P. Bibliographie and . Acker, Comportement mécanique du béton : apports de l'approche physico-chimique. Rapport technique 152, 1988.

P. M. Areias and T. Belytschko, Analysis of three-dimensional crack initiation and propagation using the extended finite element method, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol.63, issue.5, pp.760-788, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/nme.1305

M. Asin, Behavior of statically interminate deep beams, Progress in Concrete research, pp.45-58, 1992.

P. Badel, ContributionsàContributions`Contributionsà la simulation numérique de structures en béton armé, Thèse de doctorat, 2001.

B. Bary, Etude du couplage hydraulique-mécanique dans le béton endommagé, Thèse de doctorat, 1996.
DOI : 10.1080/12795119.1998.9692184

T. Baxevanis, F. Dufour, and G. Pijaudier-cabot, Interface crack propagation in porous and timedependent materials analyzed with discrete models, International Journal of Fracture, vol.141, pp.3-4561, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00333872

T. Baxevanis, G. Pijaudier-cabot, and F. Dufour, Bifurcation and creep effects in a viscoelastic non-local damageable continuum, European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids, vol.27, issue.4, p.25, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.euromechsol.2007.11.009

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00582046

Z. P. Bazant and S. Prasannan, Solidification Theory for Concrete Creep. I: Formulation, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol.115, issue.8, pp.1691-1725, 1989.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1989)115:8(1691)

Z. P. Bazant, Pager Symposium on Mechanics of Geomaterials ; Rocks, Concretes, Soils., chapitre Fracture in concrete and reinforced concrete, pp.281-316, 1983.

T. Belytschko, Y. Krongauz, D. Organ, M. Fleming, and P. Krysl, Meshless methods: An overview and recent developments, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol.139, issue.1-4, pp.3-47, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-7825(96)01078-X

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.132.8046

F. Benboudjema, F. Meftah, and J. , TORRENTI : Interaction between drying, shrinkage, creep and cracking phenomena in concrete, pp.239-250, 2005.

E. Benvenuti, A. Tralli, and G. Ventura, A regularized XFEM model for the transition from continuous to discontinuous displacements, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol.21, issue.22, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/nme.2196

S. K. Bhowmik and J. H. , LONG : A general formulation for a cross-sections of yield surfaces in octahedral planes, ´ editeurs : NUMENTA 90, pp.795-803, 1990.

M. Bottoni, F. Dufour, G. A. Pijaudier-cabot, P. Carpinteri, G. Gambarova et al., Coupling creep and damage in concrete through a constant parameter, Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, pp.509-515, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00359590

G. Chatzigeorgiou, Coupling between damage, temperature and permeability of concrete : Experimental and numerical study. Rapport technique, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00359551

A. Dufour, F. Choinska, M. Khelidj, and G. Pijaudier-cabot, Etude expérimentale de l'interaction endommagement-température-´ etat de contrainte-perméabilité du béton, REGC, vol.11, issue.6, pp.839-853, 2007.

M. Choinska, Effets de la température, du chargement mécanique et de leurs interactions sur la perméabilité du béton des structures, Thèse de doctorat, 2006.

M. Choinska, F. Dufour, G. A. Pijaudier-cabot, P. Carpinteri, G. Gambarova et al., Matching permeability law from diffuse damage to discontinuous crack opening, Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, pp.541-547, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00359564

C. Comi, S. Mariani, and U. Perego, An extended FE strategy for transition from continuum damage to mode I cohesive crack propagation, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.127, issue.2, pp.213-238, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.537

R. S. Crouch and B. Tahar, Application of a stress return algorithm for elasto-plastic hardening-softening models with high yield surface curvature, Proceedings of European Congress on computational methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering, 2000.

P. A. Cundall and O. D. , A discrete numerical model for granular assemblies, G??otechnique, vol.29, issue.1, pp.47-65, 1979.
DOI : 10.1680/geot.1979.29.1.47

S. Dal-pont, B. A. Schrefler, and A. Ehrlacher, Intrinsic permeability evolution in high temperature concrete : An experimental and numerical analysis, Transport in Porous Media, pp.43-74, 2005.

J. H. De, V. , W. A. Brekelmans, and A. Van, Comparison of nonlocal approaches in continuum damage mechanics, Computers and Structures, vol.55, pp.581-588, 1995.

A. Delaplace, S. Roux, and G. Pijaudier-cabot, Avalanche Statistics of Interface Crack Propagation in Fiber Bundle Model: Characterization of Cohesive Crack, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol.127, issue.7, pp.646-652, 2001.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2001)127:7(646)

R. Desiassyifayanty, F. Dufour, and H. Purmono, Numerical simulation for coupling creep and damage of concrete on size effect, Construction and Structural Engineering Studies Center, vol.5, issue.2, pp.39-58, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01007127

K. Duan, X. Hu, and F. Wittmann, Scaling of quasi-brittle fracture: Boundary and size effect, Mechanics of Materials, vol.38, issue.1-2, pp.128-141, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.mechmat.2005.05.016

F. Dufour, Développements de la méthode desélémentsdes´deséléments finis avec des points d'intégration Lagrangiens : ApplicationàApplication`Applicationà la géomécanique, Thèse de doctorat, 2002.

F. Dufour, Size effect in geomaterials Revue Europénne de Génie Civil, pp.963-975, 2007.

F. Dufour and G. Pijaudier-cabot, Numerical modelling of concrete flow: homogeneous approach, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.8, issue.4, pp.395-41610, 2005.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.419

F. Dufour, G. Pijaudier-cabot, M. Choinska, A. Huerta-in, A. Carpinteri et al., How to extract a crack opening from a continuous damage finite element computation ?, Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, p.125
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01008260

F. Dufour, G. Pijaudier-cabot, M. Choinska, and A. Huerta, Extraction of a crack opening from a continuous approach using regularized damage models, Computers and Concrete, vol.5, issue.4, 2008.
DOI : 10.12989/cac.2008.5.4.375

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00333852

G. Etse and K. J. Willam, Fracture Energy Formulation for Inelastic Behavior of Plain Concrete, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol.120, issue.9, pp.1013-1203, 1994.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1994)120:9(1983)

D. Gawin, C. Alonso, C. Andrade, and C. E. , MAJORANA : Effect of damage on permeability and hygro-thermal behaviour of hpcs at elevated temperatures : Part 1 experimental results, Computers and Concrete, pp.189-202, 2005.

B. G. Erard, D. Breysse, A. Ammouche, O. Houdusse, and O. Dirdry, Cracking and permeability of concrete under tension, Materials and Structures, vol.21, issue.3, pp.141-151, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02486159

S. Granger, A. Loukili, G. Pijaudier-cabot, and G. Chanvillard, Experimental characterization of the self-healing of cracks in an ultra high performance cementitious material: Mechanical tests and acoustic emission analysis, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.37, issue.4, pp.519-527, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.12.005

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00354364

I. Guénotgu´guénot-delahaie, ContributionàContribution`Contributionà l'analyse physique etàet`età la modélisation du fluage propre du béton, Thèse de doctorat, Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées, 1997.

A. Hillerborg, M. Modeer, and P. E. Pertersson, Analysis of crack formation and crack growth in concrete by means of fracture mechanics and finite elements, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.6, issue.6, pp.773-782, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0008-8846(76)90007-7

X. Hu and K. Duan, Size effect: Influence of proximity of fracture process zone to specimen boundary, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.74, issue.7, pp.1093-1100, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.engfracmech.2006.12.009

X. Hu and F. Wittmann, Size effect on toughness induced by crack close to free surface, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.65, issue.2-3, pp.209-221, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-7944(99)00123-X

C. Huet, P. Acker, and J. Baron, Le béton hydraulique, chapitre Fluage et autres effets rhéologiques différés du béton, pp.340-355, 1982.

L. Jason, Relation endommagement perméabilité pour les bétons application au calcul de structures, Thèse de doctorat, 2004.

M. Jirasek, Objective modeling of strain localization Revue Française de Génie Civil, pp.1119-1132, 2002.

M. Jirasek, S. Rolshoven, and P. Grassl, Size effect on fracture energy induced by non-locality, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.28, issue.78, pp.7-8653, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.364

K. Kovler, Interdependence of Creep and Shrinkage for Concrete under Tension, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, vol.7, issue.2, pp.96-101, 1995.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1995)7:2(96)

A. Krayani, Simulation numérique des structures en béton pr´contraintpr´contraint avec un modèlé elasto-plastique endommageable et prise en compte des effets de bord, Thèse de doctorat, 2007.

A. Krayani, F. Dufour, G. A. Pijaudier-cabot, P. Carpinteri, G. Gambarova et al., Elastoplastic nonlocal damage model for concrete and size effect analysis, Mechanics of Concrete and Concrete Structures, pp.343-349, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00359589

A. Krayani, G. Pijaudier-cabot, and F. Dufour, Boundary effect on weight function in non-local damage model, 2008.

C. and L. Borderie, Phénomènes unilatéraux dans un matériau endommageable : modélisation et applicationàtion`tionà l'analyse des structures en béton, Thèse de doctorat, 1999.

G. Legrain, F. Dufour, A. Huerta, G. O. Pijaudier-cabot-e, D. R. Nate et al., Extraction of crack opening from a nonlocal damage field, Proceedings of IX International Conference on Computational Plasticity, pp.462-465, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01008217

J. Li and Y. Yao, A study on creep and drying shrinkage of high performance concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.31, issue.8, pp.1203-1206, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00539-7

J. Mazars, Application de la mécanique de l'endommagement au comportement non linéaire etàet`età la rupture de béton de structure, Thèse de doctorat, 1984.

J. Mazars and G. Pijaudier-cabot, From damage to fracture mechanics and conversely: A combined approach, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.33, issue.20-22, pp.3327-3342, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7683(96)00015-7

C. Mazzotti and M. Savoia, Nonlinear creep, poisson's ratio, and creep-damage interaction of concrete in compression, ACI Materials Journal, vol.99, pp.450-457, 2002.

J. M. Melenk and I. Babuska, The partition of unity finite element method: Basic theory and applications, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol.139, issue.1-4, pp.289-314, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-7825(96)01087-0

H. Meziani and F. Skoczylas, An experimental study of the mechanical behaviour of a mortar and of its permeability under deviatoric loading, Materials and Structures, vol.69, issue.6, pp.403-409, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02482711

N. Moes, J. Dolbow, and T. Belytschko, A finite element method for crack growth without remeshing, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol.46, issue.1, pp.131-150, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0207(19990910)46:1<131::AID-NME726>3.3.CO;2-A

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01004829

N. Moes, A. Gravouil, and T. Belytschko, Non-planar 3D crack growth by the extended finite element and level sets-Part I: Mechanical model, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol.33, issue.2, pp.2549-2586, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/nme.429

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01007110

A. M. Neville, W. H. Dilger, and J. J. , BROOKS : Creep of plain and structural concrete, 1983.

D. Ngo and A. C. , SCORDELIS : Finite element analysis of reinforced beams, Journal of American Concrete Institute, vol.64, issue.3, pp.152-163, 1967.

J. Oliver and A. E. Huespe, On strategies for tracking strong discontinuities in computational failure mechanics, WCCM V Proceedings, 2002.

J. Oliver, A. E. Huespe, M. D. Pulido, and E. W. Chaves, From continuum mechanics to fracture mechanics: the strong discontinuity approach, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.69, issue.2, pp.113-136, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-7944(01)00060-1

M. Omar, Déformations différées du béton : Etude expérimentale et modélisation numérique de l'interaction fluage -endommagement, Thèse de doctorat, 2004.

C. O. Neill, L. Moresi, D. M. , R. Albert, and F. Dufour, Ellipsis 3d : A particle-in-cell finite element hybrid code for modelling mantle convetion and lithospheric deformation, Computers & Geosciences, vol.32, pp.1769-1779, 2006.

B. Patzak and M. Jirasek, Process zone resolution by extended finite elements, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.70, issue.7-8, pp.957-977, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0013-7944(02)00160-1

R. H. Peerlings, R. De, B. , W. A. Brekelmans, J. H. De et al., Some observations on localisation in non-local and gradient damage models, European Journal of Mechanics A/Solids, issue.6, pp.15937-953, 1996.

R. H. Peerlings, M. G. Geers, R. De, B. , and W. A. , A critical comparison of nonlocal and gradient-enhanced softening continua, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.38, issue.44-45, pp.7723-7746, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7683(01)00087-7

A. P. Erez-foguet, A. Rodriguez-ferran, and A. Huerta, Numerical differentiation for local and global tangent operators in computational plasticity, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, vol.48, pp.159-184, 2000.

A. P. Erez-foguet, A. Rodriguez-ferran, and A. Huerta, Numerical differentiation for local and global tangent operators in computational plasticity, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol.189, issue.1, pp.277-296, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-7825(99)00296-0

V. Picandet, Influence d'un endommagement mécanique sur la perméabilité et sur la diffusivité hydrique des bétons, Thèse de doctorat, 2001.

V. Picandet, A. Khelidj, and G. Bastian, Effect of axial compressive damage on gas permeability of ordinary and high-performance concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.31, issue.11, pp.1525-1532, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(01)00546-4

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01006773

B. Pichler, C. Hellmich, and H. Mang, A combined fracture-micromechanics model for tensile strain-softening in brittle materials, based on propagation of interacting microcracks, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.69, issue.2, pp.111-132, 2007.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.544

G. Pijaudier-cabot and Z. , Nonlocal Damage Theory, Journal of Engineering Mechanics, vol.113, issue.10, pp.1512-1533, 1987.
DOI : 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1987)113:10(1512)

G. Pijaudier-cabot and A. Benallal, Strain localization and bifurcation in a nonlocal continuum, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.30, issue.13, pp.1761-1775, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0020-7683(93)90232-V

G. Pijaudier-cabot, K. Haidar, and J. Dube, Non-local damage model with evolving internal length, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, vol.28, issue.78, pp.633-652, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/nag.367

J. Planas, M. Elices, and G. V. , Cohesive cracks versus nonlocal models: Closing the gap, International Journal of Fracture, vol.18, issue.106, pp.173-187, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00017284

C. Polizzotto, Gradient elasticity and nonstandard boundary conditions, International Journal of Solids and Structures, vol.40, issue.26, pp.7399-7423, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2003.06.001

T. C. Powers, The structure of concrete and its behaviour under load, chapitre Mechanics of shrinkage and reversible creep of hardened cement paste, Proceedings, pp.319-344, 1965.

H. Ramtani, ContributionàContribution`Contributionà la modélisation de comportement multiaxial du béton endommagé avec description de l'effet unilatéral, Thèse de doctorat, 1990.

N. Roussel, M. Geiker, F. Dufour, L. Thrane, and P. Szabo, Computational modeling of concrete flow: General overview, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.37, issue.9, pp.1298-1307, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cemconres.2007.06.007

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00333870

J. C. Simo, J. Oliver, and F. Armero, An analysis of strong discontinuities induced by strain-softening in rate-independent inelastic solids, Computational Mechanics, vol.95, issue.5, pp.277-296, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00372173

A. Simone, G. N. Wells, and L. J. , SLUYS : From continuous to discontinuous failure in a gradientenhanced continuum damage model, Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, vol.192, pp.41-424581, 2003.

T. Sugiyama, T. W. Bremmer, and T. A. , HOLM : Effect of stress on gas permeability in concrete, ACI Materials Journal, vol.93, pp.443-450, 1996.

F. Ulm and P. Acker, Le point sur le fluage et la recouvrance du béton, Bulletin des Laboratoires des Ponts et Chaussées, vol.XX, pp.73-82, 1998.

F. Ulm, F. Le-maou, and C. Boulay, Creep and shrinkage coupling : new review of some evidence. Revue Française de Génie Civil, pp.21-37, 1999.

K. Wang, S. P. Jansen, D. C. Shah, and A. F. Karr, Permeability study of cracked concrete, Cement and Concrete Research, vol.27, issue.3, pp.381-393, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0008-8846(97)00031-8

K. Willam and E. P. Warnke, Constitutive model for the triaxial behavior of concrete, IABSE Seminar on Concrete Structures subjected to triaxial sresses, 1974.

F. Wittmann, H. Mihashi, and N. Nomura, Size effect on fracture energy of concrete, Engineering Fracture Mechanics, vol.35, issue.1-3, pp.107-115, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0013-7944(90)90188-M