. Causalité-entre-le-comportement-du-groupe-de-référence-et-celui-de-l, individu dépend des hypothèses concernant d'une part les méthodes économétriques mises en oeuvre et, d'autre part le choix et la construction des groupes de référence. L'approche des comportements sur des panels réels et plus longs permettrait de distinguer sans hypothèse d'échantillonnage les di¤érents e¤ets, ce qui n'est pas aisé sur des données de pseudo-panel en deux vagues. Les e¤ets associés à des petits groupes d'individus, comme un groupe d'amis, se révèlent particulièrement intéressants en termes d'interactions sociales dans la mesure où il n'y a pas de doute sur le fait que ces individus communiquent entre eux, Cependant, la formation de ces groupes repose largement sur un processus de sélection à identi?er et à intégrer dans la modélisation

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