictionay of English Collocations, 1994.

I. Klapaftis and S. Manandhar, Google & Wordet based Word Sense Disambiguation, 2005.

R. Kocourek, La langue française de la technique et de la science, 1991.

W. Kraaij, J. Nie, and M. Simard, Embedding Web-Based Statistical Translation Models in Cross-Language Information Retrieval, Computational Linguistics, vol.54, issue.4, pp.381-419, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0004-3702(98)00063-0

J. Kupiec, An algorithm for finding noun phrase correspondences in bilingual corpora, Proceedings of the 31st annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1993.
DOI : 10.3115/981574.981577

L. 'homme and M. , ouvelles technologies et recherche terminologique, 2001.

L. 'homme and M. C. , Caractérisation des combinaisons lexicales spécialisées par rapport aux collocations de langue générale, Proceedings EURALEX '98, 1998.

C. L. Labbé and D. , La distance intertextuelle, Corpus, La distance intertextuelle 2, 2003.

M. Lafourcade, F. Rodrigo, and D. Schwab, Low Cost Automated Conceptual Vector Generation from Mono and Bilingual Resources, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00108877

P. Langlais and M. El-beze, Alignement de corpus bilingues : algorithmes et évaluation, 1ères Journées Scientifiques et Techniques du Réseau Francophone de l'Ingénierie de la langue de l'AUPELF-UREF (JST), 1997.

D. Lea, Oxford Collocations Dictionary for Students of English, 2002.

T. Lebarbé, Hiérarchie inclusive des unités linguistiques en analyse syntaxique coopérative, 2002.

G. Leech, The state of the art in corpus linguistics. English corpus linguistics, pp.8-29, 1991.

J. Léon, Conceptions du 'mot' et d??buts de la traduction automatique, Histoire ??pist??mologie Langage, vol.23, issue.1, pp.81-106, 2001.
DOI : 10.3406/hel.2001.2819

J. Léon and . Ed, Lexies, synapsies, synthèmes : le renouveau des études lexicales en France au début des années 1960History of Linguistics in Texts and Concepts, 2004.

S. Léon, L'extraction automatique des collocations : Une méthode de regroupement par classes conceptuelles, 2003.

S. Léon, Extraction semi-automatique des relations verbe-objet à partir d'un corpus spécialisé : application à la création d'un lexique structuré du TAL, 2004.

S. Léon and C. Millon, Acquisition semi-automatique de relations lexicales bilingues (français-anglais) à partir du Web, Rencontre des Etudiants Chercheurs en Informatique pour le Traitement Automatique des Langues (RECITAL), 2005.

S. Léon, Acquisition automatique de traductions de termes complexes par comparaison de « mondes lexicaux, 2006.

L. 'homme and M. , Caractérisation des combinaisons lexicales spécialisées par rapport aux collocations de langue générale, p.98, 1998.

L. 'homme and M. , ouvelles technologies et recherche terminologique, 2001.

L. 'homme and M. , What can Verbs and Adjectives can tell us about Terms? Terminology and Knowledge Proceedings, 2002.

L. 'homme and M. , Sur la notion de terme, Meta, vol.50, issue.4, pp.1112-1132, 2005.

C. Li and Y. Cao, Overcoming language barriers in the internet Era, 2002.

C. Li and H. Li, Word translation disambiguation using bilingual bootstrapping, 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2004.
DOI : 10.3115/1073083.1073141

URL : http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/P/P02/P02-1044.pdf

H. Li, Y. Cao, and C. Li, English Reading Wizard : Mining and Ranking Translations Using Bilingual Data on the Web, IEEE intelligent systems & their applications, vol.18, issue.4, pp.54-59, 2003.

H. Li, Y. Cao, and C. Li, Using Bilingual Web Data To Mine and Rank Translations, 2003.

C. Lin and E. Hovy, The automated acquisition of topic signatures for text summarization, Proceedings of the 18th conference on Computational linguistics -, 2000.
DOI : 10.3115/990820.990892

V. Liu and J. R. Curran, Web Text Corpus for atural Language Processing, Proceeding of EACL 2006, 1th Conference of the European Chapter, 2006.

W. Lu, L. Chien, and H. Lee, Anchor Text Mining for Translation of Web Queries, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE International Conference on Data Mining, 2001.

W. Lu, L. Chien, and H. Lee, Translation of web queries using anchor text mining, ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing, vol.1, issue.2, pp.159-172, 2002.
DOI : 10.1145/568954.568958

W. Lu, L. Chien, and H. Lee, Anchor text mining for translation of Web queries, ACM Transactions on Information Systems, vol.22, issue.2, pp.242-269, 2003.
DOI : 10.1145/984321.984324

X. Ma and M. Liberman, Bits: A method for bilingual text search over the web, Machine Translation Summit VII, 1999.

E. Macklovitch, Corpus-based tools for translators, 33rd Annual Conference of the American Translators Association, 1992.

M. Mangeot, Projet Papillon : intégration de dictionnaires existants et gestion des contributions, National Olympic Memorial Youth Center, 2002.

M. Mangeot, G. Sérasset, and M. Lafourcade, Construction collaborative de données lexicales multilingues, le projet Papillon Revue TAL, édition spéciale, Les dictionnaires électroniques : pour les personnes, les machines ou pour les deux ? (Electronic dictionaries: for humans, machines or both?), pp.151-176, 2003.

F. Maniez, L'ambiguïté syntaxique due aux structures coordonnées en anglais médical : analyse de la performance d'un logiciel d'aide à la traduction, 2001.

F. Maniez, Extraction d???une phras??ologie bilingue en langue de sp??cialit????: corpus parall??les et corpus comparables, Meta: Journal des traducteurs, vol.46, issue.3, pp.552-563, 2001.
DOI : 10.7202/003549ar

URL : http://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/meta/2001-v46-n3-meta158/003549ar.pdf

C. Manning and H. Schütze, Foundations of statistical natural language processing, 1999.

A. Martinet, Eléments de linguistique générale, 1960.

A. Martinet, Syntagme et synthème. La linguistique, pp.1-14, 1967.

A. Martinet, Mot et synth??me, Lingua, vol.21, pp.294-302, 1968.
DOI : 10.1016/0024-3841(68)90056-9

A. Martinet, Syntaxe générale, 1985.

M. Martins-baltar, La locution entre langue et usage, 1997.

Y. Matsumoto, H. Ishimoto, T. Utsuro, and M. Nagao, Structural matching of parallel texts, Proceedings of the 31st annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1993.
DOI : 10.3115/981574.981578

Y. Matsuo, T. Sakaki, K. Uchiyama, and M. Ishizuka, Graph-based word clustering using a web search engine, Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP '06, 2006.
DOI : 10.3115/1610075.1610150

G. Mautner, Time to get wired: Using web-based corpora in critical discourse analysis, Discourse & Society, vol.8, issue.3, pp.809-828, 2005.
DOI : 10.1177/0957926505056661

A. Mcenery, J. Lange, M. Oakes, and J. Véronis, The exploitation of multilingual annotated corpora for term extraction, Corpus Annotation: Linguistic Information from Computer Text Corpora London, 1997.

A. M. Mcenery and M. P. Oakes, Sentence and word alignment in the CRATER project : methods and assessment, EACL-SIGDAT Workshop, 1995.

T. Mcenery and A. Wilson, Corpus linguistics, 1996.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511981395

I. Mel-'cuk, Dictionnaire explicatif et combinatoire du français contemporain, Recherches lexico-sémantiques, 1984.

I. Mel-'cuk, L. Wanner, and . Ed, Lexical Fonctions and Lexical Inheritance for Emotion Lexemes in German, Lexical Fonctions in Lexicography and Natural Language Processing, 1996.

I. Mel-'cuk, Vers une linguistique Sens-Texte, Leçon inaugurale (faite le Vendredi 10 janvier 1997), 1997.

I. D. Melamed, Automatic discovery of non-compositional compounds in parallel data, Proceedings of the 2nd Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP'97), 1997.

I. D. Melamed and . Ed, Bitext maps and alignments via pattern recognition. Parallel Text Processing, 2000.

I. D. Melamed, Empirical Methods for Exploiting Parallel Texts, 2001.

I. Mel-'cuk, L. Wanner, and . Ed, Lexical Fonctions and Lexical Inheritance for Emotion Lexemes in German. Lexical Fonctions in Lexicography and Natural Language Processing, 1996.

I. Mel-'cuk and . Ed, Collocations and Lexical Functions Phraseology, Theory, Analysis and Applications, 1998.

I. Mel-'cuk, Collocations : définition, rôle et utilité, 2003.

I. A. Mel-'cuk and A. André-;-polguère, Introduction à la lexicologie explicative et combinatoire, 1995.

R. Mihalcea, Bootstrapping large sense tagged corpora, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation LREC 2002, 2002.

R. M. Mihalcea and D. I. , An automatic method for generating sense tagged corpora, 16th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 1999.

R. M. Mihalcea and D. I. , A method for word sense disambiguation of unrestricted text, Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics -, 1999.
DOI : 10.3115/1034678.1034709

E. Morin, . Dufour-kowalski, . Samuel, . Daille, and . Béatrice, Extraction de terminologies bilingues à partir de corpus comparables, Actes de Traitement Automatique des Langues Naturelles (TALN), 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00456782

B. Morley and . Ed, WebCorp: A Tool for Online Linguistic Information Retrieval and Analysis. The Changing Face of Corpus Linguistics, 2006.

M. Nagao and . Ed, A framework of mechanical translation between Japanese and English by analogy principle. Artificial and human intelligence, 1984.

M. Nagata, Using the web as a bilingual dictionary, Proceedings of the workshop on Data-driven methods in machine translation -, 2001.
DOI : 10.3115/1118037.1118050

H. Nakagawa, Disambiguation of single noun translations extracted from bilingual comparable corpora, Terminology International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Issues in Specialized Communication, vol.7, issue.1, pp.63-83, 2001.
DOI : 10.1075/term.7.1.06nak

P. Nakov and M. Hearst, Search engine statistics beyond the n-gram, Proceedings of the Ninth Conference on Computational Natural Language Learning, CONLL '05, 2005.
DOI : 10.3115/1706543.1706547

P. Nakov and M. Hearst, Using the web as an implicit training set, Proceedings of the conference on Human Language Technology and Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing , HLT '05, 2005.
DOI : 10.3115/1220575.1220680

L. Nerima, V. Seretan, and E. Wehrli, Creating a multilingual collocation dictionary from large text corpora, Proceedings of the tenth conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics , EACL '03, 2003.
DOI : 10.3115/1067737.1067766

L. Nerima, V. Seretan, and E. Wehrli, Le problème des collocations en TAL, pp.95-115, 2006.

J. Nie, M. Simard, P. Isabelle, and R. Durand, Cross-language information retrieval based on parallel texts and automatic mining of parallel texts from the Web, Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval , SIGIR '99, 1999.
DOI : 10.1145/312624.312656

J. Nie and J. Cai, Filtering noisy parallel corpora of web pages, IEEE Symposium on Natural Language Processing and Knowledge Engineering, 2001.

H. Papageorgiou and . Ed, Clause recognition in the framework of alignment. Recent advances in natural language processing, 1997.

S. Patwardhan and E. Riloff, Learning domain-specific information extraction patterns from the Web, Proceedings of the Workshop on Information Extraction Beyond The Document, IEBeyondDoc '06, 2006.
DOI : 10.3115/1641408.1641416

D. Pearce, Synonymy in collocation extraction, Proceedings of the Workshop on WordNet and Other Lexical Resources, Second meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistic, 2001.

. Pearson, Terms in Context, 1998.
DOI : 10.1075/scl.1

E. Picchi, C. Peters, and E. Marinai, A translator's workstation, Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics -, 1992.
DOI : 10.3115/992383.992413

R. Pichon and P. Sébillot, Différencier les sens des mots à l'aide du thème et du contexte de leurs occurrences : une expérience, 1999.

R. Pichon, P. Sébillot, and . Ed, From Corpus to lexicon: from contexts to semantic features. PALC'99: Practical Applications in Language Corpora, studies in Language, 1999.

S. Piperidis, S. Boutsis, and H. Papageorgiou, From sentences to words and clauses. Parallel Text Processing, 2000.

A. Polguère, Une base de données lexicale du français et ses applications possibles en français, pp.75-97, 2000.

A. Polguère, Towards a theoretically-motivated general public dictionary of semantic derivations and collocations for French, 2000.

A. Polguère, Lexicologie et sémantique lexicale. otions fondamentales, Les Presses de l, 2003.

A. Polguère, Typologie des entités lexicales d'une base de données explicative et combinatoire, Journée d'étude de l'ATALA « Interface lexique-grammaire et lexiques syntaxiques et sémantiques École nationale supérieure des télécommunications (ENST), 2005.

B. Pottier, Le mot, unité de comportement. Colloque ATALA Le mot pour la Traduction Automatique et la linguistique appliquée, 1962.

B. Pottier and T. Iii, Introduction à l'étude des structures grammaticales fondamentales, pp.63-91, 1962.

B. Pottier, Les travaux lexicologiques préparatoires à la traduction automatique, Cahiers de lexicologie, vol.3, pp.200-206, 1962.

V. Prince and J. Chauché, Translating through divergence : A application to french to english automatic translation, 2006.

V. Prince and J. Chauché, Building a Bilingual Representation of the Roget Thesaurus for French to English Machine Translation, Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Language REsources and Evaluation (LREC), 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/lirmm-00332110

P. Cheng, P. Pan, Y. Lu, W. Chien, and L. , Creating multilingual translation lexicons with regional variations using web corpora, Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , ACL '04, 2004.
DOI : 10.3115/1218955.1219023

URL : http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/acl2004/main/pdf/357_pdf_2-col.pdf

R. Rapp, Identifying Word Translations in on-Parallel Texts Annual Meeting of the ACL archive, Proceedings of the 33rd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics, 1995.

R. Rapp, Automatic identification of word translations from unrelated English and German corpora, Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics -, 1999.
DOI : 10.3115/1034678.1034756

F. Rastier, Sémantique interprétative, 1987.
DOI : 10.3917/puf.rast.2009.01

A. Renouf, A. Kehoe, and D. Mezquiriz, The Accidental Corpus: issues involved in extracting linguistic information from the Web Advances in Corpus Linguistics, 2003.

A. Renouf, WebCorp: providing a renewable data source for corpus linguists, 2003.
DOI : 10.1163/9789042029248_006

A. Renouf, A. Kehoe, and J. Banerjee, The WebCorp Search Engine: a holistic approach to Web text Search. University of Birmingham. search. Corpus Linguistics and the Web, 2005.

P. Resnik and I. D. Melamed, Semi-automatic acquisition of domain-specific translation lexicons, Proceedings of the fifth conference on Applied natural language processing -, 1997.
DOI : 10.3115/974557.974607

P. Resnik, Parallel Strands: A Preliminary Investigation into Mining the Web for Bilingual Text, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-49478-2_7

P. Resnik, Mining the Web for bilingual text, Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics -, 1999.
DOI : 10.3115/1034678.1034757

P. Resnik and N. A. Smith, The Web as a Parallel Corpus, Computational Linguistics, vol.15, issue.4, pp.349-380, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x

P. S. Resnik, The Web as a Parallel Corpus, Computational Linguistics, vol.15, issue.4, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x

R. P. Roberts and C. Montgomery, The Use of Corpora in Bilingual Lexicography, 1996.

M. Rossignol and P. Sébillot, Extraction statistique sur corpus de classes de mots-clés thématiques, TAL, vol.44, issue.3, pp.217-246, 2003.

P. Rosso, M. Montes, D. Buscaldi, A. Pancardo, and A. Villaseñor, Two Webbased approaches for oun Sense Disambiguation, Int. Conf. on Comput. Linguistics and Intelligent Text LNCS, issue.3406, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-30586-6_30

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.81.9099

M. Rundell and . Ed, Macmillan English Dictionary for Advanced Learners, 2002.

V. Rus and S. Ravi, Towards a base noun phrase parser using web, Journal of Computing Sciences in Colleges, vol.21, issue.5, pp.162-169, 2006.

V. Sadler, Translating with a simulated bilingual knowledge bank, 1989.

G. Salton, Automatic Information Organisation and Retrieval, 1968.

C. Santamaría, J. Gonzalo, and F. Verdejo, Automatic Association of Web Directories with Word Senses, Computational Linguistics, vol.200, issue.3, pp.485-502, 2003.
DOI : 10.1162/089120103322711613

S. Sato and M. Nagao, Toward memory-based translation, Proceedings of the 13th conference on Computational linguistics -, 1990.
DOI : 10.3115/991146.991190

URL : http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/C/C90/C90-3044.pdf

S. Sato and Y. Sasaki, Automatic collection of related terms from the web, Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , ACL '03, 2003.
DOI : 10.3115/1075178.1075196

F. Saussure, Cours de Linguistique générale, 1916.

H. Schütze, Automatic word sense discrimination, Computational Linguistics, vol.24, issue.1, pp.97-124, 1998.

S. Schwab, M. Lafourcade, and V. Prince, Hypothèses pour la construction et l'exploitation conjointer d'une base lexicale sémantique basée sur les vecteurs conceptuels, 2004.

P. Sébillot and R. Pichon, Acquisition automatique d'informations lexicales à partir de corpus : un bilan, 1997.

P. Séguéla, Construction de modèles de connaissances par analyse linguistique de relations lexicales dans les documents techniques, 2001.

V. Seretan, L. Nerima, and E. Wehrli, Using the Web as a Corpus for the Syntactic- Based Collocation Identification, International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation, 2004.

S. Sharoff and . Ed, Creating general-purpose corpora using automated search engine queries. Wacky! Working papers on the Web as Corpus, 2006.

M. Simard, G. Foster, and P. Isabelle, Using cognates to align sentences in bilingual corpora, Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation (TMI), 1992.

J. Sinclair and . Ed, Looking up: An account of the COBUILD project in lexical computing, 1987.

J. Sinclair and . Ed, Collocation : A Progress Report. Language Topics, Essays in Honour of Michael Halliday, 1987.

J. Sinclair, Preliminary recommandations on corpus typology, 1996.

F. Smadja and K. Mckeown, Using collocations for language generation, Computational Intelligence, vol.4, issue.3, pp.229-239, 1991.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-8640.1991.tb00397.x

F. Smadja, K. Mckeown, and V. Hatzivassiloglou, Translating Collocations for Bilingual Lexicons: A Statistical Approach, Computational Linguistics, vol.22, issue.1, pp.1-38, 1996.

J. Smarr and T. Grow, GoogleLing: The Web as a Linguistic Corpus, 2002.

J. D. Sta, Comportement statistique des termes et acquisition terminologique à partir de corpus, Revue TAL, Traitements probabilistes et corpus, vol.36, issue.12, pp.119-132, 1995.

E. Sumita, H. Iida, and H. Kohyama, Translating with examples : a new approach to machine translation, Actes de International Conference on Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Machine Translation of Natural Languages (TMI'90), 1990.

L. L. Tanguy, Traitement automatique de la langue naturelle et interprétation : contribution à l'élaboration informatique d'un modèle de la sémantique interprétative Isotopies sémantiques pour la vérification de traduction, Thèse de doctorat, 1997.

E. Terra and L. A. Clarke, Frequency estimates for statistical word similarity measures, Proceedings of the 2003 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Human Language Technology , NAACL '03, 2003.
DOI : 10.3115/1073445.1073477

URL : http://acl.ldc.upenn.edu/N/N03/N03-1032.pdf

P. Thoiron and H. Béjoint, Pour un index ??volutif et cumulatif de cooccurrents en langue techno-scientifique sectorielle, Meta: Journal des traducteurs, vol.34, issue.4, pp.661-671, 1989.
DOI : 10.7202/004488ar

M. K. Tonoike and T. Utsuro, Effect of domain-specific corpus in compositional translation estimation for technical terms, 2005.

P. Turney and M. Littman, Measuring praise and criticism, ACM Transactions on Information Systems, vol.21, issue.4, 2003.
DOI : 10.1145/944012.944013

P. Turney, Word Sense Disambiguation by Web Mining for Word Co-occurrence Probabilities, Proc. SENSEVAL-3, 2004.

P. D. Turney, Mining the Web for Synonyms: PMI-IR versus LSA on TOEFL, Twelfth European Conference on Machine Learning Berlin, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-44795-4_42

A. Tutin and F. Grossmann, Collocations régulières et irrégulières : esquisse de typologie du phénomène collocatif Revue française de linguistique appliquée, Lexique : recherches actuelles VII, pp.7-25, 2002.

E. Ueyama, Creation of general-purpose Japanese Web corpora with different search engine query strategies. WaCky! Working papers on the Web as corpus, 2006.

P. Van-der-eijk, Automating the acquisition of bilingual terminology, Proceedings of the sixth conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1993.
DOI : 10.3115/976744.976759

V. Vandeghinste, Resolving PP Attachment Ambiuguities Using the WWW. CLIN2002 Abstracts, 2002.

S. Verlinde, T. Selva, and J. Binon, Les collocations dans les dictionnaires d'apprentissage : repérage, présentation et accès, dans Les collocations : analyse et traitement. Travaux et recherches en linguistique appliquée, 2003.

J. Véronis and . Ed, Parallel Text Processing: Alignment and Use of Translation Corpora, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-2535-4

J. Véronis and . Ed, Annotation automatique de corpus : panorama et état de la technique, 2000.

J. Véronis, Cartographie lexicale pour la recherche d'information, Actes de la Conférence Traitement Automatique des Langues (TALN'2003), 2003.

J. Véronis, HyperLex: lexical cartography for information retrieval, Computer Speech & Language, vol.18, issue.3, pp.223-252, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.csl.2004.05.002

M. Volk, Scaling up. Using the WWW to resolve PP attachment ambiguities, 2000.

M. Volk, Exploiting the www as a corpus to resolve pp attachment ambiguities. Corpus Linguistics, 2001.

M. Volk, Using the web as a corpus for linguistic research Catcher of the Meaning. A festschrift for, 2002.

W. W. Weaver, . Locke, A. Booth, and . Donald, Translation. Machine Translation of Languages, Fourteen Essays, pp.15-23, 1949.

N. W. Wehmeir, Using web search for machine translation, 2004.

E. Wehrli, Traduction, traduction de mots, traduction de phrases, 2004.

Y. A. Wilks and . Ed, Preference Semantics. The Formal Semantics of Natural Language, 1975.

G. Williams, Les réseaux collocationnels dans la construction et l'exploitation d'un corpus dans le cadre d'une communauté de discours scientifique, 1999.

G. Williams, Sur les caractéristiques de la collocation, 2001.

D. Wu and . Ed, Bracketing and aligning words and constituents in parallel text using stochastic inversion transduction grammars. Parallel Text Processing, 2000.

J. Wu and J. S. Chang, Learning to find English to Chinese Transliterations on the Web, Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning, 2007.

E. Wüster and . Ed, L'étude scientifique générale de la terminologie, zone frontalière entre la linguistique, la logique, l'ontologie, l'informatique et les sciences des choses. Textes choisis de terminologie. I. Fondements théoriques de la terminologie, 1981.

J. L. Xu, Multilingual search on the World Wide Web, Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Science (HICSS-33), 2000.

C. Yang and K. W. Li, Automatic construction of English/Chinese parallel corpora, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, vol.44, issue.8, pp.730-742, 2003.
DOI : 10.1002/asi.10261

D. Yarowsky, One sense per collocation, Proceedings of the workshop on Human Language Technology , HLT '93, 1993.
DOI : 10.3115/1075671.1075731

Y. Zhang and P. Vines, Detection and translation of OOV terms prior to query time, Proceedings of the 27th annual international conference on Research and development in information retrieval , SIGIR '04, 2004.
DOI : 10.1145/1008992.1009102

Y. Zhang and P. Vines, Mining translations of OOV terms from the web through crosslingual query expansion, Proceedings of the 28th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval, 2005.

K. Zuraw, Using the web as a phonological corpus, Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Web as Corpus, WAC '06, 2006.
DOI : 10.3115/1628297.1628306