T. E. Abbink and B. Berkhout, A Novel Long Distance Base-pairing Interaction in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Occludes the Gag Start Codon, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.13, pp.11601-611, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M210291200

M. P. Ashe, P. Griffin, W. James, and N. J. Proudfoot, Poly(A) site selection in the HIV-1 provirus: inhibition of promoter-proximal polyadenylation by the downstream major splice donor site., Genes & Development, vol.9, issue.23, pp.3008-3033, 1995.
DOI : 10.1101/gad.9.23.3008

E. Basyuk, S. Boulon, F. Skou-pedersen, E. Bertrand, and S. Vestergaard-rasmussen, The Packaging Signal of MLV is an Integrated Module that Mediates Intracellular Transport of Genomic RNAs, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.354, issue.2, pp.330-339, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.09.071

E. Basyuk, T. Galli, M. Mougel, J. M. Blanchard, M. Sitbon et al., Retroviral Genomic RNAs Are Transported to the Plasma Membrane by Endosomal Vesicles, Developmental Cell, vol.5, issue.1, pp.161-74, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1534-5807(03)00188-6

F. Baudin, R. Marquet, C. Isel, J. Darlix, B. Ehresmann et al., Functional Sites in the 5??? Region of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Form Defined Structural Domains, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.229, issue.2, pp.382-397, 1993.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.1993.1041

N. Beerens, F. Groot, and B. Berkhout, Initiation of HIV-1 Reverse Transcription Is Regulated by a Primer Activation Signal, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.276, issue.33, pp.31247-56, 2001.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M102441200

W. Bender, Y. H. Chien, S. Chattopadhyay, P. K. Vogt, M. B. Gardner et al., High-molecular-weight RNAs of AKR, NZB, and wild mouse viruses and avian reticuloendotheliosis virus all have similar dimer structures, J Virol, vol.25, pp.888-96, 1978.

W. Bender and N. Davidson, Mapping of poly(A) sequences in the electron microscope reveals unusual structure of type C oncornavirus RNA molecules, Cell, vol.7, issue.4, pp.595-607, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(76)90210-5

B. Berkhout, Structure and Function of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Leader RNA, Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol, vol.54, pp.1-34, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6603(08)60359-1

B. Berkhout, M. Ooms, N. Beerens, H. Huthoff, E. Southern et al., In Vitro Evidence That the Untranslated Leader of the HIV-1 Genome Is an RNA Checkpoint That Regulates Multiple Functions through Conformational Changes, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.22, pp.19967-75, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M200950200

B. Berkhout and J. Van-wamel, The leader of the HIV-1 RNA genome forms a compactly folded tertiary structure, RNA, vol.6, issue.2, pp.282-95, 2000.
DOI : 10.1017/S1355838200991684

B. Berkhout and J. Van-wamel, Role of the DIS hairpin in replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, J Virol, vol.70, pp.6723-6755, 1996.

M. Bouyac, M. Courcoul, G. Bertoia, Y. Baudat, D. Gabuzda et al., Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif protein binds to the Pr55Gag precursor, J Virol, vol.71, pp.9358-65, 1997.

R. Cancio, S. Spadari, and G. Maga, Vif is an auxiliary factor of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase and facilitates abasic site bypass, Biochemical Journal, vol.383, issue.3, pp.475-82, 2004.
DOI : 10.1042/BJ20040914

K. B. Chapman and J. D. Boeke, Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding yeast debranching enzyme, Cell, vol.65, issue.3, pp.483-92, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(91)90466-C

Z. Cheng and T. M. Menees, RNA Branching and Debranching in the Yeast Retrovirus-like Element Ty1, Science, vol.303, issue.5655, pp.240-243, 2004.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1087023

J. L. Clever and T. G. Parslow, Mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes with defects in RNA dimerization or encapsidation, J Virol, vol.71, pp.3407-3421, 1997.

J. L. Clever, M. L. Wong, and T. G. Parslow, Requirements for kissing-loop-mediated dimerization of human immunodeficiency virus RNA, J Virol, vol.70, pp.5902-5910, 1996.

S. G. Conticello, R. S. Harris, and M. S. Neuberger, The Vif Protein of HIV Triggers Degradation of the Human Antiretroviral DNA Deaminase APOBEC3G, Current Biology, vol.13, issue.22, pp.2009-2022, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cub.2003.10.034

C. E. Coombes and J. D. Boeke, An evaluation of detection methods for large lariat RNAs, RNA, vol.11, issue.3, pp.323-354, 2005.
DOI : 10.1261/rna.7124405

B. R. Cullen, Nuclear mRNA export: insights from virology, Trends in Biochemical Sciences, vol.28, issue.8, pp.419-443, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0968-0004(03)00142-7

B. R. Cullen, Role and Mechanism of Action of the APOBEC3 Family of Antiretroviral Resistance Factors, Journal of Virology, vol.80, issue.3, pp.1067-76, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.80.3.1067-1076.2006

D. Souza, V. , and M. F. Summers, How retroviruses select their genomes, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.67, issue.8, pp.643-55, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.037

C. K. Damgaard, E. S. Andersen, B. Knudsen, J. Gorodkin, and J. Kjems, RNA Interactions in the 5??? Region of the HIV-1 Genome, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.336, issue.2, pp.369-79, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2003.12.010

J. L. Darlix, C. Gabus, M. T. Nugeyre, F. Clavel, and S. F. Barre, Cis elements and Trans-acting factors involved in the RNA dimerization of the human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.216, issue.3, pp.689-99, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0022-2836(90)90392-Y

D. Tapia, M. , V. Metzler, M. Mougel, B. Ehresmann et al., Dimerization of MoMuLV genomic RNA: redefinition of the role of the palindromic stem-loop H1 (278-303) and new roles for stem-loops H2, Biochemistry, vol.37, pp.310-352, 1998.

M. Dettenhofer, S. Cen, B. A. Carlson, L. Kleiman, and X. F. Yu, Association of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif with RNA and Its Role in Reverse Transcription, Journal of Virology, vol.74, issue.19, pp.8938-8983, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.74.19.8938-8945.2000

A. M. Dirac, H. Huthoff, J. Kjems, and B. Berkhout, Regulated HIV-2 RNA dimerization by means of alternative RNA conformations, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.30, issue.12, pp.2647-55, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkf381

G. Dornadula, S. Yang, R. J. Pomerantz, and H. Zhang, Partial Rescue of the Vif-Negative Phenotype of Mutant Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Strains from Nonpermissive Cells by Intravirion Reverse Transcription, Journal of Virology, vol.74, issue.6, pp.2594-602, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.74.6.2594-2602.2000

S. Dupont, N. Sharova, C. Dehoratius, C. M. Virbasius, X. Zhu et al., A novel nuclear export activity in HIV-1 matrix protein required for viral replication, Nature, vol.402, pp.681-686, 1999.

E. Ennifar, J. C. Paillart, A. Bodlener, P. Walter, J. Wiebel et al., Targeting the dimerization initiation site of HIV-1 genomic RNA with aminoglycosides: From crystal to cell, 2006.

E. Ennifar, J. C. Paillart, R. Marquet, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann et al., HIV-1 RNA Dimerization Initiation Site Is Structurally Similar to the Ribosomal A Site and Binds Aminoglycoside Antibiotics, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.4, pp.2723-2753, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M205726200

E. Ennifar, P. Walter, and P. Dumas, A crystallographic study of the binding of 13 metal ions to two related RNA duplexes, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.31, issue.10, pp.2671-82, 2003.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkg350

E. Ennifar, P. Walter, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann, and P. Dumas, Crystal structures of coaxially stacked kissing complexes of the HIV-1 RNA dimerization initiation site, Nature Structural Biology, vol.8, issue.12, pp.1064-1072, 2001.
DOI : 10.1038/nsb727

E. Ennifar, M. Yusupov, P. Walter, R. Marquet, B. Ehresmann et al., The crystal structure of the dimerization initiation site of genomic HIV-1 RNA reveals an extended duplex with two adenine bulges, Structure, vol.7, issue.11, pp.1439-1488, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0969-2126(00)80033-7

J. A. Flynn, W. An, S. R. King, and A. Telesnitsky, Nonrandom Dimerization of Murine Leukemia Virus Genomic RNAs, Journal of Virology, vol.78, issue.22, pp.12129-12168, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.78.22.12129-12139.2004

J. A. Flynn and A. Telesnitsky, Two distinct Moloney murine leukemia virus RNAs produced from a single locus dimerize at random, Virology, vol.344, issue.2, pp.391-400, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.002

W. Fu, Q. Dang, K. Nagashima, E. O. Freed, V. K. Pathak et al., Effects of Gag Mutation and Processing on Retroviral Dimeric RNA Maturation, Journal of Virology, vol.80, issue.3, pp.1242-1251, 2006.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.80.3.1242-1249.2006

W. Fu, R. J. Gorelick, and A. Rein, Characterization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dimeric RNA from wild-type and protease-defective virions, J Virol, vol.68, pp.5013-5018, 1994.

W. Fu and A. Rein, Maturation of dimeric viral RNA of Moloney murine leukemia virus, J Virol, vol.67, pp.5443-5449, 1993.

F. Girard, F. Barbault, C. Gouyette, T. Huynh-dinh, J. Paoletti et al., Genomic RNA: NMR Solution Structure of the Extended Duplex, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, vol.217, issue.6, pp.1145-57, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1096

V. Goldschmidt, J. C. Paillart, M. Rigourd, B. Ehresmann, A. M. Aubertin et al., Structural Variability of the Initiation Complex of HIV-1 Reverse Transcription, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.34, pp.35923-35954, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M404473200

V. Goldschmidt, M. Rigourd, C. Ehresmann, S. F. Le-grice, B. Ehresmann et al., Direct and Indirect Contributions of RNA Secondary Structure Elements to the Initiation of HIV-1 Reverse Transcription, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.45, pp.43233-43275, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M205295200

M. Haddrick, A. L. Lear, A. J. Cann, and S. Heaphy, Evidence that a Kissing Loop Structure Facilitates Genomic RNA Dimerisation in HIV-1, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.259, issue.1, pp.58-68, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0301

G. P. Harrison and A. M. Lever, The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 packaging signal and major splice donor region have a conserved stable secondary structure, J Virol, vol.66, pp.4144-4153, 1992.

S. Henriet, D. Richer, S. Bernacchi, E. Decroly, R. Vigne et al., Cooperative and Specific Binding of Vif to the 5??? Region of HIV-1 Genomic RNA, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.354, issue.1, pp.55-72, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.09.025

C. S. Hibbert and A. Rein, Preliminary Physical Mapping of RNA-RNA Linkages in the Genomic RNA of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus, Journal of Virology, vol.79, issue.13, pp.8142-8150, 2005.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.79.13.8142-8148.2005

C. P. Hill, D. Worthylake, D. P. Bancroft, A. M. Christensen, and W. I. Sundquist, Crystal structures of the trimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein: implications for membrane association and assembly., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.7, pp.3099-3104, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.7.3099

M. K. Hill, M. Shehu-xhilaga, S. M. Campbell, P. Poumbourios, S. M. Crowe et al., The Dimer Initiation Sequence Stem-Loop of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Is Dispensable for Viral Replication in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells, Journal of Virology, vol.77, issue.15, pp.8329-8364, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.77.15.8329-8335.2003

S. Hoglund, A. Ohagen, K. Lawrence, and D. Gabuzda, Role of vif during Packing of the Core of HIV-1, Virology, vol.201, issue.2, pp.349-55, 1994.
DOI : 10.1006/viro.1994.1300

H. Huthoff and B. Berkhout, Two alternating structures of the HIV-1 leader RNA, RNA, vol.7, issue.1, pp.143-57, 2001.
DOI : 10.1017/S1355838201001881

C. Isel, C. Ehresmann, G. Keith, B. Ehresmann, and R. Marquet, Initiation of HIV Reverse Transcription, Viruses, vol.2, issue.1, pp.236-50, 1995.
DOI : 10.3390/v2010213

C. Isel, G. Keith, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann, and R. Marquet, Mutational analysis of the tRNA3Lys/HIV-1 RNA (primer/template) complex, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.26, issue.5, pp.1198-204, 1998.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/26.5.1198

Y. Iwatani, A. E. Rosen, J. Guo, K. Musier-forsyth, and J. G. Levin, Efficient Initiation of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptionin Vitro: REQUIREMENT FOR RNA SEQUENCES DOWNSTREAM OF THE PRIMER BINDING SITE ABROGATED BY NUCLEOCAPSID PROTEIN-DEPENDENT PRIMER-TEMPLATE INTERACTIONS, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.16, pp.14185-95, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M211618200

F. Jossinet, J. C. Paillart, E. Westhof, T. Hermann, E. Skripkin et al., Dimerization of HIV-1 genomic RNA of subtypes A and B: RNA loop structure and magnesium binding, RNA, vol.5, issue.9, pp.1222-1256, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/S1355838299990982

M. A. Khan, C. Aberham, S. Kao, H. Akari, R. Gorelick et al., Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif Protein Is Packaged into the Nucleoprotein Complex through an Interaction with Viral Genomic RNA, Journal of Virology, vol.75, issue.16, pp.7252-65, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.75.16.7252-7265.2001

S. A. Kharytonchyk, A. I. Kireyeva, A. B. Osipovich, and I. K. Fomin, Evidence for preferential copackaging of Moloney murine leukemia virus genomic RNAs transcribed in the same chromosomal site, Retrovirology, vol.2, issue.1, p.3, 2005.
DOI : 10.1186/1742-4690-2-3

F. Kieken, E. Arnoult, F. Barbault, F. Paquet, T. Huynh-dinh et al., HIV-1 Lai genomic RNA: combined used of NMR and molecular dynamics simulation for studying the structure and internal dynamics of a mutated SL1 hairpin, European Biophysics Journal, vol.31, issue.7, pp.521-552, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s00249-002-0251-1

F. Kieken, F. Paquet, F. Brule, J. Paoletti, and G. Lancelot, A new NMR solution structure of the SL1 HIV-1Lai loop-loop dimer, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.34, issue.1, pp.343-52, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkj427

J. W. Kim, H. C. Kim, G. M. Kim, J. M. Yang, J. D. Boeke et al., Human RNA lariat debranching enzyme cDNA complements the phenotypes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae dbr1 and Schizosaccharomyces pombe dbr1 mutants, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.28, issue.18, pp.3666-73, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/28.18.3666

J. M. Lanchy, J. D. Ivanovitch, and J. S. , A structural linkage between the dimerization and encapsidation signals in HIV-2 leader RNA, RNA, vol.9, issue.8, pp.1007-1025, 2003.
DOI : 10.1261/rna.5590603

J. M. Lanchy, Q. N. Szafran, and J. S. , Splicing affects presentation of RNA dimerization signals in HIV-2 in vitro, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.32, issue.15, pp.4585-95, 2004.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkh800

M. Laughrea and L. Jetté, A 19-Nucleotide Sequence Upstream of the 5' Major Splice Donor Is Part of the Dimerization Domain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 Genomic RNA, Biochemistry, vol.33, issue.45, pp.13464-13474, 1994.
DOI : 10.1021/bi00249a035

M. Laughrea, L. Jette, J. Mak, L. Kleiman, C. Liang et al., Mutations in the kissing-loop hairpin of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reduce viral infectivity as well as genomic RNA packaging and dimerization, J Virol, vol.71, pp.3397-406, 1997.

C. Liang, J. Hu, R. S. Russell, and M. A. Wainberg, -Acting Manner, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, vol.18, issue.15, pp.1117-1143, 2002.
DOI : 10.1089/088922202320567851

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00109057

J. S. Lodmell, J. C. Paillart, D. Mignot, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann et al., Oligonucleotide-Mediated Inhibition of Genomic RNA Dimerization of HIV-1 Strains MAL and LAI: A Comparative Analysis, Antisense and Nucleic Acid Drug Development, vol.8, issue.6, pp.517-546, 1998.
DOI : 10.1089/oli.1.1998.8.517

R. Mariani, D. Chen, B. Schrofelbauer, F. Navarro, R. Konig et al., Species-Specific Exclusion of APOBEC3G from HIV-1 Virions by Vif, Cell, vol.114, issue.1, pp.21-31, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00515-4

M. Marin, K. M. Rose, S. L. Kozak, and D. Kabat, HIV-1 Vif protein binds the editing enzyme APOBEC3G and induces its degradation, Nature Medicine, vol.9, issue.11, pp.1398-403, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nm946

R. Marquet, F. Baudin, C. Gabus, J. L. Darlix, M. Mougel et al., Dimerization of human immunodeficiency virus (type 1) RNA: stimulation by cations and possible mechanism, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.19, issue.9, pp.2349-57, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/19.9.2349

R. Marquet, C. Isel, C. Ehresmann, and B. Ehresmann, tRNAs as primer of reverse transcriptases, Biochimie, vol.77, issue.1-2, pp.113-124, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0300-9084(96)88114-4

R. Marquet, J. Paillart, E. Skripkin, C. Ehresmann, and B. Ehresmann, Dimerization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA involves sequences located upstream of the splice donor site, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.22, issue.2, pp.145-51, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/22.2.145

A. Mujeeb, T. G. Parslow, A. Zarrinpar, C. Das, and T. L. James, NMR structure of the mature dimer initiation complex of HIV-1 genomic RNA, FEBS Letters, vol.1, issue.3, pp.387-92, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-5793(99)01183-7

D. Muriaux, R. H. De, B. P. Roques, and J. Paoletti, NCp7 Activates HIV-1Lai RNA Dimerization by Converting a Transient Loop-Loop Complex into a Stable Dimer, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.271, issue.52, pp.33686-92, 1996.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.271.52.33686

D. Muriaux, P. M. Girard, M. B. Bonnet, and J. Paoletti, Dimerization of HIV-1Lai RNA at Low Ionic Strength: AN AUTOCOMPLEMENTARY SEQUENCE IN THE 5' LEADER REGION IS EVIDENCED BY AN ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.270, issue.14, pp.8209-8225, 1995.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.270.14.8209

D. Muriaux, J. Mirro, D. Harvin, and A. Rein, RNA is a structural element in retrovirus particles, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.98, issue.9, pp.5246-51, 2001.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.091000398

K. G. Murti, M. Bondurant, and A. Tereba, Secondary structural features in the 70S RNAs of Moloney murine leukemia and Rous sarcoma viruses as observed by electron microscopy, J Virol, vol.37, pp.411-430, 1981.

K. Nam, G. Lee, J. Trambley, S. E. Devine, and J. D. Boeke, Severe growth defect in a Schizosaccharomyces pombe mutant defective in intron lariat degradation., Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol.17, issue.2, pp.809-827, 1997.
DOI : 10.1128/MCB.17.2.809

A. Ohagen and D. Gabuzda, Role of Vif in Stability of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Core, Journal of Virology, vol.74, issue.23, pp.11055-66, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.74.23.11055-11066.2000

J. Paillart, L. Berthoux, M. Ottmann, J. Darlix, R. Marquet et al., A dual role of the putative RNA dimerization initiation site of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in genomic RNA packaging and proviral DNA synthesis, J Virol, vol.70, pp.8348-54, 1996.

J. Paillart, R. Marquet, E. Skripkin, B. Ehresmann, and C. Ehresmann, Mutational analysis of the bipartite dimer linkage structure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomic RNA, J Biol Chem, vol.269, pp.27486-93, 1994.

J. Paillart, R. Marquet, E. Skripkin, C. Ehresmann, and B. Ehresmann, Dimerization of retroviral genomic RNAs: structural and functional implications, Biochimie, vol.78, issue.7, pp.639-53, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0300-9084(96)80010-1

J. Paillart, M. Shehu-xhilaga, R. Marquet, and J. Mak, Dimerization of retroviral RNA genomes: an inseparable pair, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.73, issue.6, pp.461-472, 2004.
DOI : 10.1006/viro.1994.1037

J. Paillart, E. Skripkin, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann, and R. Marquet, A loop-loop "kissing" complex is the essential part of the dimer linkage of genomic HIV-1 RNA., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.93, issue.11, pp.5572-5579, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.11.5572

J. Paillart, E. Skripkin, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann, and R. Marquet, The use of chemical modification interference and inverse PCR mutagenesis to identify the dimerization initiation site of HIV-1 genomic RNA, Pharmaceutica Acta Helvetiae, vol.71, issue.1, pp.21-29, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0031-6865(95)00048-8

J. Paillart, E. Westhof, C. Ehresmann, B. Ehresmann, and R. Marquet, Non-canonical interactions in a kissing loop complex: the dimerization initiation site of HIV-1 genomic RNA, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.270, issue.1, pp.36-49, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1096

J. C. Paillart, M. Dettenhofer, X. F. Yu, C. Ehresmann, B. Ehresmann et al., First Snapshots of the HIV-1 RNA Structure in Infected Cells and in Virions, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.46, pp.48397-403, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M408294200

J. C. Paillart and H. G. Gottlinger, Opposing effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix mutations support a myristyl switch model of gag membrane targeting, J Virol, vol.73, pp.2604-2616, 1999.

J. C. Paillart, E. Skripkin, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann, and R. Marquet, In Vitro Evidence for a Long Range Pseudoknot in the 5'-Untranslated and Matrix Coding Regions of HIV-1 Genomic RNA, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.8, pp.5995-6004, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M108972200

E. Poole, P. Strappe, H. P. Mok, R. Hicks, and A. M. Lever, HIV-1 Gag-RNA Interaction Occurs at a Perinuclear/Centrosomal Site; Analysis by Confocal Microscopy and FRET, Traffic, vol.249, issue.9, pp.741-55, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2005.00312.x

D. T. Poon, E. N. Chertova, and D. E. Ott, Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Preferentially Encapsidates Genomic RNAs That Encode Pr55Gag: Functional Linkage between Translation and RNA Packaging, Virology, vol.293, issue.2, pp.368-78, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/viro.2001.1283

URL : http://doi.org/10.1006/viro.2001.1283

M. D. Resh, A myristoyl switch regulates membrane binding of HIV-1 Gag, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.2, pp.417-425, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0308043101

C. Roy, N. Tounekti, M. Mougel, J. L. Darlix, C. Paoletti et al., generated RNA of Moloney murine leukemia virus MoMuLV, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.18, issue.24, pp.7287-92, 1990.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/18.24.7287

R. S. Russell, J. Hu, V. Beriault, A. J. Mouland, M. Laughrea et al., Sequences Downstream of the 5' Splice Donor Site Are Required for both Packaging and Dimerization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA, Journal of Virology, vol.77, issue.1, pp.84-96, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.77.1.84-96.2003

R. S. Russell, J. Hu, M. Laughrea, M. A. Wainberg, and C. Liang, Deficient Dimerization of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Caused by Mutations of the U5 RNA Sequences, Virology, vol.303, issue.1, pp.152-63, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/viro.2002.1592

R. S. Russell, C. Liang, and M. A. Wainberg, Is HIV-1 RNA dimerization a prerequisite for packaging? Yes, no, probably?, Retrovirology, vol.1, issue.1, p.23, 2004.
DOI : 10.1186/1742-4690-1-23

J. Sakuragi, A. Iwamoto, and T. Shioda, Dissociation of Genome Dimerization from Packaging Functions and Virion Maturation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1, Journal of Virology, vol.76, issue.3, pp.959-67, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.76.3.959-967.2002

J. Sakuragi, T. Shioda, and A. T. Panganiban, Duplication of the Primary Encapsidation and Dimer Linkage Region of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Results in the Appearance of Monomeric RNA in Virions, Journal of Virology, vol.75, issue.6, pp.2557-65, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.75.6.2557-2565.2001

J. Sakuragi, S. Ueda, A. Iwamoto, and T. Shioda, Possible Role of Dimerization in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genome RNA Packaging, Journal of Virology, vol.77, issue.7, pp.4060-4069, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.77.7.4060-4069.2003

A. M. Sheehy, N. C. Gaddis, J. D. Choi, and M. H. Malim, Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein, Nature, vol.71, issue.6898, pp.646-50, 2002.
DOI : 10.1093/emboj/16.15.4531

M. Shehu-xhilaga, S. M. Crowe, and J. Mak, Maintenance of the Gag/Gag-Pol Ratio Is Important for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Dimerization and Viral Infectivity, Journal of Virology, vol.75, issue.4, pp.1834-1875, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.75.4.1834-1841.2001

N. Shen, L. Jette, C. Liang, M. A. Wainberg, and M. Laughrea, Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Dimerization on Viral Infectivity and of Stem-Loop B on RNA Dimerization and Reverse Transcription and Dissociation of Dimerization from Packaging, Journal of Virology, vol.74, issue.12, pp.5729-5764, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.74.12.5729-5735.2000

N. Shen, L. Jette, M. A. Wainberg, and M. Laughrea, Role of Stem B, Loop B, and Nucleotides next to the Primer Binding Site and the Kissing-Loop Domain in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication and Genomic-RNA Dimerization, Journal of Virology, vol.75, issue.21, pp.10543-10552, 2001.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.75.21.10543-10549.2001

J. H. Simon, R. A. Fouchier, T. E. Southerling, C. B. Guerra, C. K. Grant et al., The Vif and Gag proteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 colocalize in infected human T cells, J Virol, vol.71, pp.5259-67, 1997.

E. Skripkin, J. Paillart, R. Marquet, M. Blumenfeld, B. Ehresmann et al., Mechanisms of inhibition of in vitro dimerization of HIV type I RNA by sense and antisense oligonucleotides, J Biol Chem, vol.271, pp.28812-28819, 1996.

E. Skripkin, J. Paillart, R. Marquet, B. Ehresmann, and C. Ehresmann, Identification of the primary site of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA dimerization in vitro., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.11, pp.4945-4954, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.11.4945

F. Smagulova, S. Maurel, Z. Morichaud, C. Devaux, M. Mougel et al., The Highly Structured Encapsidation Signal of MuLV RNA is Involved in the Nuclear Export of its Unspliced RNA, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.354, issue.5, pp.1118-1146, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.10.021

P. Spearman, R. Horton, L. Ratner, and I. Kuli-zade, Membrane binding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein in vivo supports a conformational myristyl switch mechanism, J Virol, vol.71, pp.6582-92, 1997.

C. Srisawat and D. R. Engelke, Streptavidin aptamers: Affinity tags for the study of RNAs and ribonucleoproteins, RNA, vol.7, issue.4, pp.632-673, 2001.
DOI : 10.1017/S135583820100245X

K. Stopak, C. De-noronha, W. Yonemoto, and W. C. Greene, HIV-1 Vif Blocks the Antiviral Activity of APOBEC3G by Impairing Both Its Translation and Intracellular Stability, Molecular Cell, vol.12, issue.3, pp.591-601, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1097-2765(03)00353-8

K. Takahashi, S. Baba, Y. Hayashi, Y. Koyanagi, N. Yamamoto et al., NMR Analysis of Intra- and Inter-Molecular Stems in the Dimerization Initiation Site of the HIV-1 Genome, Journal of Biochemistry, vol.127, issue.4, pp.681-687, 2000.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a022657

C. Tang, E. Loeliger, P. Luncsford, I. Kinde, D. Beckett et al., Entropic switch regulates myristate exposure in the HIV-1 matrix protein, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, issue.2, pp.517-539, 2004.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.0305665101

Y. Ye, J. De-leon, N. Yokoyama, Y. Naidu, and D. Camerini, DBR1 siRNA inhibition of HIV-1 replication, Retrovirology, vol.2, issue.1, p.63, 2005.
DOI : 10.1186/1742-4690-2-63

A. Zeffman, S. Hassard, G. Varani, and A. Lever, The major HIV-1 packaging signal is an extended bulged stem loop whose structure is altered on interaction with the gag polyprotein, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.297, issue.4, pp.877-93, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3611

H. Zhang, R. J. Yang, C. Pomerantz, S. C. Zhang, L. Arunachalam et al., The cytidine deaminase CEM15 induces hypermutation in newly synthesized HIV-1 DNA, Nature, vol.424, issue.6944, pp.94-102, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/nature01707

W. Zhou and M. D. Resh, Differential membrane binding of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix protein, J Virol, vol.70, pp.8540-8548, 1996.

R. Marquet, J. Paillart, E. Skripkin, C. Ehresmann, and B. Ehresmann, Dimerization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA involves sequences located upstream of the splice donor site, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.22, issue.2, pp.145-151, 1994.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/22.2.145

E. Skripkin, J. Paillart, R. Marquet, B. Ehresmann, and C. Ehresmann, Identification of the primary site of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA dimerization in vitro., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.91, issue.11, 1994.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.91.11.4945

J. Paillart, R. Marquet, E. Skripkin, B. Ehresmann, and C. Ehresmann, Mutational analysis of the bipartite dimer linkage structure of HIV-1 genomic RNA, J. Biol. Chem, vol.269, pp.27486-27493, 1994.

J. Paillart, E. Skripkin, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann, and R. Marquet, The use of chemical modification interference and inverse PCR mutagenesis to identify the dimerization initiation site of HIV-1 genomic RNA, pp.21-28, 1996.

J. Paillart, E. Skripkin, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann, and R. Marquet, A loop-loop "kissing" complex is the essential part of the dimer linkage of genomic HIV-1 RNA., Proc. Natl. Acad, 1996.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.93.11.5572

J. Paillart, R. Marquet, E. Skripkin, C. Ehresmann, and B. Ehresmann, Dimerization of retroviral genomic RNAs: structural and functional implications, Biochimie, vol.78, issue.7, pp.639-653, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0300-9084(96)80010-1

E. Skripkin, J. Paillart, R. Marquet, M. Blumenfeld, B. Ehresmann et al., Mechanism of inhibition of in vitro dimerization of HIV-1 RNA by sense and antisense oligonucleotides, J. Biol. Chem, vol.271, pp.28812-28817, 1996.

J. Paillart, L. Berthoux, M. Ottmann, J. Darlix, R. Marquet et al., A dual role of the putative RNA dimerization initiation site of HIV-1 in genomic RNA packaging and proviral DNA synthesis, J. Virol, vol.70, pp.8348-8354, 1996.

J. Paillart, E. Westhof, C. Ehresmann, B. Ehresmann, and R. Et-marquet, Non-canonical interactions in a kissing loop complex: the dimerization initiation site of HIV-1 genomic RNA, Journal of Molecular Biology, vol.270, issue.1, pp.36-49, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1096

J. S. Lodmell, J. Paillart, D. Mignot, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann et al., Oligonucleotide-Mediated Inhibition of Genomic RNA Dimerization of HIV-1 Strains MAL and LAI: A Comparative Analysis, Antisense and Nucleic Acid Drug Development, vol.8, issue.6, pp.517-529, 1998.
DOI : 10.1089/oli.1.1998.8.517

F. Jossinet, J. Paillart, E. Westhof, T. Hermann, E. Skripkin et al., Dimerization of HIV-1 genomic RNA of subtypes A and B: RNA loop structure and magnesium binding, RNA, vol.5, issue.9, pp.1222-1234, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/S1355838299990982

J. Paillart and H. G. Göttlinger, Opposing effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 matrix mutations support a myristyl switch model of Gag membrane binding, J. Virol, vol.73, pp.2604-2612, 1999.

J. Paillart, E. Skripkin, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann, and R. Marquet, In Vitro Evidence for a Long Range Pseudoknot in the 5'-Untranslated and Matrix Coding Regions of HIV-1 Genomic RNA, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.277, issue.8, pp.5995-6004, 2002.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M108972200

E. Ennifar, J. Paillart, R. Marquet, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann et al., HIV-1 RNA Dimerization Initiation Site Is Structurally Similar to the Ribosomal A Site and Binds Aminoglycoside Antibiotics, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.278, issue.4, pp.2723-2730, 2003.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M205726200

J. Paillart, M. Shehu-xhilaga, R. Marquet, and J. Mak, Dimerization of retroviral RNA genomes: an inseparable pair, Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol.73, issue.6, pp.461-472, 2004.
DOI : 10.1006/viro.1994.1037

V. Goldschmidt, J. Paillart, M. Rigourd, B. Ehresmann, A. Aubertin et al., Unsuspected variability of the initiation complex of HIV-1 reverse transcription, J, 2004.

J. Paillart, M. Dettenhofer, X. Yu, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann et al., First Snapshots of the HIV-1 RNA Structure in Infected Cells and in Virions, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.279, issue.46, pp.48397-48403, 2004.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.M408294200

J. Paillart and R. Marquet, Cooperative and specific binding of Vif to the 5' region of HIV- 1 genomic RNA, J. Mol. Biol, vol.354, pp.55-72, 2005.

E. Ennifar#, J. Paillart, A. Bodlenner, P. Walter, J. Weibel et al., Targeting the dimerization initiation site of HIV-1 RNA with aminoglycosides: from crystal to cell, Nucleic Acids Research, vol.34, issue.8, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/nar/gkl317

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00094052

V. Vivet-boudou, J. Paillart, A. Burger, and R. Marquet, Synthesis and study of 1-(2'- deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide as an anti-HIV-1 mutagenic agent, 2005.

J. Paillart, M. Dettenhofer, X. Yu, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann et al., R Structure de la région 5' non traduite de l'ARN génomique du VIH-1 dans les cellules infectées et les particules virales, Actes du Congrès « Congrès International de Biochimie et XXXIème Forum des Jeunes Chercheurs, pp.360-363, 2004.

S. Henriet, J. Paillart, E. Decroly, R. Vigne, B. Ehresmann et al., R Etude de la fixation de la protéine Vif du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 (VIH-1) à son ARN génomique, Actes du Congrès « Congrès International de Biochimie et XXXIème Forum des Jeunes Chercheurs, pp.321-324

J. Paillart, R. Marquet, E. Skripkin, C. Ehresmann, and B. Et-ehresmann, Résumé des communications p. 147. La dimérisation de l'ARN génomique de HIV-1 implique des séquences localisées en amont du site donneur d'épissage. Poster présenté au, Communications à des congrès, 1993.

J. Paillart, R. Marquet, E. Skripkin, B. Ehresmann, and C. Ehresmann, Résumé des communications p. 41. The primary site of HIV-1 RNA dimerization in vitro involves sequences outside of the previously defined Dimer Linkage Structure Communication orale présentée au "Young Scientist's View of Molecular Biotechnology, 3rd International Meeting" : Ascona (Suisse) 13-19 février, 1994.

J. Paillart, E. Skripkin, R. Marquet, B. Ehresmann, and C. Ehresman, Résumé des communications p. 284. Dimerization of the HIV-1 genomic RNA: relative contribution of the sequences upstream and downstream of the splice donor site, Meeting on Retroviruses, pp.23-28, 1995.

J. Paillart, L. Berthoux, M. Ottmann, J. Darlix, R. Marquet et al., Analyse du site d'initiation de la dimérisation du virus de l'immunodéficience humaine de type 1 : double rôle dans l'encapsidation de l'ARN génomique et la synthèse de l'ADN proviral. Communication orale présentée à la "Réunion du groupe thématique SIFR ARN : Reconnaissance macromoléculaire dans le contrôle et l'exécution du cycle traductionnel, Palaiseau, 1996.

J. Paillart and H. G. Göttlinger, Differential effects of single amino acid substitutions in HIV-1 matrix support a myristyl switch model of Gag membrane binding. Poster presenté au, Meeting on Retroviruses, pp.26-31, 1998.

F. Jossinet, J. Paillart, E. Skripkin, C. Ehresmann, B. Ehresmann et al., The dimerization of HIV-1 genomic RNA: importance of the RNA loop structure and magnesium binding, Meeting on Retroviruses Juin, pp.25-30, 1999.

J. Paillart, E. Skripkin, . Ehresmann, . Ehresmann, and R. Marquet, Identification of a long range interaction in the 5' region of HIV-1 genomic RNA, pp.29-32, 2001.

J. 2002-paillart, E. Ennifar, P. Walter, C. Ehresmann, B. Ehresmann et al., Specific binding of aminoglycoside antibiotics to the RNA dimerization initiation site (DIS) of HIV-1. Communication orale présentée au, Meeting on Retroviruses, pp.21-26, 2002.

J. Paillart, E. Ennifar, C. Ehresmann, B. Ehresmann, P. Dumas et al., Fixation spécifique d'aminoglycosides sur le site d'initiation de la dimérisation de l'ARN génomique du HIV-1, pp.1-5, 2002.

J. Paillart, C. Beyer, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann, A. Aubertin et al., Effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics on the HIV-1 replication: correlation with binding to the Dimerization Initiation Site (DIS) of the genomic RNA. Poster présenté au, Meeting on Retroviruses, pp.20-25, 2003.

J. Paillart, C. Beyer, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann, A. Aubertin et al., Effects of aminoglycoside antibiotics on the HIV-1 replication: correlation with binding to the Dimerization Initiation Site (DIS) of the genomic RNA, Poster présenté au « Second Forum de la Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, p.28, 2003.

J. Paillart, M. Dettenhofer, X. F. Yu, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann et al., Secondary structure of the 5'-untranslated region of HIV-1 genomic RNA in infected cells and in viral particles, Poster présenté au « 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections», pp.8-11, 2004.

J. Paillart, M. Dettenhofer, X. Yu, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann et al., Structure de la région 5' non traduite de l'ARN génomique du VIH-1 dans les cellules infectées et les particules virales, Poster présenté au Congrès International de Biochimie - XXXième Forum des Jeunes Chercheurs de la SFBBM, pp.3-6, 2004.

J. Paillart, M. Dettenhofer, X. Yu, B. Ehresmann, C. Ehresmann et al., Secondary structure of the 5'-untranslated region of HIV-1 genomic RNA in infected cells and in viral particles, Meeting on Retroviruses, pp.25-30, 2004.

J. Paillart, First snapshots of the HIV-1 RNA structure in infected cells and in virions. Communication orale présentée au "The retrovirus-host interface: from structure to function, pp.1-2, 2004.

S. Henriet, J. Paillart, S. Bernacchi, D. Richer, E. Decroly et al., Specific binding of Vif to the 5'-untranslated region of HIV-1 genomic RNA, Poster présenté au "2005 Meeting on Retroviruses" : Cold Spring Harbor, pp.24-29

J. Paillart, E. Ennifar, A. Bodlenner, P. Pale, P. Dumas et al., Ciblage du site d'initiation de la dimérisation (DIS) de l'ARN génomique du VIH-1 avec des aminoglycosides : du cristal à la cellule, Communication orale présentée au "Congrès Annuel et Forum des Jeunes Chercheurs de la SFBBM" : Nantes, pp.24-26, 2005.