B. Alberts, A. Johnson, J. Lewis, M. Raff, K. Roberts et al., Molecular biology of the cell. Garland Science, 2002.

F. J. Almgren and J. E. Taylor, The Geometry of Soap Films and Soap Bubbles, Scientific American, vol.235, issue.1, pp.82-93, 1976.
DOI : 10.1038/scientificamerican0776-82

M. Asipauskas, M. Aubouy, J. A. Glazier, F. Graner, and Y. Jiang, A texture tensor to quantify deformations: the example of two-dimensional flowing foams, Granular Matter, vol.5, issue.2, pp.71-74, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s10035-003-0127-9

M. Aubouy, Y. Jiang, J. A. Glazier, and F. Graner, A texture tensor to quantify deformations, Granular Matter, vol.5, issue.2, pp.67-70, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s10035-003-0126-x

B. Audren, ´ Etude de la plasticité et de la viscoélasticité d'agrégats cellulaires, 2008.

F. P. Baaijens, W. R. Trickey, T. A. Laursen, and F. Guilak, Large Deformation Finite Element Analysis of Micropipette Aspiration to Determine the Mechanical Properties of the Chondrocyte, Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol.32, issue.3, pp.494-501, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s10439-005-2506-3

M. Balland, A. Richert, and F. Gallet, The dissipative contribution of myosin II in the cytoskeleton dynamics of myoblasts, European Biophysics Journal, vol.78, issue.198101, pp.255-261, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00249-004-0447-7

S. Bao and R. Cagan, Preferential Adhesion Mediated by Hibris and Roughest Regulates Morphogenesis and Patterning in the Drosophila Eye, Developmental Cell, vol.8, issue.6, pp.925-935, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.03.011

R. Bar-ziv, T. Tlusty, E. Moses, S. A. Safran, and A. Bershadsky, Pearling in cells: A clue to understanding cell shape, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.96, issue.18, pp.9610140-10145, 1999.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.96.18.10140

A. L. Bauer, T. L. Jackson, and Y. Jiang, A Cell-Based Model Exhibiting Branching and Anastomosis during Tumor-Induced Angiogenesis, Biophysical Journal, vol.92, issue.9, pp.3105-3121, 2007.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.106.101501

G. I. Bell, Models for the specific adhesion of cells to cells, Science, vol.200, issue.4342, pp.618-627, 1978.
DOI : 10.1126/science.347575

G. I. Bell, M. Dembo, and P. Bongrand, Cell adhesion. Competition between nonspecific repulsion and specific bonding, Biophysical Journal, vol.45, issue.6, pp.1051-1064, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(84)84252-6

J. B. Beltman, A. F. Marée, D. Boer, and R. J. , Spatial modelling of brief and long interactions between T cells and dendritic cells, Immunology and Cell Biology, vol.166, issue.4, pp.306-314, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.immuni.2004.08.006

C. Bertet, L. Sulak, and T. Lecuit, Myosin-dependent junction remodelling controls planar cell intercalation and axis elongation, Nature, vol.121, issue.6992, pp.429667-671, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S1084-9521(02)00042-3
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00311086

D. A. Beysens, G. Forgacs, and J. A. Glazier, Cell sorting is analogous to phase ordering in fluids, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.97, issue.17, pp.979467-9471, 2000.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.97.17.9467

J. T. Blankenship, S. T. Backovic, J. S. Sanny, O. Weitz, and J. A. And-zallen, Multicellular Rosette Formation Links Planar??Cell??Polarity to Tissue Morphogenesis, Developmental Cell, vol.11, issue.4, pp.459-470, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.devcel.2006.09.007

C. B. Brachmann and R. L. Cagan, Patterning the fly eye: the role of apoptosis, Trends in Genetics, vol.19, issue.2, pp.91-96, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-9525(02)00041-0

K. Brakke, The Surface Evolver, Experimental Mathematics, vol.11, issue.2, pp.141-165, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/1970949

C. P. Brangwynne, F. C. Mackintosh, S. Kumar, N. A. Geisse, J. Talbot et al., Microtubules can bear enhanced compressive loads in living cells because of lateral reinforcement, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.104, issue.5, pp.733-741, 2006.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.139.2.417

J. Brevier, Croissance de contacts cellulaires, 2006.

G. W. Brodland and H. H. Chen, The Mechanics of Heterotypic Cell Aggregates: Insights From Computer Simulations, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.122, issue.4, pp.402-407, 2000.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1288205

K. E. Brown, A. Baonza, and M. Freeman, Epithelial cell adhesion in the developing Drosophila retina is regulated by Atonal and the EGF receptor pathway, Developmental Biology, vol.300, issue.2, p.0, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.003

K. E. Brown and M. Freeman, Egfr signalling defines a protective function for ommatidial orientation in the Drosophila eye, Development, vol.130, issue.22, pp.1305401-5412, 2003.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.00773

R. L. Cagan and D. F. Ready, The emergence of order in the Drosophila pupal retina, Developmental Biology, vol.136, issue.2, pp.346-362, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-1606(89)90261-3

R. W. Carthew, Adhesion proteins and the control of cell shape, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, vol.15, issue.4, pp.358-363, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.gde.2005.06.002

M. Cavey, M. Rauzi, P. F. Lenne, and T. Lecuit, A two-tiered mechanism for stabilization and immobilization of E-cadherin, Nature, vol.200, issue.7196, pp.453751-756, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/nature06953
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00345912

E. J. Chichilnisky, A mathematical model of pattern formation, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.123, issue.1, pp.81-101, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5193(86)80237-5

A. K. Classen, K. I. Anderson, E. Marois, and S. Eaton, Hexagonal Packing of Drosophila Wing Epithelial Cells by the Planar Cell Polarity Pathway, Developmental Cell, vol.9, issue.6, pp.805-817, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.devcel.2005.10.016

S. Cox, F. Graner, and M. F. Vaz, Screening in dry two-dimensional foams, Soft Matter, vol.74, issue.9, pp.1871-1878, 2008.
DOI : 10.1039/b802792g

D. Cuvelier, M. Théry, Y. S. Chu, S. Dufour, J. P. Thiéry et al., The Universal Dynamics of Cell Spreading, Current Biology, vol.17, issue.8, pp.17694-699, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.058

J. Dai and M. P. Sheetz, Membrane Tether Formation from Blebbing Cells, Biophysical Journal, vol.77, issue.6, pp.3363-3370, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77168-7
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(99)77168-7

J. Dai, M. P. Sheetz, X. Wan, M. , and C. E. , Membrane tension in swelling and shrinking molluscan neurons, J. Neurosci, vol.18, issue.17, pp.6681-6692, 1998.

R. M. De-almeida and J. R. Iglesias, Equilibrium states of 2D cellular structures, Physics Letters A, vol.138, issue.6-7, pp.6-7253, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0375-9601(89)90273-9

N. Desprat, W. Supatto, P. A. Pouille, E. Beaurepaire, and E. Farge, Tissue Deformation Modulates Twist Expression to Determine Anterior Midgut Differentiation in Drosophila Embryos, Developmental Cell, vol.15, issue.3, pp.15470-477, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.devcel.2008.07.009
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00324225

G. J. Doherty and H. T. Mcmahon, Mediation, Modulation, and Consequences of Membrane-Cytoskeleton Interactions, Annual Review of Biophysics, vol.37, issue.1, pp.65-95, 2008.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.biophys.37.032807.125912

B. Dollet, M. Aubouy, and F. Graner, Anti-Inertial Lift in Foams: A Signature of the Elasticity of Complex Fluids, Physical Review Letters, vol.95, issue.16, p.95168303, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.168303

D. Duguay, R. A. Foty, and M. S. Steinberg, Cadherin-mediated cell adhesion and tissue segregation: qualitative and quantitative determinants, Developmental Biology, vol.253, issue.2, pp.309-323, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0012-1606(02)00016-7

E. A. Evans, Detailed mechanics of membrane-membrane adhesion and separation. I. Continuum of molecular cross-bridges, Biophysical Journal, vol.48, issue.1, pp.175-183, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(85)83770-X

E. A. Evans, Detailed mechanics of membrane-membrane adhesion and separation. II. Discrete kinetically trapped molecular cross-bridges, Biophysical Journal, vol.48, issue.1, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(85)83771-1

E. A. Evans and D. A. Calderwood, Forces and Bond Dynamics in Cell Adhesion, Science, vol.316, issue.5828, pp.3161148-1153, 2007.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1137592

E. A. Evans and R. Waugh, Osmotic correction to elastic area compressibility measurements on red cell membrane, Biophysical Journal, vol.20, issue.3, pp.307-313, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(77)85551-3

H. Eyring, The Activated Complex in Chemical Reactions, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.3, issue.2, pp.107-115, 1935.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1749604

R. Farhadifar, J. C. Röper, B. Aigouy, S. Eaton, and F. Jülicher, The Influence of Cell Mechanics, Cell-Cell Interactions, and Proliferation on Epithelial Packing, Current Biology, vol.17, issue.24, pp.172095-2104, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2007.11.049

G. Forgacs, R. A. Foty, Y. Shafrir, and M. S. Steinberg, Viscoelastic Properties of Living Embryonic Tissues: a Quantitative Study, Biophysical Journal, vol.74, issue.5, pp.2227-2234, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(98)77932-9

R. A. Foty, G. Forgacs, C. M. Pfleger, and M. S. Steinberg, Liquid properties of embryonic tissues: Measurement of interfacial tensions, Physical Review Letters, vol.72, issue.14, pp.722298-2301, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.2298

R. A. Foty, C. M. Pfleger, G. Forgacs, and M. S. Steinberg, Surface tensions of embryonic tissues predict their mutual envelopment behavior, Development, vol.122, issue.5, pp.1611-1620, 1996.

R. A. Foty and M. S. Steinberg, The differential adhesion hypothesis: a direct evaluation, Developmental Biology, vol.278, issue.1, pp.255-263, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.11.012

T. Frisch and O. Thoumine, Predicting the kinetics of cell spreading, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.35, issue.8, pp.1137-1141, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(02)00075-1

J. Gates and M. Peifer, Can 1000 Reviews Be Wrong? Actin, ??-Catenin, and Adherens Junctions, Cell, vol.123, issue.5, pp.769-772, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.009
URL : http://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2005.11.009

E. R. Geisbrecht and D. J. Montell, Myosin VI is required for Ecadherin-mediated border cell migration, Nat. Cell Biol, vol.4, issue.8, pp.616-620, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/ncb830

J. A. Glazier, M. P. Anderson, and G. S. Grest, Coarsening in the 2-dimensional soap froth and the large-Q Potts-model -a detailed comparison, Philos. Mag. B-Phys. Condens. Matter Stat. Mech. Electron. Opt. Magn. Prop, vol.62, issue.6, pp.615-645, 1990.

J. A. Glazier and F. Graner, Simulation of the differential adhesion driven rearrangement of biological cells, Physical Review E, vol.47, issue.3, pp.472128-2154, 1993.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.47.2128

F. Graner, Can Surface Adhesion Drive Cell-rearrangement? Part I: Biological Cell-sorting, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.164, issue.4, pp.455-476, 1993.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1993.1167

F. Graner, B. Dollet, C. Raufaste, and P. Marmottant, Discrete rearranging disordered patterns, part I: Robust statistical tools in two or three dimensions, The European Physical Journal E, vol.35, issue.4, pp.349-369, 2008.
DOI : 10.1140/epje/i2007-10298-8
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00160733

F. Graner and J. A. Glazier, Simulation of biological cell sorting using a two-dimensional extended Potts model, Physical Review Letters, vol.69, issue.13, pp.2013-2016, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.2013

F. Graner, Y. Jiang, E. Janiaud, and C. Flament, Equilibrium states and ground state of two-dimensional fluid foams, Physical Review E, vol.63, issue.1, p.11402, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.63.011402

F. Graner and Y. Sawada, Can Surface Adhesion Drive Cell Rearrangement? Part II: A Geometrical Model, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.164, issue.4, pp.477-506, 1993.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1993.1168

F. Guilak, G. R. Erickson, and H. P. Ting-beall, The Effects of Osmotic Stress on the Viscoelastic and Physical Properties of Articular Chondrocytes, Biophysical Journal, vol.82, issue.2, pp.720-727, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75434-9

B. M. Gumbiner, Regulation of cadherin-mediated adhesion in morphogenesis, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.212, issue.8, pp.622-634, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1079441

J. M. Halbleib and W. J. Nelson, Cadherins in development: cell adhesion, sorting, and tissue morphogenesis, Genes & Development, vol.20, issue.23, pp.3199-3214, 2006.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.1486806

A. K. Harris, Is cell sorting caused by differences in the work of intercellular adhesion? A critique of the steinberg hypothesis, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.61, issue.2, pp.267-285, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5193(76)90019-9

T. Hayashi and R. W. Carthew, Surface mechanics mediate pattern formation in the developing retina, Nature, vol.127, issue.7009, pp.431647-652, 2004.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.1999.9494

T. Hayashi, T. Kojima, and K. Saigo, Specification of Primary Pigment Cell and Outer Photoreceptor Fates byBarH1Homeobox Gene in the DevelopingDrosophilaEye, Developmental Biology, vol.200, issue.2, pp.131-145, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.1998.8959

J. Heasman, Morpholino Oligos: Making Sense of Antisense?, Developmental Biology, vol.243, issue.2, pp.209-214, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.2001.0565

S. Hilgenfeldt, S. Erisken, C. , and R. W. , Physical modeling of cell geometric order in an epithelial tissue, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.105, issue.3, pp.907-911, 2008.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0711077105

R. Höhler and S. Cohen-addad, Rheology of liquid foam, J. Phys.- Condes. Matter, issue.41, pp.17-1041, 2005.

E. A. Holm, J. A. Glazier, D. J. Srolovitz, and G. S. Grest, Effects of lattice anisotropy and temperature on domain growth in the two-dimensional Potts model, Physical Review A, vol.43, issue.6, pp.432662-2668, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.43.2662

J. Israelachvili, Intermolecular & Surface Forces, 1991.

K. Jakab, B. Damon, F. Marga, O. Doaga, V. Mironov et al., Relating cell and tissue mechanics: Implications and applications, Developmental Dynamics, vol.120, issue.9, pp.2438-2449, 2008.
DOI : 10.1002/dvdy.21684

P. A. Janmey, Mechanical properties of cytoskeletal polymers, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.3, issue.1, pp.4-11, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0955-0674(91)90159-V

P. A. Janmey, U. Euteneuer, P. Traub, and M. Schliwa, Viscoelastic properties of vimentin compared with other filamentous biopolymer networks, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.113, issue.1, pp.155-160, 1991.
DOI : 10.1083/jcb.113.1.155

P. A. Janmey and C. A. Mcculloch, Cell Mechanics: Integrating Cell Responses to Mechanical Stimuli, Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, vol.9, issue.1, pp.1-34, 2007.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.9.060906.151927

Y. Jiang, P. J. Swart, A. Saxena, M. Asipauskas, and J. A. Glazier, Hysteresis and avalanches in two-dimensional foam rheology simulations, Physical Review E, vol.59, issue.5, pp.595819-5832, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.59.5819

J. Käfer, P. Hogeweg, and A. F. Marée, Moving Forward Moving Backward: Directional Sorting of Chemotactic Cells due to Size and Adhesion Differences, PLoS Computational Biology, vol.274, issue.6, p.56, 2006.
DOI : 10.1371/journal.pcbi.0020056.sv008

R. Keller, Shaping the Vertebrate Body Plan by Polarized Embryonic Cell Movements, Science, vol.298, issue.5600, pp.1950-1954, 2002.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1079478

M. Koppen, B. G. Fernandez, L. Carvalho, A. Jacinto, and C. P. Heisenberg, Coordinated cell-shape changes control epithelial movement in zebrafish and Drosophila, Development, vol.133, issue.14, pp.1332671-2681, 2006.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.02439

E. M. Kovacs and A. S. Yap, Cell???Cell Contact: Cooperating Clusters of Actin and Cadherin, Current Biology, vol.18, issue.15, pp.667-669, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.024

D. E. Larson, Z. Liberman, and R. L. Cagan, Cellular behavior in the developing Drosophila pupal retina, Mechanisms of Development, vol.125, issue.3-4, pp.3-4223, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mod.2007.11.007

D. Leckband and A. Prakasam, MECHANISM AND DYNAMICS OF CADHERIN ADHESION, Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, vol.8, issue.1, pp.259-287, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.8.061505.095753

T. Lecuit, Adhesion remodeling underlying tissue morphogenesis, Trends in Cell Biology, vol.15, issue.1, pp.34-42, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tcb.2004.11.007
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00118783

T. Lecuit, ???Developmental mechanics???: Cellular patterns controlled by adhesion, cortical tension and cell division, HFSP Journal, vol.2, issue.2, p.44, 2008.
DOI : 10.2976/1.2896332

T. Lecuit and P. F. Lenne, Cell surface mechanics and the control of cell shape, tissue patterns and morphogenesis, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, vol.132, issue.8, pp.633-644, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nrm2222
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00165487

G. Lenormand, S. Henon, A. Richert, J. Simeon, and F. Gallet, Direct Measurement of the Area Expansion and Shear Moduli of the Human Red Blood Cell Membrane Skeleton, Biophysical Journal, vol.81, issue.1, pp.43-56, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(01)75678-0

A. F. Marée, A. Jilkine, A. Dawes, V. A. Grieneisen, and L. Edelstein-keshet, Polarization and Movement of Keratocytes: A Multiscale Modelling Approach, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, vol.149, issue.4, pp.1169-1211, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s11538-006-9131-7

A. F. Marée, V. A. Grieneisen, and P. Hogeweg, The Cellular Potts Model and Biophysical Properties of Cells, Tissues and Morphogenesis, Single Cell Based Models in Biology and Medicine, pp.107-136, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-7643-8123-3_5

A. F. Marée and P. Hogeweg, How amoeboids self-organize into a fruiting body: Multicellular coordination in Dictyostelium discoideum, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.7, pp.983879-3883, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.061535198

A. F. Marée and P. Hogeweg, Modelling Dictyostelium discoideum Morphogenesis: the Culmination, Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, vol.64, issue.2, pp.327-353, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/bulm.2001.0277

A. F. Marée, A. V. Panfilov, and P. Hogeweg, Migration and Thermotaxis of Dictyostelium discoideum Slugs, a Model Study, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.199, issue.3, pp.297-309, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1999.0958

A. F. Marée, A. V. Panfilov, and P. Hogeweg, Phototaxis during the slug stage of Dictyostelium discoideum: a model study, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.266, issue.1426, pp.2661351-1360, 1426.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1999.0787

P. Marmottant and F. Graner, An elastic, plastic, viscous model for slow shear of a liquid foam, The European Physical Journal E, vol.310, issue.4, pp.337-347, 2007.
DOI : 10.1140/epje/i2006-10193-x
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00104965

P. Marmottant, C. Raufaste, and F. Graner, Discrete rearranging disordered patterns, part II: 2D plasticity, elasticity and flow of a foam, The European Physical Journal E, vol.75, issue.4, pp.371-384, 2008.
DOI : 10.1140/epje/i2007-10300-7
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00092006

B. Maurin, P. Canadas, H. Baudriller, P. Montcourrier, and N. Bettache, Mechanical model of cytoskeleton structuration during cell adhesion and spreading, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.41, issue.9, pp.412036-2041, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2008.03.011
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00665316

M. `-ege, R. M. Gavard, J. Lambert, and M. , Regulation of cell-cell junctions by the cytoskeleton, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol, vol.18, issue.5, pp.541-548, 2006.

C. Melani, M. Campana, B. Lombardot, B. Rizzi, F. Veronesi et al., Cells tracking in a live zebrafish embryo, 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp.1631-1634, 2007.
DOI : 10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4352619
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00275367

R. Merkel, P. Nassoy, A. Leung, K. Ritchie, and E. Evans, Energy landscapes of receptor???ligand bonds explored with dynamic force spectroscopy, Nature, vol.394, issue.6714, pp.39750-53, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/16219

I. Mirkovic and M. Mlodzik, Cooperative activities of Drosophila DE-Cadherin and DN-Cadherin regulate the cell motility process of ommatidial rotation, Development, vol.133, issue.17, pp.1333283-3293, 2006.
DOI : 10.1242/dev.02468

J. C. Mombach and J. A. Glazier, Single Cell Motion in Aggregates of Embryonic Cells, Physical Review Letters, vol.76, issue.16, pp.3032-3035, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.3032

J. C. Mombach, J. A. Glazier, R. C. Raphael, and M. Zajac, Quantitative Comparison between Differential Adhesion Models and Cell Sorting in the Presence and Absence of Fluctuations, Physical Review Letters, vol.75, issue.11, pp.752244-2247, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.2244

J. C. Mombach, D. Robert, F. Graner, G. Gillet, G. L. Thomas et al., Rounding of aggregates of biological cells: Experiments and simulations, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol.352, issue.2-4, pp.2-4525, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.physa.2005.02.008
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00003348

J. A. Montero and C. P. Heisenberg, Gastrulation dynamics: cells move into focus, Trends in Cell Biology, vol.14, issue.11, pp.620-627, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tcb.2004.09.008

C. E. Morris and U. Homann, Cell Surface Area Regulation and Membrane Tension, The Journal of Membrane Biology, vol.179, issue.2, pp.79-102, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s002320010040

P. Niewiadomska, D. Godt, and U. Tepass, Oogenesis, The Journal of Cell Biology, vol.11, issue.3, pp.533-547, 1999.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.7.1.29

H. Ninomiya and R. Winklbauer, Epithelial coating controls mesenchymal shape change through tissue-positioning effects and reduction of surface-minimizing tension, Nature Cell Biology, vol.111, issue.1, pp.61-69, 2008.
DOI : 10.1038/ncb1669

C. Norotte, F. Marga, A. Neagu, I. Kosztin, and G. Forgacs, Experimental evaluation of apparent tissue surface tension based on the exact solution of the Laplace equation, EPL (Europhysics Letters), vol.81, issue.4, pp.163-165, 2008.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/81/46003

N. B. Ouchi, J. A. Glazier, J. P. Rieu, A. Upadhyaya, and Y. Sawada, Improving the realism of the cellular Potts model in simulations of biological cells, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol.329, issue.3-4, pp.3-4451, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-4371(03)00574-0

E. Paluch, M. Piel, J. Prost, M. Bornens, and C. Sykes, Cortical Actomyosin Breakage Triggers Shape Oscillations in Cells and Cell Fragments, Biophysical Journal, vol.89, issue.1, pp.724-733, 2005.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.105.060590

E. A. Peeters, C. W. Oomens, C. V. Bouten, D. L. Bader, and F. P. Baaijens, Viscoelastic Properties of Single Attached Cells Under Compression, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.127, issue.2, pp.237-243, 2005.
DOI : 10.1115/1.1865198

T. D. Perez, W. J. Nelson, S. G. Boxer, K. , and L. , E-Cadherin Tethered to Micropatterned Supported Lipid Bilayers as a Model for Cell Adhesion, Langmuir, vol.21, issue.25, pp.11963-11968, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/la052264a

G. Pezeron, P. Mourrain, S. Courty, J. Ghislain, T. S. Becker et al., Live Analysis of Endodermal Layer Formation Identifies Random Walk as a Novel Gastrulation Movement, Current Biology, vol.18, issue.4, pp.276-281, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2008.01.028
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inserm-00204690

H. M. Phillips and M. S. Steinberg, Embryonic tissues as elasticoviscous liquids. I. Rapid and slow shape changes in centrifuged cell aggregates, J. Cell Sci, vol.30, pp.1-20, 1978.

H. M. Phillips, M. S. Steinberg, and B. H. Lipton, Embryonic tissues as elasticoviscous liquids, Developmental Biology, vol.59, issue.2, pp.124-134, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0012-1606(77)90247-0

F. Pilot and T. Lecuit, Compartmentalized morphogenesis in epithelia: From cell to tissue shape, Developmental Dynamics, vol.6, issue.3, pp.685-694, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/dvdy.20334
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00117448

F. Pilot, J. M. Philippe, C. Lemmers, and T. Lecuit, Spatial control of actin organization at adherens junctions by a synaptotagminlike protein Btsz, Nature, issue.7102, pp.442580-584, 2006.

J. Plateau, Statique expérimentale et théorique des liquides soumis aux seules forces moléculaires, 1873.

K. R. Popper, On the sources of knowledge and ignorance, Proceedings of the British Academy Des sources de la connaissance et de l'ignorance " by Rivages, translation M.-I. and M.B. de Launay, 1960.

P. H. Puech, A. Taubenberger, F. Ulrich, M. Krieg, D. J. Muller et al., Measuring cell adhesion forces of primary gastrulating cells from zebrafish using atomic force microscopy, Journal of Cell Science, vol.118, issue.18, pp.1184199-4206, 2005.
DOI : 10.1242/jcs.02547

C. Quilliet, A. Talebi, S. Rabaud, D. Käfer, J. Cox et al., Topological and geometrical disorders correlate robustly in two-dimensional foams, Philosophical Magazine Letters, vol.1, issue.9-10, pp.651-660, 2008.
DOI : 10.1080/13642819308215284

S. Quintin, C. Gally, and M. Labouesse, Epithelial morphogenesis in embryos: asymmetries, motors and brakes, Trends in Genetics, vol.24, issue.5, pp.221-230, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tig.2008.02.005
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00283118

W. Rasband, ImageJ 1.34s, 2005.

D. Raucher and M. P. Sheetz, Characteristics of a Membrane Reservoir Buffering Membrane Tension, Biophysical Journal, vol.77, issue.4, pp.1992-2002, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77040-2

C. Raufaste, Rhéologie et imagerie desécoulementsdesécoulements 2D de mousse, 2007.

C. Raufaste, B. Dollet, S. Cox, Y. Jiang, and F. Graner, Yield drag in a two-dimensional foam flow around a circular obstacle: Effect of liquid fraction, The European Physical Journal E, vol.73, issue.2, pp.217-228, 2007.
DOI : 10.1140/epje/i2006-10178-9
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00090531

M. Rauzi, P. Verant, T. Lecuit, and P. Lenne, Nature and anisotropy of cortical forces orienting Drosophila tissue morphogenesis, Nature Cell Biology, vol.420, issue.12, 2008.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.105.071506
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00428938

J. P. Rieu, A. Upadhyaya, J. A. Glazier, N. B. Ouchi, and Y. Sawada, Diffusion and Deformations of Single Hydra Cells in Cellular Aggregates, Biophysical Journal, vol.79, issue.4, pp.1903-1914, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76440-X

M. E. Rosa and M. A. Fortes, Uniaxial deformation tests of aqueous foams: rate effects and topological changes, Philosophical Magazine, vol.11, issue.32, pp.4997-5007, 2006.
DOI : 10.1140/epje/i2004-10055-7
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00513704

M. J. Rosenbluth, W. A. Lam, F. , and D. A. , Force Microscopy of Nonadherent Cells: A Comparison of Leukemia Cell Deformability, Biophysical Journal, vol.90, issue.8, pp.902994-3003, 2006.
DOI : 10.1529/biophysj.105.067496

S. A. Sandersius and T. J. Newman, Modeling cell rheology with the Subcellular Element Model, Physical Biology, vol.5, issue.1, p.15002, 2008.
DOI : 10.1088/1478-3975/5/1/015002

M. Sato-maeda, M. Uchida, F. Graner, and H. Tashiro, Quantitative Evaluation of Tissue-Specific Cell Adhesion at the Level of a Single Cell Pair, Developmental Biology, vol.162, issue.1, pp.77-84, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/dbio.1994.1068

N. J. Savill and P. Hogeweg, Modelling Morphogenesis: From Single Cells to Crawling Slugs, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.184, issue.3, pp.229-235, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/jtbi.1996.0237

F. Schock and N. Perrimon, Molecular Mechanisms of Epithelial Morphogenesis, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, vol.18, issue.1, pp.463-493, 2002.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.18.022602.131838

E. M. Schötz, R. D. Burdine, F. Jülicher, M. S. Steinberg, C. P. Heisenberg et al., Quantitative differences in tissue surface tension influence zebrafish germ layer positioning, HFSP Journal, vol.2, issue.1, pp.42-56, 2008.
DOI : 10.2976/1.2834817

M. P. Sheetz and J. Dai, Modulation of membrane dynamics and cell motility by membrane tension, Trends in Cell Biology, vol.6, issue.3, pp.85-89, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0962-8924(96)80993-7

M. P. Sheetz, J. E. Sable, and H. G. Dobereiner, CONTINUOUS MEMBRANE-CYTOSKELETON ADHESION REQUIRES CONTINUOUS ACCOMMODATION TO LIPID AND CYTOSKELETON DYNAMICS, Annual Review of Biophysics and Biomolecular Structure, vol.35, issue.1, pp.417-434, 2006.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.biophys.35.040405.102017

Q. Shi, Y. H. Chien, L. , and D. , Biophysical Properties of Cadherin Bonds Do Not Predict Cell Sorting, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.283, issue.42, 2008.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M802563200

L. Solnica-krezel, Conserved Patterns of Cell Movements during Vertebrate Gastrulation, Current Biology, vol.15, issue.6, pp.213-228, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2005.03.016

D. Stamenovic and D. E. Ingber, Models of cytoskeletal mechanics of adherent cells, Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology, vol.1, issue.1, pp.95-108, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s10237-002-0009-9

J. Starruss, T. Bley, L. Sogaard-andersen, and A. Deutsch, A New Mechanism for Collective Migration in Myxococcus xanthus, Journal of Statistical Physics, vol.7, issue.1-2, pp.269-286, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s10955-007-9298-9

M. B. Stein and R. Gordon, Epithelia as bubble rafts: A new method for analysis of cell shape and intercellular adhesion in embryonic and other epithelia, Journal of Theoretical Biology, vol.97, issue.4, pp.625-639, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-5193(82)90363-0

M. S. Steinberg, Reconstruction of Tissues by Dissociated Cells, Science, vol.141, issue.3579, pp.401-408, 1963.
DOI : 10.1126/science.141.3579.401

Q. Sun, The mechanism of pattern formation in the developing drosophila retina, Science in China Series C: Life Sciences, vol.15, issue.1, pp.120-124, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/s11427-007-0004-6

J. Taylor and P. N. Adler, Cell rearrangement and cell division during the tissue level morphogenesis of evaginating Drosophila imaginal discs, Developmental Biology, vol.313, issue.2, pp.739-751, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.11.009

M. Théry and M. Bornens, Cell shape and cell division, Current Opinion in Cell Biology, vol.18, issue.6, pp.648-657, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ceb.2006.10.001

M. Théry, A. Jimenez-dalmaroni, V. Racine, M. Bornens, and F. Julicher, Experimental and theoretical study of mitotic spindle orientation, Nature, vol.149, issue.7143, pp.447493-496, 2007.
DOI : 10.1038/nature05786

G. L. Thomas, R. M. De-almeida, and F. Graner, Coarsening of three-dimensional grains in crystals, or bubbles in dry foams, tends towards a universal, statistically scale-invariant regime, Physical Review E, vol.74, issue.2, p.74, 2006.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.74.021407

D. Thompson, On Growth and Form. New Edition, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol.98, issue.5, 1942.
DOI : 10.1097/00005053-194311000-00053

O. Thoumine, O. Cardoso, and J. J. Meister, Changes in the mechanical properties of fibroblasts during spreading: a micromanipulation study, European Biophysics Journal, vol.28, issue.3, pp.222-234, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s002490050203

O. Thoumine and A. Ott, Time scale dependent viscoelastic and contractile regimes in fibroblasts probed by microplate manipulation, J. Cell Sci, vol.110, pp.2109-2116, 1997.

W. R. Trickey, F. P. Baaijens, T. A. Laursen, L. G. Alexopoulos, and F. Guilak, Determination of the Poisson's ratio of the cell: recovery properties of chondrocytes after release from complete micropipette aspiration, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.39, issue.1, pp.78-87, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.11.006

T. Usui, Y. Shima, Y. Shimada, S. Hirano, R. W. Burgess et al., Flamingo, a Seven-Pass Transmembrane Cadherin, Regulates Planar Cell Polarity under the Control of Frizzled, Cell, vol.98, issue.5, pp.98585-595, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80046-X

M. F. Vaz, Liquid foams: an introduction, Philosophical Magazine Letters, vol.159, issue.9-10, pp.627-636, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.02.039

D. Viens and G. W. Brodland, A Three-dimensional Finite Element Model for the Mechanics of Cell-Cell Interactions, Journal of Biomechanical Engineering, vol.129, issue.5, pp.651-657, 2007.
DOI : 10.1115/1.2768375

D. Weaire and S. Hutzler, Foam Physics, Advanced Engineering Materials, vol.4, issue.10, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/1527-2648(20021014)4:10<723::AID-ADEM723>3.0.CO;2-9

T. Wolff and D. Ready, Pattern formation in the Drosophila retina, The Development of Drosophila melanogaster, pp.1277-1325, 1993.

S. Yamada, S. Pokutta, F. Drees, W. I. Weis, N. et al., Deconstructing the Cadherin-Catenin-Actin Complex, Cell, vol.123, issue.5, pp.889-901, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cell.2005.09.020

L. Yang, J. C. Effler, B. L. Kutscher, S. E. Sullivan, D. N. Robinson et al., Modeling cellular deformations using the level set formalism, BMC Systems Biology, vol.2, issue.1, p.68, 2008.
DOI : 10.1186/1752-0509-2-68

B. Zhu, S. Chappuis-flament, E. Wong, I. E. Jensen, B. M. Gumbiner et al., Functional Analysis of the Structural Basis of Homophilic Cadherin Adhesion, Biophysical Journal, vol.84, issue.6, pp.4033-4042, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(03)75129-7

C. Zhu, Kinetics and mechanics of cell adhesion, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.33, issue.1, pp.23-33, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(99)00163-3