R. P. Abelson, D. R. Kinder, M. D. Peters, and S. T. Fiske, Affective and semantic components in political person perception., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.42, issue.4, pp.619-630, 1982.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.42.4.619

J. Adler, An optimist's pessimism: Conversation and conjunction, Studies on L. Jonathan Cohen's philosophy of science, pp.251-282, 1991.

A. S. Alhakami and P. Slovic, A Psychological Study of the Inverse Relationship Between Perceived Risk and Perceived Benefit, Risk Analysis, vol.84, issue.6, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00143739

R. Amalberti, La conduite des systèmes à risques, 1996.

C. Amergé and C. Mariné, Étude comparative expert-débutant lors de l'élaboration d'un pré-diagnostic ergonomique, Le Travail Humain, vol.55, issue.2, pp.97-117, 1992.

J. C. Anderson and D. W. Gerbing, Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach., Psychological Bulletin, vol.103, issue.3, pp.411-423, 1988.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411

J. R. Anderson, The Architecture of cognition, 1983.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00699788

J. R. Anderson, The Adaptive Character of Thought, 1990.

J. R. Anderson, Automaticity and the ACT Theory, The American Journal of Psychology, vol.105, issue.2, pp.165-180, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/1423026

J. R. Anderson, Rules of the mind, 1993.

J. R. Anderson and C. Lebiere, The Atomic Components of Thought, 1998.

J. R. Anderson and C. Lebiere, In press) The Newell test for a theory of Mind, Behavioral and Brain Sciences

J. R. Anderson and M. Matessa, The rational analysis of categorization and ACT-R architecture, Rational models of cognition, pp.197-217, 1998.

P. Ayton, How to Be IncoherentandSeductive: Bookmakers' Odds and Support Theory, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol.72, issue.1, pp.99-115, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/obhd.1997.2732

B. J. Baars, A cognitive theory of consciousness, 1988.

B. J. Baars, In the theater of consciousness. The workspace of the mind, 1997.

D. A. Balota and S. T. Paul, Summation of activation: Evidence from multiple primes that converge and diverge within semantic memory., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol.22, issue.4, pp.827-845, 1996.
DOI : 10.1037/0278-7393.22.4.827

S. Barclay and L. R. Beach, Combinatorial properties of personal probabilities, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, vol.8, issue.1, pp.176-183, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/0030-5073(72)90043-8

M. Bar-hillel, On the subjective probability of compound events, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, vol.9, issue.3, pp.396-406, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0030-5073(73)90061-5

J. M. Bartfield, R. F. Salluzzo, N. Raccio-robak, D. L. Funk, and V. P. Verdile, Physician and patient factors influencing the treatment of low back pain, Pain, vol.73, issue.2, pp.209-211, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00107-3

B. Barthe and Y. Quéinnec, Terminologie et perspectives d'analyse du travail collectif en ergonomie. L'Année Psychologique, pp.663-686, 1999.
DOI : 10.3406/psy.1999.28501

A. Bechara, A. R. Damasio, D. Tranel, H. Damasio, and S. W. Anderson, Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex, Cognition, vol.50, issue.1-3, pp.7-15, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3

A. Bechara, H. Damasio, D. Tranel, and A. R. Damasio, Deciding Advantageously Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy, Science, vol.275, issue.5304, pp.1293-1295, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.275.5304.1293

S. Benferhat, J. Bonnefon, and R. Da-silva-neves, An Overview of Possibilistic Handling of Default Reasoning, with Experimental Studies, Synthese, vol.13, issue.2
DOI : 10.1007/s11229-005-9069-6

S. Benferhat, D. Dubois, and H. Prade, Representing default rules in possibilistic logic, Proceedings of the 3 rd International Conference on Principles of Knowledge representation and Reasoning (KR'92), pp.26-29, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/bfb0035963

K. S. Berbaum, E. A. Franken, D. D. Dorfman, S. A. Rooholamini, M. H. Kathol et al., Satisfaction of Search in Diagnostic Radiology, Investigative Radiology, vol.25, issue.2, pp.133-140, 1990.
DOI : 10.1097/00004424-199002000-00006

B. Blettery, L. Ebrahm, D. Honnart, and H. Aube, Les ??chelles de mesure de la douleur dans un service d'accueil des urgences, R??animation Urgences, vol.5, issue.6, pp.691-697, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S1164-6756(05)80594-8

K. A. Bollen, Structural equations with latent variables, 1989.
DOI : 10.1002/9781118619179

M. Borum, Physician perception of IBS management in women and men, Digestive Diseases and Sciences, vol.47, issue.1, pp.236-237, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1013260830509

F. Boureau and J. F. Doubrere, Le concept de douleur. Du sympt??me au syndrome, Douleur et Analg??sie, vol.84, issue.1, pp.11-17, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF03007376

G. H. Bower, Mood and memory., American Psychologist, vol.36, issue.2, pp.129-148, 1981.
DOI : 10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.129

G. H. Bower, How might emotions affect learning The handbook of emotion and memory: Research and theory, pp.3-31, 1992.

J. Brennum, M. Kjeldsen, and T. S. Jensen, Measurements of human pressure-pain thresholds on fingers and toes, Pain, vol.38, issue.2, pp.211-217, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3959(89)90240-6

W. L. Bryan and N. Harter, Studies in the physiology and psychology of the telegraphic language., Psychological Review, vol.4, issue.1, pp.27-53, 1897.
DOI : 10.1037/h0073806

R. Budiu and J. R. Anderson, Interpretation-based processing: a unified theory of semantic sentence comprehension, Cognitive Science, vol.5, issue.1
DOI : 10.1207/s15516709cog2801_1

J. T. Cacioppo and G. Berntson, The Affect System, Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol.26, issue.5, pp.133-137, 1999.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-8721.00031

J. T. Cacioppo, W. L. Gardner, and G. G. Berntson, Beyond Bipolar Conceptualizations and Measures: The Case of Attitudes and Evaluative Space, Personality and Social Psychology Review, vol.9, issue.6, pp.3-25, 1997.
DOI : 10.1207/s15327957pspr0101_2

B. Cadet, J. Chossière, I. Berthelier, and M. Écolasse, Heuristiques et effets cognitifs dans l'??valuation du risque., Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie exp??rimentale, vol.49, issue.1, pp.61-77, 1995.
DOI : 10.1037/1196-1961.49.1.61

M. Caillot, La résolution de problèmes en physique : représentation et stratégies, Psychologie Française, vol.29, pp.3-4, 1984.

J. Cantor and R. W. Engle, Working-memory capacity as long-term memory activation: An individual-differences approach., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol.19, issue.5, pp.1101-1114, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037/0278-7393.19.5.1101

R. A. Carlson and D. E. Dulany, Diagnostic reasoning with circumstancial evidence, Cognitive Psychology, vol.204, pp.463-492, 1988.

D. P. Carmody, C. F. Nodine, and H. L. Kundel, Global and Segmented Search for Lung Nodules of Different Edge Gradients, Investigative Radiology, vol.15, issue.3, pp.224-233, 1980.
DOI : 10.1097/00004424-198005000-00009

C. S. Carver and I. H. Scheier, On the self-regulation of behavior, 1998.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9781139174794

C. S. Carver and I. H. Scheier, Optimism, pessimism, and self-regulation Optimism & pessimism: Implications for theory, research, and practice, pp.31-51, 2001.

J. M. Cellier, V. De-keyser, and C. Valot, La gestion du temps dans les environnements dynamiques, 1996.

J. M. Cellier, H. Eyrolle, and C. Mariné, Expertise in dynamic environments, Ergonomics, vol.33, issue.1, pp.28-50, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0020-7373(86)80079-7

S. Chaiken and Y. Trope, Dual processes in social psychology, 1999.

M. Champagne, A. Herzig, D. Longin, J. Nespoulous, and J. Virbel, Formalisation pluridisciplinaire de l'inférence de certains types d'actes de langage non littéraux, Hors série Cépaduès-Editions, pp.197-225, 2002.

L. Chang and C. Mcbride-chang, The Factor Structure of the Life Orientation Test, Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol.35, issue.2, pp.325-329, 1996.
DOI : 10.1177/0013164496056002013

W. G. Chase and K. A. Ericsson, Skilled memory Cognitive skills and their acquisition, 1981.

W. G. Chase and H. A. Simon, Perception in chess, Cognitive Psychology, vol.4, issue.1, pp.55-81, 1973.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0285(73)90004-2

W. G. Chase and H. A. Simon, The mind's eye in chess, Visual Information Processing Models of Thought, pp.215-281, 1973.

S. Cheng and P. N. Hamid, Dispositional Optimism in Chinese People: What Does the Life Orientation Test Measure?, International Journal of Psychology, vol.71, issue.4, pp.221-230, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1988.tb09017.x

M. T. Chi, P. J. Feltovich, and R. Glaser, Categorization and Representation of Physics Problems by Experts and Novices*, Cognitive Science, vol.5, issue.2, pp.121-152, 1981.
DOI : 10.1207/s15516709cog0502_2

J. Cohen, Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 1988.

A. M. Collins and M. R. Quillian, Retrieval time from semantic memory, Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, vol.8, issue.2, pp.240-248, 1969.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-5371(69)80069-1

R. Cooper and T. Shallice, Soar and the case for unified theories of cognition, Cognition, vol.55, issue.2, pp.115-149, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0277(94)00644-Z

L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, Are humans good intuitive statisticians after all? Rethinking some conclusions from the literature on judgment under uncertainty, Cognition, vol.58, issue.1, pp.58-59, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00664-8

P. A. Creed, W. Patton, and D. Bartrum, Multidimensional Properties of the Lot-R: Effects of Optimism and Pessimism on Career and Well-Being Related Variables in Adolescents, Journal of Career Assessment, vol.10, issue.1, pp.42-61, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/1069072702010001003

E. J. Custers, H. P. Boshuizen, and H. G. Schmidt, The influence of medical expertise, case typicality, and illness script component on case processing and disease probability estimates, Memory & Cognition, vol.25, issue.3, pp.384-499, 1996.
DOI : 10.3758/BF03213301

R. Da-silva-neves and E. Raufaste, Polymorphism of human judgment under uncertainty. Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning with Uncertainty, Sixth European Conference, pp.647-658, 2001.

R. Da-silva-neves, J. F. Bonnefon, and E. Raufaste, An empirical test of patterns for nonmonotonic inference, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, vol.34, issue.1/3, pp.107-130, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1014473706150

D. Dagenbach, S. Horst, and T. H. Carr, Adding new information to semantic memory: How much learning is enough to produce automatic priming?, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol.16, issue.4, pp.581-591, 1990.
DOI : 10.1037/0278-7393.16.4.581

A. R. Damasio, L'erreur de Descartes : La raison des émotions, 1995.

A. R. Damasio, D. Tranel, and H. C. Damasio, Somatic markers and the guidance of behavior: Theory and preliminary testing, Frontal lobe function and dysfunction, pp.217-229, 1991.

R. M. Dawes, The robust beauty of improper linear models, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, pp.391-407, 1982.

D. Keyser, V. Nyssen, and A. S. , Les erreurs humaines en anesthésie, Le Travail Humain, vol.56, pp.243-266, 1993.

G. Denhière and J. Verstiggel, Le traitement cognitif des expressions idiomatiques : activités automatiques et délibérées, La locution: entre lexique, syntaxe et pragmatique, pp.119-148, 1997.

D. Desteno, R. E. Petty, D. T. Wegener, and D. D. Rucker, Beyond valence in the perception of likelihood: The role of emotion specificity., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.78, issue.3, pp.397-416, 2000.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.78.3.397

M. E. Doherty, M. Schiavo, C. R. Mynatt, and R. D. Tweney, The influence of feedback and diagnostic data on pseudodiagnosticity, Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, vol.12, issue.4, pp.191-194, 1981.
DOI : 10.3758/BF03333600

H. L. Dreyfus and S. E. Dreyfus, Mind over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer, IEEE Expert, vol.2, issue.2, 1986.
DOI : 10.1109/MEX.1987.4307079

D. Dubois and H. Prade, Fuzzy sets and systems, 1980.

D. Dubois and H. Prade, La th??orie des possibilit??s, Revue de l'Electricit?? et de l'Electronique, vol.-, issue.07, 1987.
DOI : 10.3845/ree.2006.059

D. Dubois and H. Prade, Modelling uncertainty and inductive inference: A survey of recent non-additive probability systems, Acta Psychologica, vol.68, issue.1-3, pp.53-78, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(88)90045-5

D. Dubois and H. Prade, Conditional objects, possibility theory and default rules Oxord, Conditionals : from Philosophy to Computer Sciences, pp.301-336, 1995.

D. Dubois and H. Prade, Possibility Theory as a basis for qualitative decision theory, Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI'95), pp.1924-1930, 1995.

D. Dubois, H. Prade, and S. Sandri, On possibility/probability transformations The Nederlands, Fuzzy logic: State of the art, pp.103-112, 1993.

D. Dubois, H. Prade, and L. Ughetto, A new perspective on reasoning with fuzzy rules, Proceedings of the 2002 AFSS International Conference on Fuzzy Systems, Advances in Soft Computing, pp.1-11, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/int.10103

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00442734

D. E. Dulany and D. J. Hilton, Conversational Implicature, Conscious Representation, and the Conjunction Fallacy, Social Cognition, vol.9, issue.1, pp.85-110, 1991.
DOI : 10.1521/soco.1991.9.1.85

J. Duncan and G. W. Humphreys, Visual search and stimulus similarity., Psychological Review, vol.96, issue.3, pp.433-458, 1989.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.96.3.433

D. M. Eddy, Probabilistic reasoning in clinical medicine: Problems and opportunities, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, pp.249-67, 1982.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511809477.019

C. L. Edwards, R. B. Filligim, and F. Keefe, Race, ethnicity and pain, Pain, vol.94, issue.2, pp.133-137, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3959(01)00408-0

R. R. Edwards, D. M. Doleys, R. B. Fillingim, and D. Lowery, Ethnic Differences in Pain Tolerance: Clinical Implications in a Chronic Pain Population, Psychosomatic Medicine, vol.63, issue.2, pp.316-323, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00006842-200103000-00018

W. Edwards, Conservatism in human information processing, Formal Representation of Human Judgment: 3rd Annual Symposium on Cognition, pp.17-52, 1968.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511809477.026

A. M. Egbert, Help for the hurting elderly, Postgraduate Medicine, vol.7, issue.1, pp.217-222228, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/S0025-7125(16)30866-5

K. A. Ericsson and J. J. Staszewski, Skilled memory and expertise: Mechanisms of exceptional performance Cambridge, Toward a general theory of expertise, pp.235-267, 1991.

K. A. Ericsson and W. Kintsch, Long-term working memory., Psychological Review, vol.102, issue.2, pp.211-245, 1995.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.102.2.211

K. A. Ericsson, R. T. Krampe, and C. Tesh-römer, The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance., Psychological Review, vol.100, issue.3, pp.363-406, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363

J. Evans and . B. St, Bias in human reasoning. Causes and consequences, 1989.

F. Barrett, L. F. Russell, and J. A. , The Structure of Current Affect, Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol.16, issue.1, pp.10-14, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/9781118619179

M. L. Finucane, A. Alhakami, P. Slovic, and S. M. Johnson, The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits, Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, vol.35, issue.1, pp.1-17, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0771(200001/03)13:1<1::AID-BDM333>3.0.CO;2-S

B. Fischhoff, P. Slovic, S. Lichtenstein, S. Read, and B. Combs, How safe is safe enough? A psychometric study of attitudes towards technological risks and benefits, Policy Sciences, vol.11, issue.2, pp.127-152, 1978.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00143739

P. A. Frensch and R. J. Sternberg, Expertise and intelligent thinking : When is it worse to know better ? In Advances in the Psychology of human intelligence, pp.163-188, 1989.

H. Freyhof, H. Gruber, and A. Ziegler, Expertise and hierarchical knowledge representation in chess, Psychological Research, vol.5, issue.1, pp.32-37, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01359221

R. W. Frick and Y. Lee, Implicit Learning and Concept Learning, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A, vol.15, issue.3, pp.762-782, 1995.
DOI : 10.1080/14640749508401414

E. J. Gallagher, M. Liebman, and P. E. Bijur, Prospective validation of clinically important changes in pain severity measured on a visual analog scale, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol.38, issue.6, pp.633-638, 2001.
DOI : 10.1067/mem.2001.118863

G. Gigerenzer, P. M. Todd, . Abc-research, and . Group, Simple heuristics that make us smart, 1999.

G. Gigerenzer, U. Hoffrage, and H. Kleinbölting, Probabilistic mental models: A Brunswikian theory of confidence., Psychological Review, vol.98, issue.4, pp.506-528, 1991.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.98.4.506

T. Gilovich, D. Griffin, and D. Kahneman, Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment, 1982.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511808098

R. Glaser, The nature of expertise, occasional paper n°107, National Center for Research in Vocational Education, 1985.

F. Gobet, Expert memory: a comparison of four theories, Cognition, vol.66, issue.2, pp.115-152, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0010-0277(98)00020-1

D. P. Green, S. L. Goldman, and P. Salovey, Measurement error masks bipolarity in affect ratings., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.64, issue.6, pp.1029-1041, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.64.6.1029

D. P. Green, P. Salovey, and K. M. Truax, Static, dynamic, and causative bipolarity of affect., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.76, issue.5, pp.856-867, 1999.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.76.5.856

D. W. Green, D. E. Over, and R. A. Pyne, Probability and Choice in the Selection Task, Thinking & Reasoning, vol.48, issue.3, pp.209-235, 1997.
DOI : 10.1080/14640746808400161

V. Grosjean, E. Raufaste, and A. Giboin, ??motions, cognitions et performance??: investigations en psychologie ergonomique, Le travail humain, vol.66, issue.3, pp.193-196, 2003.
DOI : 10.3917/th.663.0193

G. Haddock, It's easy to like or dislike Tony Blair: Accessibility experiences and the favourability of attitude judgments, British Journal of Psychology, vol.93, issue.2, pp.257-267, 2002.
DOI : 10.1348/000712602162571

E. G. Hall and S. Davies, GENDER DIFFERENCES IN PERCEIVED INTENSITY AND AFFECTOF PAIN BETWEEN ATHLETES AND NONATHLETES, Perceptual and Motor Skills, vol.34, issue.3, pp.779-786, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01185785

G. R. Hancock and R. O. Mueller, Rethinking construct reliability within latent variable systems, Structural Equation Modeling: Present And Future. A Festschrift in honor of Karl Jöreskog, 2001.

S. G. Hart and L. E. Staveland, Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of Empirical and Theoretical Research, Human Mental Workload, pp.139-185, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62386-9

L. Hasher and R. T. Zacks, Automatic and effortful processes in memory., Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol.108, issue.3, pp.356-388, 1979.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-3445.108.3.356

L. Hasher and R. T. Zacks, Automatic processing of fundamental information: The case of frequency of occurrence., American Psychologist, vol.39, issue.12, pp.1372-1388, 1984.
DOI : 10.1037/0003-066X.39.12.1372

L. A. Haverty, K. R. Koedinger, D. Klahr, and M. W. Alibali, Solving induction problems in mathematics: Not-so-trivial pursuit, Cognitive Science, issue.2, pp.24-249, 2000.

J. Hoc, Supervision et contrôle de processus. La cognition en situation dynamique, 1996.

J. Hoc, R. Amalberti, and N. Boreham, Human operator expertise in diagnosis , decision-making, and time management Expertise and technology : Cognition and human-computer cooperation, 1995.

M. Hodgkins, D. Albert, and L. Daltroy, Comparing Patients?? and Their Physicians?? Assessments of Pain, Survey of Anesthesiology, vol.30, issue.3, pp.273-277, 1985.
DOI : 10.1097/00132586-198606000-00040

P. Hoffman, R. Slovic, and L. Rorel, An analysis-of-variance model for the assessment of configural cue utilization in clinical judgment., Psychological Bulletin, vol.69, issue.5, pp.338-349, 1968.
DOI : 10.1037/h0025665

D. E. Hoffmann and A. J. Tarzian, The girl who cried pain: a bias against women in the treatment of pain, Journal of Law and Medical Ethics, vol.29, pp.13-27, 2001.

R. M. Hogarth, Educating Intuition, 2001.

E. Hollnagel, The phenotype of erroneous actions, International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, vol.39, issue.1, pp.1-32, 1993.
DOI : 10.1006/imms.1993.1051

K. J. Holyoak, Symbolic connectionism: Toward third-generation theories of expertise, Toward a general theory of expertise, pp.301-335, 1991.

T. A. Ito and J. T. Cacioppo, The psychophysioloy of utility appraisals Well-Being: The foundations of hedonic psychology, pp.470-488, 1999.

K. Jensen, H. O. Andersen, J. Olesen, and U. Lindblom, Pressure-pain threshold in human temporal region. Evaluation of a new pressure algometer, Pain, vol.25, issue.3, pp.313-323, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3959(86)90235-6

R. Jensen, B. K. Rasmussen, B. Pedersen, I. Lous, and J. Olesen, Cephalic muscle tenderness and pressure pain threshold in a general population, Pain, vol.48, issue.2, pp.197-203, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90059-K

T. R. Johnson, Control in ACT-R and SOAR, Proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, pp.343-348, 1997.

A. Jones and R. Zachariae, Gender, anxiety, and experimental pain sensitivity: an overview, Journal of the American Medical Women's Association, vol.2, issue.57, pp.91-94, 2002.

K. G. Jöreskog, STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SETS OF CONGENERIC TESTS*, ETS Research Bulletin Series, vol.17, issue.2, pp.109-133, 1971.
DOI : 10.1002/j.2333-8504.1969.tb00777.x

M. A. Just and P. A. Carpenter, A theory of reading: From eye fixations to comprehension., Psychological Review, vol.87, issue.4, pp.329-54, 1980.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.87.4.329

D. Kahneman and A. Tversky, On the psychology of prediction, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, pp.48-68, 1982.

D. Kahneman, P. Slovic, and A. Tversky, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, 1982.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511809477

D. Kahneman and A. Tversky, Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk, Econometrica, vol.47, issue.2, pp.263-291, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/1914185

A. M. Kelly, Does the Clinically Significant Difference in Visual Analog Scale Pain Scores Vary with Gender, Age, or Cause of Pain?, Academic Emergency Medicine, vol.27, issue.11, pp.1086-1090, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02667.x

D. R. Kinder, Reason and emotion in American political life, Beliefs, Reasoning, and Decision Making: Psycho-logic in honor of Bob Abelson, pp.277-314, 1994.

W. Kintsch, The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model., Psychological Review, vol.95, issue.2, pp.163-182, 1988.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.95.2.163

W. Kintsch, Comprehension, 1998.
DOI : 10.1002/9780470757642.ch12

W. Kintsch, Une théorie calculatoire de la compréhension des métaphores, Métaphores et analogies, pp.339-360, 2003.

K. N. Kirby, Probabilities and utilities of fictional outcomes in Wason's four-card selection task, Cognition, vol.51, issue.1, pp.1-28, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90007-8

S. Kitayama and S. Howard, Affective regulation of perception and comprehension: Amplification and semantic priming The heart's Eye: Emotional influences in perception and attention, pp.41-65, 1994.

S. Kraus, D. Lehmann, and M. Magidor, Nonmonotonic reasoning, preferential models and cumulative logics, Artificial Intelligence, vol.44, issue.1-2, pp.16-207, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-3702(90)90101-5

URL : http://arxiv.org/abs/cs/0202021

H. E. Kyburg, Rational belief, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol.6, issue.02, pp.231-273, 1983.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.ps.32.020181.000413

J. C. Lai and X. Yue, Measuring optimism in Hong Kong and mainland Chinese with the revised Life Orientation Test, Personality and Individual Differences, vol.28, issue.4, pp.781-796, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00138-5

J. C. Lai, H. Cheung, W. Lee, and H. Yu, The Utility of the Revised Life Orientation Test to Measure Optimism among Hong Kong Chinese, International Journal of Psychology, vol.83, issue.1, pp.45-56, 1998.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1087

T. K. Landauer and S. T. Dumais, A solution to Plato's problem: The latent semantic analysis theory of acquisition, induction, and representation of knowledge., Psychological Review, vol.104, issue.2, pp.211-240, 1997.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.104.2.211

H. D. Laswell, PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND POLITICS, The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, vol.74, issue.5, 1930.
DOI : 10.1097/00005053-193111000-00022

S. Lê, E. Raufaste, and J. Démonet, Processing of normal, inverted, and scrambled faces in a patient with prosopagnosia: behavioural and eye tracking data, Cognitive Brain Research, vol.17, issue.1, pp.26-35, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0926-6410(03)00077-6

S. Lê, E. Raufaste, S. Roussel, L. Puèl, and J. Démonet, Implicit face perception in a patient with visual agnosia? Evidence from behavioural and eye tracking analyses, Neuropsychologia, vol.6, pp.41-702, 2003.

C. Lebiere, A theory-based model of cognitive workload and its applications, Proceedings of the 2001 Interservice/Industry Training, Simulation and Education Conference, 2001.

M. Lemieux and G. Bordage, Structuralisme et pédagogie médicale: étude comparative des stratégies cognitives d'apprentis-médecins, Recherches sémiotiques . Semiotic Inquiry, vol.6, issue.2, pp.143-179, 1986.

M. Lemieux and G. Bordage, Propositional Versus Structural Semantic Analyses of Medical Diagnostic Thinking, Cognitive Science, vol.22, issue.2, pp.185-212, 1992.
DOI : 10.1207/s15516709cog1602_2

J. Leplat, Erreur humaine, fiabilité humaine dans le travail, 1985.

J. S. Lerner and D. Keltner, Beyond valence: Toward a model of emotion-specific influences on judgement and choice, Cognition & Emotion, vol.1, issue.4, pp.473-493, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0749-5978(92)90039-A

J. S. Lerner, R. M. Gonzalez, D. A. Small, and B. Fischhoff, Effects of fear and anger on perceived risks of terrorism: A national field experiment, Psychological Science, vol.236, issue.2, pp.144-150, 2003.
DOI : 10.1037//0022-3514.39.5.806

A. M. Lesgold, P. J. Feltovich, R. Glaser, and Y. Wang, The acquisition of perceptual diagnostic skill in radiology (Tech. Rep. No. PDS-1), 1981.

A. M. Lesgold, H. Rubinson, P. Feltovich, R. Glaser, D. Klopfer et al., Expertise in a complex skill: Diagnosing X-Ray Pictures, The Nature of Expertise, pp.311-341, 1988.

S. Lichtenstein, B. Fischhof, and L. D. Phillips, Calibration of probabilities: The state of the art to 1980, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, pp.306-340, 1982.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511809477.023

R. J. Light, Measures of response agreement for qualitative data: Some generalizations and alternatives., Psychological Bulletin, vol.76, issue.5, pp.365-377, 1971.
DOI : 10.1037/h0031643

G. D. Logan, Toward an instance theory of automatization., Psychological Review, vol.95, issue.4, pp.492-527, 1988.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.95.4.492

G. D. Logan, Attention and Preattention in Theories of Automaticity, The American Journal of Psychology, vol.105, issue.2, pp.317-339, 1992.
DOI : 10.2307/1423031

G. D. Logan and J. L. Etherton, What is learned during automatization? The role of attention in constructing an instance., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol.20, issue.5, pp.1022-1050, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0278-7393.20.5.1022

D. Longin and E. Raufaste, Actes de langage indirects : co-construction d'un modèle logico-psychologique, Actes des Secondes journées francophones Modèles formels de l'Interaction MFI'03, pp.647-658, 2003.

D. Makinson, General theory of cumulative inference, Non-monotonic reasoning, Lecture notes on Artificial Intelligence (Proc. of the 2 nd International Workshop, pp.1-18, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-50701-9_16

G. E. Marcus, R. Neuman, W. Mackuen, and M. , Affective intelligence and political judgment, 2000.

L. Marquié, E. Raufaste, D. Lauque, C. Mariné, M. Ecoiffier et al., Pain rating by patients and physicians: evidence of systematic pain miscalibration, Pain, vol.102, issue.3, pp.289-296, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3959(02)00402-5

L. Marquié, E. Raufaste, C. Mariné, and M. Ecoiffier, L'erreur de diagnostic en m??decine d'urgence??: application de l'analyse rationnelle des situations de travail, Le travail humain, vol.66, issue.4, pp.347-376, 2003.
DOI : 10.3917/th.664.0347

G. N. Marshall and E. L. Lang, Optimism, self-mastery, and symptoms of depression in women professionals., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.59, issue.1, pp.132-139, 1990.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.59.1.132

G. N. Marshall, C. B. Wortman, J. W. Kusulas, L. K. Herving, and R. R. Vickers, Distinguishing optimism from pessimism: Relations to fundamental dimensions of mood and personality., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.62, issue.6, pp.1067-1074, 1992.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.62.6.1067

G. Mazzoni and T. O. Nelson, Metacognition and cognitive neuropsychology: Monitoring and control processes, 1998.

T. L. Mcdaniels, L. J. Axelrod, N. S. Cavanagh, and P. Slovic, Perception of Ecological Risk to Water Environments, Risk Analysis, vol.13, issue.6, pp.341-352, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb00872.x

R. P. Mcdonald, The dimensionality of tests and items, British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, vol.34, issue.1, pp.110-117, 1981.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2044-8317.1981.tb00621.x

R. P. Mcdonald, Test theory: A unified treatment, 1999.

D. Medin and S. Edelson, Problem structure and the use of base-rate information from experience., Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol.117, issue.1, pp.68-85, 1988.
DOI : 10.1037/0096-3445.117.1.68

J. M. Miyamoto, R. Gonzales, and S. Tu, Compositional anomalies in the semantics of evidence Decision making from a cognitive perspective. The psychology of Learning and Motivation, pp.319-383, 1995.

D. Moon, What You Use Depends on What You Have, American Politics Quarterly, vol.18, issue.1, pp.3-24, 1990.
DOI : 10.1177/1532673X9001800101

E. Mullet, V. Dej, I. Lemaire, P. Raïff, and J. Barthorpe, Studying, Working, and Living in Another EU Country, European Psychologist, vol.5, issue.3, pp.216-226, 2000.
DOI : 10.1027//1016-9040.5.3.216

E. Mullet, C. Duquesnoy, P. Raiff, R. Fahrasmane, and E. Namur, The Evaluative Factor of Risk Perception, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol.1, issue.19, pp.1594-1605, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(80)90038-4

C. Navarro, Une analyse cognitive de l'interaction dans les activités de travail, 1991.

J. Nerb, H. Spada, and K. Lay, Environmental risk in the media: Modeling the reactions of the audience, Research in social problems and public policy, vol.9, pp.57-85, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0196-1152(01)80024-7

D. A. Norman, Categorization of action slips., Psychological Review, vol.88, issue.1, pp.1-15, 1981.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.88.1.1

D. A. Norman and T. Shallice, Attention to Action, Consciousness and self-regulation, pp.1-18, 1980.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1

G. R. Norman, L. R. Brooks, C. L. Coblentz, and C. J. Babcook, The correlation of feature identification and category judgments in diagnostic radiology, Memory & Cognition, vol.8, issue.4, pp.344-355, 1992.
DOI : 10.3758/BF03210919

M. Oaksford and N. Chater, A rational analysis of the selection task as optimal data selection., Psychological Review, vol.101, issue.4, pp.608-638, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.101.4.608

M. Oaksford and N. Chater, Information gain explains relevance which explains the selection task, Cognition, vol.57, issue.1, pp.97-108, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00671-K

V. C. Ottati, R. S. Wyer, and . Jr, Affect and Political Judgment, Explorations in political psychology, pp.296-315, 1993.
DOI : 10.1215/9780822396697-013

D. E. Over, J. Evans, and . B. St, Hits and misses: Kirby on the selection task, Cognition, vol.52, issue.3, pp.235-243, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0277(94)90044-2

F. Pariollaud, G. Denhière, and J. C. Verstiggel, Le traitement des expressions idiomatiques : Intérêt d'un corpus et de l'analyse sémantique latente, Métaphores et analogies, pp.307-338, 2003.

V. L. Patel and G. J. Groen, The general and specific nature of medical expertise: A critical look, Toward a general theory of expertise, pp.93-125, 1991.

V. L. Patel, G. J. Groen, and J. F. Arocha, Medical expertise asa function of task difficulty, Memory & Cognition, vol.20, issue.4, pp.394-406, 1990.
DOI : 10.3758/BF03197128

G. Pickering, D. Jourdan, A. Eschalier, and C. Dubray, Impact of Age, Gender and Cognitive Functioning on Pain Perception, Gerontology, vol.48, issue.2, pp.112-118, 2002.
DOI : 10.1159/000048937

H. Prade, A computational approach to approximate and plausible reasoning with applications to expert systems, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol.7, issue.3, pp.260-283, 1985.

H. Prade and C. Testemale, Application of possibility and necessity measures to documentary information retrieval, Uncertainty in knowledge-based systems. International conference on Information Processing and Management of Uncertainty in Knowledge-Based Systems, pp.265-274, 1986.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-18579-8_26

D. D. Price, P. A. Mcgrath, A. Rafji, and B. Buckingham, The validation of visual analogue scales as ratio scale measures for chronic and experimental pain, Pain, vol.17, issue.1, pp.45-46, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3959(83)90126-4

M. Rabinowitz and M. T. Chi, An interactive model of strategic processing, Handbook of the cognitive, social, and physiological characteristics of learning disabilities, pp.84-102, 1987.

M. Rabinowitz and M. Mcauley, Conceptual Knowledge Processing: An Oxymoron?, Interactions among aptitudes, strategies, and knowledge in cognitive performance, pp.117-133, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-3268-1_10

W. M. Rahn, J. H. Aldrich, and E. Borgida, Individual and Contextual Variations in Political Candidate Appraisal., American Political Science Review, vol.88, issue.01, pp.193-199, 1994.
DOI : 10.1521/soco.1990.8.1.1

A. Rapoport, T. S. Wallsten, and J. A. Cox, Direct and indirect scaling of membership functions of probability phrases, Mathematical Modelling, vol.9, issue.6, pp.397-417, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0270-0255(87)90506-9

E. Raufaste, La théorie du support consonant : une approche connexionniste symbolique de l'expertise dans le diagnostic radiologique, Thèse de doctorat nouveau régime, 1999.

E. Raufaste, Modeling cognitive flexibility of super experts in radiological diagnosis, Proceedings of the Twenty-first Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society Mahwah, NJ: LEA. (COGSCI'99, pp.572-577, 1999.

E. Raufaste, Les mécanismes cognitifs du diagnostic médical : optimisation et expertise, 2001.

E. Raufaste and H. Eyrolle, Expertise et diagnostic radiologique. 1. Avancées théoriques, Journal de Radiologie, vol.79, pp.227-234, 1998.

E. Raufaste, R. Da-silva-neves, and C. Mariné, Testing the descriptive validity of possibility theory in human judgments of uncertainty, Artificial Intelligence, vol.148, issue.1-2, pp.197-218, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0004-3702(03)00021-3

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00109814

E. Raufaste, H. Eyrolle, and C. Mariné, Pertinence Generation in Radiological Diagnosis: Spreading Activation and the Nature of Expertise, Cognitive Science, vol.19, issue.5, pp.517-546, 1998.
DOI : 10.1207/s15516709cog2204_4

E. Raufaste, D. Verderi-raufaste, and H. Eyrolle, Expertise et diagnostic radiologique . 2. Etude empirique, Journal de Radiologie, vol.79, pp.235-240, 1998.

T. Raykov and P. E. Shrout, Reliability of Scales With General Structure: Point and Interval Estimation Using a Structural Equation Modeling Approach, Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, vol.22, issue.2, pp.195-212, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02294536

J. Reason, L'erreur Humaine, 1993.

J. W. Reich, A. J. Zautra, and P. T. Potter, Cognitive Structure and the Independence of Positive and Negative Affect, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, vol.20, issue.1, pp.99-115, 2001.
DOI : 10.1521/jscp.20.1.99.22255

N. A. Remington, L. R. Fabrigar, and P. S. Visser, Reexamining the circumplex model of affect., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.79, issue.2, pp.286-300, 2000.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.79.2.286

I. Riley, J. L. Robinson, M. E. Wise, E. A. Myers, C. D. Fillingim et al., Sex differences in the perception of noxious experimental stimuli: a meta-analysis, Pain, vol.74, issue.2, pp.181-187, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00199-1

S. Robinson-whelen, C. Kim, R. C. Maccallum, and K. Kiecolt-glaser, Distinguishing optimism from pessimism in older adults: Is it more important to be optimistic or not to be pessimistic?, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.73, issue.6, pp.1345-1353, 1997.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1345

J. Rogalski, Formation aux activités collectives, Le Travail Humain, vol.57, pp.367-386, 1994.

H. Rouanet, Bayesian methods for assessing importance of effects., Psychological Bulletin, vol.119, issue.1, pp.149-158, 1996.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.149

D. D. Salvucci, An integrated model of eye movements and visual encoding, Cognitive Systems Research, vol.1, issue.4, pp.201-220, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1389-0417(00)00015-2

D. D. Salvucci and J. R. Anderson, Integrating analogical mapping and general problem solving: the path-mapping theory, Cognitive Science, vol.22, issue.1, pp.67-110, 2001.
DOI : 10.1207/s15516709cog2501_4

S. Samuel, H. L. Kundel, C. F. Nodine, and L. C. Toto, Mechanism of satisfaction of search: eye position recordings in the reading of chest radiographs., Radiology, vol.194, issue.3, pp.895-902, 1995.
DOI : 10.1148/radiology.194.3.7862998

L. J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, 1954.

N. Scharz and G. L. Clore, Mood, misattribution, and judgments of well-being: Informative and directive functions of affective states., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.45, issue.3, pp.513-523, 1983.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.45.3.513

I. H. Scheier and C. S. Carver, Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies., Health Psychology, vol.4, issue.3, pp.219-247, 1985.
DOI : 10.1037/0278-6133.4.3.219

I. H. Scheier and C. S. Carver, Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update, Cognitive Therapy and Research, vol.3, issue.2, pp.201-228, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01173489

I. H. Scheier, C. S. Carver, and M. W. Bridges, Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.67, issue.6, pp.1063-1078, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.67.6.1063

C. Schultz and S. M. Pancer, Character Attacks and Their Effects on Perceptions of Male and Female Political Candidates, Political Psychology, vol.18, issue.1, pp.93-102, 1997.
DOI : 10.1111/0162-895X.00046

N. Schwarz and G. L. Clore, Feelings and phenomenal experiences, Social Psychology: handbook of basic principles, pp.433-465, 1996.

S. Sébillotte, La résolution de problème en situation de diagnostic. Un exemple : le diagnostic médical, Psychologie Française, vol.294, issue.3, pp.273-277, 1984.

O. G. Selfridge, Pandemonium: A paradigm for learning, Symposium on the Mechanization of Thought Processes, pp.513-526, 1958.

G. Shafer, A mathematical theory of evidence, 1976.

E. Shafir, I. Simonson, and A. Tversky, Reason-based choice, Cognition, vol.49, issue.1-2, pp.11-36, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0277(93)90034-S

P. Shizgal, On the Neural Computation of Utility, Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol.252, issue.2, pp.501-524, 1999.
DOI : 10.1037//0735-7044.108.1.151

S. A. Sloman, The empirical case for two systems of reasoning., Psychological Bulletin, vol.119, issue.1, pp.3-22, 1996.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-2909.119.1.3

P. Slovic, Trust, emotion, sex, politics, and science: Surveying the riskassessment battlefield, Environment, ethics, and behavior, pp.277-313, 1997.

P. Slovic, M. L. Finucane, E. Peters, and D. Macgregor, The affect heuristic Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment, pp.397-420, 2002.

P. Slovic, N. Kraus, H. Lappe, and M. Major, Risk perception of prescription drugs: Report on a survey in Canada, Canadian Journal of Public Health, vol.82, pp.15-20, 1991.

C. A. Smith and P. C. Ellsworth, Patterns of cognitive appraisal in emotion., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.48, issue.4, pp.813-838, 1985.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.48.4.813

M. Sohn, S. Ursu, J. R. Anderson, V. A. Stenger, and . Carter, The role of prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex in task switching, Proceedings of National Academy of Science, pp.97-13448, 2000.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.240460497

P. C. Sorum, T. R. Stewart, E. Mullet, G. Vallejo, C. Shim et al., Does choosing a treatment depend on making a diagnosis ? U.S. and French physicians's decision making about acute otitis media, Medical Decision Making, vol.22, pp.394-402, 2002.

D. Sperber and D. Wilson, Relevance, Communication and Cognition. [Traduction Française: Abel Gerschenfeld et Dan Sperber, 1986.

D. Sperber and D. Wilson, Relevance, Communication and Cognition. 2 nd Edition, 1995.

D. Sperber, F. Cara, and V. Girotto, Relevance theory explains the selection task, Cognition, vol.57, issue.1, pp.31-95, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0277(95)00666-M

L. G. Steed, A Psychometric Comparison of Four Measures of Hope and Optimism, Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol.62, issue.3, pp.466-482, 2002.
DOI : 10.1177/001316402128774914

J. H. Steiger, Structural equation modeling, STATISTICA for Windows (Volume III): Statistics II, pp.3539-3688, 1999.

R. J. Sternberg and P. A. Frensch, On being an expert: A cost-benefit analysis The psychology of expertise -cognitive Research and empirical AI, pp.191-203, 1992.

R. Steyer, M. Eid, and P. Schwenkmezger, Modeling true intraindividual change: True change as a latent variable, Methods of Psychological Research Online, vol.2, pp.21-33, 1997.

S. Sultan and B. Bureau, Which optimism in health psychology?, European Review of Applied Psychology, vol.49, pp.43-51, 1999.

P. E. Tetlock, Cognitive structural analsis of political rethoric: Methodological and theoretical issues, Explorations in political psychology, pp.380-405, 1993.

P. Thagard, Explanatory Coherence, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, vol.12, pp.435-502, 1989.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511814273.026

P. Thagard and J. Nerb, Emotional Gestalts: Appraisal, Change, and the Dynamics of Affect, Personality and Social Psychology Review, vol.92, issue.4, pp.274-282, 2002.
DOI : 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0604_02

S. H. Thomas, P. Borczuk, J. Shackelford, J. Ostrander, D. Silver et al., Patient and physician agreement on abdominal pain severity and need for opioid analgesia, The American Journal of Emergency Medicine, vol.17, issue.6, pp.586-590, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0735-6757(99)90203-6

K. H. Todd, K. G. Funk, J. P. Funk, and R. Bonacci, Clinical Significance of Reported Changes in Pain Severity????????????, Annals of Emergency Medicine, vol.27, issue.4, pp.485-489, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0196-0644(96)70238-X

K. H. Todd, T. Lee, and . J. Hoffman, The Effect of Ethnicity on Physician Estimates of Pain Severity in Patients with Isolated Extremity Trauma, Survey of Anesthesiology, vol.38, issue.5, pp.925-928, 1994.
DOI : 10.1097/00132586-199410000-00035

A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability, Cognitive Psychology, vol.4, pp.207-232, 1973.

A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, Judgments of and by representativeness, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, pp.84-98, 1982.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511809477.007

A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability, Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, pp.163-178, 1982.

A. Tversky and D. Kahneman, Extensional vs. intuitive reasoning: The conjunction fallacy in probability judgment, Psychological Review, vol.91, pp.293-315, 1983.

A. Tversky and D. J. Koehler, Support theory: A nonextensional representation of subjective probability., Psychological Review, vol.101, issue.4, pp.547-567, 1994.
DOI : 10.1037/0033-295X.101.4.547

T. A. Van-dijk and W. Kintsch, Strategies of discourse comprehension, 1983.

S. Vautier and E. Raufaste, Measuring Dynamic Bipolarity in Positive and Negative Activation, Assessment, vol.10, issue.1, pp.49-55, 2003.
DOI : 10.1177/1073191102250338

S. Vautier, E. Raufaste, M. Cariou, and . Lai, Dimensionality of the Revised Life Orientation Test and the status of filler items, International Journal of Psychology, vol.38, issue.6, 1998.
DOI : 10.1080/00207590344000222

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00105569

T. S. Wallsten, D. V. Budescu, and I. Erev, Understanding and using linguistic uncertainties, Acta Psychologica, vol.68, issue.1-3, pp.39-52, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0001-6918(88)90044-3

T. S. Wallsten, D. V. Budescu, and R. Zwick, Comparing the Calibration and Coherence of Numerical and Verbal Probability Judgments, Management Science, vol.39, issue.2, pp.176-190, 1993.
DOI : 10.1287/mnsc.39.2.176

D. Watson, L. A. Clark, and A. Tellegen, Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales., Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol.54, issue.6, pp.1063-1070, 1988.
DOI : 10.1037/0022-3514.54.6.1063

E. U. Weber, U. Böckenholt, D. J. Hilton, and B. Wallace, Determinants of diagnostic hypothesis generation: Effects of information, base rates, and experience., Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, vol.19, issue.5, pp.1151-1164, 1993.
DOI : 10.1037/0278-7393.19.5.1151

C. S. Weisse, P. C. Sorum, K. N. Sanders, and B. L. Syat, Do gender and race affect decisions about pain management?, Journal of General Internal Medicine, vol.61, issue.4, pp.211-217, 2001.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016004211.x

D. D. Woods, Coping with complexity : the psychology of human behavior in complex systems, Tasks, Errors and Mental models, pp.128-148, 1988.

R. S. Wyer, An investigation of the relations among probability estimates, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, vol.15, issue.1, pp.1-18, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0030-5073(76)90026-X

L. A. Zadeh, Fuzzy sets as a basis for a theory of possibility. Fuzzy Sets and Systems, pp.3-28, 1978.

A. J. Zautra, J. Berkhof, and N. A. Nicolson, Changes in affect interrelations as a function of stressful events, Cognition and Emotion, vol.68, issue.2, pp.309-318, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/02699930143000257

C. Zeitz, Expert-Novice Differences in Memory, Abstraction, and Reasoning in the Domain of Literature, Cognition and Instruction, vol.51, issue.4, pp.277-312, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-422X(91)90003-8

A. C. Zimmer, Verbal Vs. Numerical Processing of Subjective Probabilities, Decision making under uncertainty, pp.159-182, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-4115(08)62198-6

A. C. Zimmer, What Uncertainty Judgments Can Tell About the Underlying Subjective Probabilities, Uncertainty in artificial intelligence, pp.249-258, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-444-70058-2.50022-X

K. F. Zimmermann, European Migration: Push and Pull, Proceedings of the World Bank Annual Conference on Development Economics, pp.313-342, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/wber/8.suppl_1.313