C. F. Bohren and D. R. Hauffman, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, 1983.
DOI : 10.1002/9783527618156

B. Bonnel, Radiative properties of some African and midlatitude stratocumulus clouds, Beitr. Phys. Atmos, vol.56, pp.409-428, 1983.

C. C. Chuang, J. E. Penner, J. M. Prospero, K. E. Grant, G. H. Rau et al., Cloud susceptibility and the first aerosol indirect forcing: Sensitivity to black carbon and aerosol concentrations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.7, issue.44, p.456410, 1029.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD000215

P. Chylek, Scattering of electromagnetic waves by composite spherical particles: experiment and effective medium approximations, Applied Optics, vol.27, issue.12, pp.2396-2404, 1988.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.27.002396

P. Chylek, Black carbon and absorption of solar radiation by clouds, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.12, issue.D18, pp.365-23372, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD01901

J. Cohard, J. Pinty, and C. Bedos, Extending Twomey???s Analytical Estimate of Nucleated Cloud Droplet Concentrations from CCN Spectra, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.55, issue.22, pp.3348-3357, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<3348:ETSAEO>2.0.CO;2

P. G. Duynkerke, Observations and numerical simulations of the diurnal cycle of the EUROCS stratocumulus case, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.124, issue.604, pp.3269-3296, 2004.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.139

Y. Fouquart, Radiative transfer in climate modeling, in NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physically-Based Modeling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Changes, pp.223-283, 1986.

M. Kharoutdinov and Y. Kogan, A New Cloud Physics Parameterization in a Large-Eddy Simulation Model of Marine Stratocumulus, Monthly Weather Review, vol.128, issue.1, pp.229-243, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0229:ANCPPI>2.0.CO;2

J. Lafore, The Meso-NH Atmospheric Simulation System. Part I: adiabatic formulation and control simulations, Annales Geophysicae, vol.16, issue.1, pp.90-109, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s00585-997-0090-6

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00329074

J. Morcrette, Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts forecasting system, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.53, issue.D5, pp.9121-9132, 1991.
DOI : 10.1029/89JD01597

D. Tanre, J. Geleyn, and J. M. Slingo, First results of the introduction of an advanced aerosol-radiation interaction in the ECMWF low resolution global mode, Aerosols and Their Climatic Effects, pp.133-177, 1984.

I. Tegen, Contribution of different aerosol species to the global aerosol extinction optical thickness: Estimates from model results, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.27, issue.22, pp.895-23915, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD01864

?. St-r??s, ?. ??@bullet?-??-?-@bullet?-?-?t?-?-?-?-?-????r-??s-t??t-?-?-@bullet@bullet?t??-??r, ?. Ss??-t??-???r??, ?. ?. , ?. ???-r??????-@bullet?t?-?-t-?-?-?-?-?-?r??s??-s?-?-s??@bullet?-???t-????s?-?-?-?-?-?r??-t et al., r ????t??? ??r???s?? ??? s?????t???s s????st?? t??t t?? ????? s??s?t???t? t? CDNC ??r??t???s ?s r?????? ??r??? ????t??? ?????s? ?? t?? ??s?r?t??? ?? s???r r????t?, ) ? LWP(t + 24)? ??? s?????t??? ?s t??? r????t?? ??t? ??t?r t?? s

?. , ?. ??????-?s-??s??-?-?-?-t?, ?. , ?. , ?. et al., ???t ????t??? ?????t?r d ef f ? ? = 3LW P/4? w d ef f ? ???r? ? w ?s t?? ??t?r ???s?t?? ??? ?s????tr? ???t?rs ?? t?? ??s???? ??? ???r????r?r?? r????s ?? t?? s???tr?? ?r? s?t t?s s?????r t? t??t ??s?r??? ??r??? ???? ? ?r? s????t??? ??? ????? ???t??????t??? ??????s t?? s?t??? ?? t?? ??t?r??????r?s?? st??? ??r??r??? ??r??? ?????? ???????r?? ?t ???? ?????? ??t? t?? s??? ?????s ?? s?? s?r???? t????r?t?r?? ??r????t?? ???? s????? ????rs??? ????r ??t?t??? ?? ??? ? ????? t?? s?? ??????? t?t?? ??t?r ?

?. ?-t?-s?-?-?@bullet?t?-?-?-s-st?rt-??t?-t??-s?-?-?-??rt???@bullet-?-r-?-?@bullet?s-?t, ?. Lt-??-?-tt??, @. ?. , ?. ????-???-???s, ?. et al., ???? st?t? ?s ?ss????t?? ??t? ??r??r ??? ?r??r s??????? ????r ??r ????s? ??? ???? t?? ?????t?? ??s? ?s ???r??t?r???? ??t? ?? ? s????t?? s?????r s?r???? s??s???? ???t s???r r????t??? ?s ??t??s???? ?? t?? ?r??t?r ?????s ?? t?? LWC ?t s??r?s?? ??r????r? ?? t?? ???? ?? ?r?????? t??r? ?s ?? ???t s??? t? ????t?r??????? t?? ??r???? ?? t?? ????? ??s? r?????? ??s???s? ?s t?? t????r?t?r? ????? t?? s?r???? ?r??????? ???r??s?s? t?? s??s???? ???t ??? r?????? ???r??s?s t? r???? s????t?? ????t??? ?????s ?t ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? t?? s??????? ????r ?s ??ss ???t?? ?? ?????t??? ?? ??r? ??r ?r?? t?? s?r????? t?? ????? ????r ?s ???r??s????? ??t???? t?? s?r???? ??? t?? ????? ????r ?s ??rt??r r?????? ?? t?? ????? ?? ??? t??r??? ?r????t??? ???s? t? t?? s?r???? ???s?? ?? t?? ???? ?? ? s????????t s??s???? ???t, ?st?r? s????? ?r?? t?? s?r???? ?s ??t??? ??? t?? LWP ?s ???? ??r? r?????? t??? ?? t?? STBL ??s ???? ?????? ???? t?? LWP r?????s ?ts ??????? ?t ????? LT? ??t? t?? s?

?. ?-?r??s?-?s-s?-?-s?t???-t-?-t??-@bullet?r??-s??@bullet?-?-?-r??-?-?s?-???s?-t??, ?. @bullet@bullet?t??, ?. ??-lwp-r?????s-t??-s?, ?. ??@bullet??-?s-t??, ?. et al., ?? ??s?? ????r r?????s t?? s??? LWP ?????s ?s ??r??? t?? ?rst ????t? ?? t?? ????s?t?? ?ts LWP r?????s ???? s?????r t??? t?? ??? ?? t?? ?r?st??? ?????? ? s??s?t???t? st??? t? t?? ??r?? s???? ??r????s ??s ??s? ???? ??r??r??? ??t? ????r??t ?????s ?? t?? s??s?????? r?t?? t?? ??r?? s???? ?????t??? s?????t???s s????st t??t t?? LWP r?s???s? t? ? CDNC ???r??s? ?s ?????s ? r????t???? ?rr?s???t??? ?? t?? ??r?? s???? ??r????s ???t??? t?? r???? ?? ?????s t?st?? ?? t??s ???r??s??? ?t s???s t??t t?? ?r???ss?s r?s???s ??t? s??????t ????r??? t? ?r????t ???t t?? LWP s????? ?? ?? ?r?st??? ?????t???s? ????? ??? ?t ????t ?? ????t?? ?? ??r?s?? ??????s? ?? ????ss t?? ??st????? t?? ???t??r ???? ??r?s?? s??r??s? ??? s?????t???s ??????r ?r????? s??? ??t?r?st??? ??s???ts ??? s????st ??? ???r?????s ??r t?? ??????t??? ?? t???r r?s??ts? ? ?rst st?? ????t ?? t? ????t??? ?? t?? s?????t???s ??s?r????? s????t?r?s ?? t?? ??r?s

H. Abdul-razzak, S. J. Ghan, and C. Rivera-carpio, A parameterization of aerosol activation: 1. Single aerosol type, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.26, issue.B, pp.6123-6131, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD03735

A. Ackerman, O. Toon, D. Stevens, and J. Coakley, Enhancement of cloud cover and suppression of nocturnal drizzle in stratocumulus polluted by haze, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.54, issue.D16, p.1381, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001011

A. S. Ackerman, M. P. Kirkpatrick, D. E. Stevens, and O. B. Toon, The impact of humidity above stratiform clouds on indirect aerosol climate forcing, Nature, vol.94, issue.7020, pp.1014-1017, 2004.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001011

B. Albrecht, Aerosols, Cloud Microphysics, and Fractional Cloudiness, Science, vol.245, issue.4923, pp.1227-1230, 1989.
DOI : 10.1126/science.245.4923.1227

K. D. Beheng, A parameterization of warm cloud microphysical conversion processes, Atmospheric Research, vol.33, issue.1-4, pp.193-206, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-8095(94)90020-5

R. Bennartz, Global assessment of marine boundary layer cloud droplet number concentration from satellite, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.19, issue.9, p.2201, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2006JD007547

A. K. Betts, Non-precipitating cumulus convection and its parameterization, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.3, issue.419, pp.178-196, 1973.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49709941915

A. K. Betts, Diurnal variation of california coastal stratocumulus from two days of boundary-layer soundings, pp.302-304, 1990.

M. Blaskovic, R. Davies, and J. B. Snider, Diurnal variation of marine stratocumulus over san nicolas island during july, Wea. Rev, vol.119, pp.1471-1478, 1987.

R. Boers and R. M. Mitchell, Absorption feedback in stratocumulus clouds : Influence on cloud-top albedo, pp.229-241, 1994.

R. Boers, J. R. Acarreta, and J. L. Gras, Satellite monitoring of the first indirect aerosol effect: Retrieval of the droplet concentration of water clouds, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.103, issue.D15, p.22208, 2006.
DOI : 10.1029/2005JD006838

C. F. Bohren and D. Hauffman, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles, 1983.
DOI : 10.1002/9783527618156

B. Bonnel, Y. Fouquart, J. Vanhoutte, C. Fravalo, and R. Rosset, Radiative properties of some african and mid-latitude stratocumulus clouds, Beitr. Phys. Atmos, vol.56, pp.409-428, 1983.

P. Bougeault, The Diurnal Cycle of the Marine Stratocumulus Layer: A Higher-Order Model Study, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.42, issue.24, pp.2826-2843, 1985.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1985)042<2826:TDCOTM>2.0.CO;2

P. Bougeault and P. Lacarrère, Parameterization of Orography-Induced Turbulence in a Mesobeta--Scale Model, Monthly Weather Review, vol.117, issue.8, pp.1872-1890, 1989.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1872:POOITI>2.0.CO;2

J. Brenguier, Parameterization of the Condensation Process: A Theoretical Approach, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.48, issue.2, pp.264-282, 1991.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<0264:POTCPA>2.0.CO;2

J. Brenguier, H. Pawloska, and L. Schüller, Cloud microphysical and radiative properties for parameterization and satellite monitoring of the indirect effet of aerosols on climate, J. Geophys. Res, vol.108, p.8362, 2003.

J. L. Brenguier, H. Pawlowska, L. Schüller, R. Preusker, J. Fischer et al., Radiative Properties of Boundary Layer Clouds: Droplet Effective Radius versus Number Concentration, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.57, issue.6, pp.803-821, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<0803:RPOBLC>2.0.CO;2

C. S. Bretherton and M. C. Wyant, Moisture Transport, Lower-Tropospheric Stability, and Decoupling of Cloud-Topped Boundary Layers, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.54, issue.1, pp.148-167, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0148:MTLTSA>2.0.CO;2

C. S. Bretherton, T. Uttal, C. W. Fairall, S. E. Yuter, R. A. Weller et al., The Epic 2001 Stratocumulus Study, The epic 2001 stratocumulus study, pp.967-977, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/BAMS-85-7-967

C. S. Bretherton, P. N. Blossey, and J. Uchida, Cloud droplet sedimentation, entrainment efficiency, and subtropical stratocumulus albedo, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.126, issue.3, pp.10-1029, 2007.
DOI : 10.1029/2006GL027648

F. Burnet and J. Brenguier, Observational Study of the Entrainment-Mixing Process in Warm Convective Clouds, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.64, issue.6, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/JAS3928.1

R. Charlson, S. Schwartz, J. Hales, R. Cess, J. Coakley et al., Climate Forcing by Anthropogenic Aerosols, Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, pp.423-430, 1992.
DOI : 10.1126/science.255.5043.423

R. J. Charlson, J. E. Lovelock, M. O. Andreae, and S. G. Warren, Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate, Nature, vol.326, issue.6114, pp.655-661, 1987.
DOI : 10.1038/326655a0

H. Charnock, Wind stress on a water surface, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.81, issue.350, pp.639-640, 1955.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49708135027

C. C. Chuang, J. E. Penner, J. M. Prospero, K. E. Grant, G. H. Rau et al., Cloud susceptibility and the first aerosol indirect forcing: Sensitivity to black carbon and aerosol concentrations, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.7, issue.44, p.4564, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD000215

P. Chylek, V. Srivastava, R. G. Pinnick, and R. T. Wang, Scattering of electromagnetic waves by composite spherical particles: experiment and effective medium approximations, Applied Optics, vol.27, issue.12, pp.2396-2404, 1988.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.27.002396

P. Chylek, G. Lesins, G. Videen, J. G. Wong, R. G. Pinnick et al., Black carbon and absorption of solar radiation by clouds, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.12, issue.D18, pp.365-23372, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD01901

P. Ciesielski, W. H. Schubert, and R. H. Johnson, Diurnal Variability of the Marine Boundary Layer during ASTEX, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.58, issue.16, pp.2355-2376, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2355:DVOTMB>2.0.CO;2

J. J. Coakley, R. Bernstein, and P. Durkee, Effects of ship-track effluents on cloud reflectivity, Science, vol.255, pp.423-430, 1987.

J. Cohard and J. Pinty, A comprehensive two-moment warm microphysical bulk scheme. I: Description and tests, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.42, issue.48, pp.1815-1842, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49712656613

J. Cohard, J. Pinty, and C. Bedos, Extending Twomey???s Analytical Estimate of Nucleated Cloud Droplet Concentrations from CCN Spectra, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.55, issue.22, pp.3348-3357, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<3348:ETSAEO>2.0.CO;2

J. M. Cohard, J. P. Pinty, and K. Shure, On the parameterization of activation spectra from cloud condensation nuclei microphysical properties, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.49, issue.D9, pp.753-764, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999JD901195

J. Cuijpers and P. Duynkerke, Large Eddy Simulation of Trade Wind Cumulus Clouds, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.50, issue.23, pp.3894-3908, 1993.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<3894:LESOTW>2.0.CO;2

J. Cuxart and M. A. Jimenez, Study of the stably stratified atmospheric boundary layer through large-eddy simulations and high-resolution mesoscale modelling, 2005.

J. Cuxart, P. Bougeault, and J. Redelsperger, A turbulence scheme allowing for mesoscale and large-eddy simulations, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.28, issue.2, pp.1-30, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49712656202

S. De-roode and P. Duynkerke, Dynamics of cumulus rising into stratocumulus as observed during the first lagrangian experiment of astex, Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, vol.122, pp.1597-1623, 1996.

S. De-roode and P. Duynkerke, Observed Lagrangian Transition of Stratocumulus into Cumulus during ASTEX: Mean State and Turbulence Structure, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.54, issue.17, pp.2157-2173, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2157:OLTOSI>2.0.CO;2

S. De-roode, P. Duynkerke, and H. Jonker, Large-Eddy Simulation: How Large is Large Enough?, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.61, issue.4, pp.403-421, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2004)061<0403:LSHLIL>2.0.CO;2

J. Deardorff, Three-dimensional numerical modelling of the planetary boundary layers, pp.271-311, 1973.

J. Deardorff, Stratocumulus-capped mixed layers derived from a three dimensional model, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.495-527, 1980.

J. Deardorff, Cloud Top Entrainment Instability, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.37, issue.1, pp.131-147, 1980.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0131:CTEI>2.0.CO;2

A. Driedonks and P. Duynkerke, Current problems in the stratocumulus-topped atmospheric boundary layer, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.275-303, 1989.

P. A. Durkee, The Impact of Ship-Produced Aerosols on the Microstructure and Albedo of Warm Marine Stratocumulus Clouds: A Test of MAST Hypotheses 1i and 1ii, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.57, issue.16, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2000)057<2554:TIOSPA>2.0.CO;2

P. Duynkerke, The Diurnal Variation of a Marine Stratocumulus Layer: A Model Sensitivity Study, Monthly Weather Review, vol.117, issue.8, pp.1710-1725, 1989.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<1710:TDVOAM>2.0.CO;2

P. Duynkerke, The Stability of Cloud Top with Regard to Entrainment: Amendment of the Theory of Cloud-Top Entrainment Instability, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.50, issue.3, pp.495-502, 1993.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1993)050<0495:TSOCTW>2.0.CO;2

P. Duynkerke and P. Hignett, Simulation of Diurnal Variation in a Stratocumulus-capped Marine Boundary Layer during FIRE, Monthly Weather Review, vol.121, issue.12, pp.3291-3300, 1993.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1993)121<3291:SODVIA>2.0.CO;2

P. Duynkerke and J. Teixeira, Comparison of the ECMWF Reanalysis with FIRE I Observations: Diurnal Variation of Marine Stratocumulus, Journal of Climate, vol.14, issue.7, pp.1466-1478, 2001.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2001)014<1466:COTERW>2.0.CO;2

P. Duynkerke, H. Zhang, and P. Jonker, Microphysical and Turbulent Structure of Nocturnal Stratocumulus as Observed during ASTEX, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.52, issue.16, pp.2763-2777, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2763:MATSON>2.0.CO;2

P. G. Duynkerke, Observations and numerical simulations of the diurnal cycle of the EUROCS stratocumulus case, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.124, issue.604, 2004.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.139

K. F. Evans, The Spherical Harmonics Discrete Ordinate Method for Three-Dimensional Atmospheric Radiative Transfer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.55, issue.3, pp.429-446, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<0429:TSHDOM>2.0.CO;2

G. Feingold, Modeling of the first indirect effect: Analysis of measurement requirements, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.34, issue.6, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/2003GL017967

G. Feingold, B. Stevens, W. R. Cotton, and R. L. Walko, An explicit cloud microphysics/LES model designed to simulate the Twomey effect, Atmospheric Research, vol.33, issue.1-4, pp.207-233, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-8095(94)90021-3

R. Ferek, D. Hegg, and P. Hobbs, Measurements of ship-induced tracks in clouds off the Washington coast, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.43, issue.D18, pp.199-222, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/98JD02121

Y. Fouquart, Radiative transfer in climate modeling. NATO Advanced Study Institute on Physically-Based Modeling and Simulation of Climate and Climatic Changes, 1986.

Y. Fouquart and B. Bonnel, Computation of solar heating of the earth's atmosphere : A new parametrization, Beitr. Phys, vol.53, pp.35-62, 1980.

O. Geoffroy, Modélisation les des précipitations dans les nuages de couche limite et paramétrisation pour les modèles de circulation générale, Thèse de Doctorat, 2007.

S. Ghan, C. Chuang, and J. Penner, A parameterization of cloud droplet nucleation. part i : Single aerosol species, Atmospheric Research, vol.30, pp.197-222, 1997.

S. Guibert, J. Snider, and J. Brenguier, Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 1. Measurement validation for a closure study, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.52, issue.D15, p.8628, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002678

R. Gunn and B. Phillips, AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF AIR POLLUTION ON THE INITIATION OF RAIN, Journal of Meteorology, vol.14, issue.3, pp.272-280, 1957.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1957)014<0272:AEIOTE>2.0.CO;2

P. Hignett, Observations of Diurnal Variation in a Cloud-capped Marine Boundary Layer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.48, issue.12, pp.1474-1482, 1991.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<1474:OODVIA>2.0.CO;2

R. Holton, An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology, American Journal of Physics, vol.41, issue.5, 2004.
DOI : 10.1119/1.1987371

A. Holtslag and B. Boville, Local Versus Nonlocal Boundary-Layer Diffusion in a Global Climate Model, Journal of Climate, vol.6, issue.10, pp.1825-1842, 1993.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1993)006<1825:LVNBLD>2.0.CO;2

H. Jiang, G. Feingold, and W. R. Cotton, Simulations of aerosol-cloud-dynamical feedbacks resulting from entrainment of aerosol into the marine boundary layer during the Atlantic Stratocumulus Transition Experiment, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.52, issue.4, p.4813, 2002.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001502

B. Johnson, The Semi-direct Aerosol Effect, thesis, 2003.

B. Johnson, K. Shine, and P. M. Forster, The semi-direct aerosol effect: Impact of absorbing aerosols on marine stratocumulus, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.405, issue.D21, pp.1407-1422, 2004.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.61

A. Jones, D. Roberts, and A. Slingo, A climate model study of indirect radiative forcing by anthropogenic sulphate aerosols, Nature, vol.370, issue.6489, pp.450-453, 1994.
DOI : 10.1038/370450a0

C. Jones, Combining a statistical cloud parameterisation and moist conservative turbulence scheme in the hirlam model, Proceedings of HIRLAM/NetFAM Workshop on Convection and Clouds, 2005.

J. Joseph, W. Wiscombe, and J. Weinman, The Delta-Eddington Approximation for Radiative Flux Transfer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.33, issue.12, pp.2452-2459, 1976.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<2452:TDEAFR>2.0.CO;2

E. Kessler, On the distribution and continuity of water substance in atmospheric circulations, Meteo. Monographs, vol.46, pp.165-170, 1969.

M. Khairoutdinov and Y. Kogan, A New Cloud Physics Parameterization in a Large-Eddy Simulation Model of Marine Stratocumulus, Monthly Weather Review, vol.128, issue.1, pp.229-243, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<0229:ANCPPI>2.0.CO;2

M. King, L. Radke, and P. Hobbs, Optical properties of marine stratocumulus clouds modified by ships, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.339, issue.D2, pp.2729-2739, 1993.
DOI : 10.1029/92JD02082

Y. L. Kogan, M. Kharoutdinov, D. K. Lilly, Z. N. Kogan, and Q. Liu, Modeling of Stratocumulus Cloud Layers in a Large Eddy Simulation Model with Explicit Microphysics, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.52, issue.16, pp.2923-2940, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2923:MOSCLI>2.0.CO;2

H. Kuo and W. H. Schubert, Stability of cloud-topped boundary layers, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.308, issue.482, pp.887-916, 1988.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49711448204

H. Köhler, The nucleus in and the growth of hygroscopic droplets, Trans. Faraday Soc., vol.32, issue.0, pp.1152-1161, 1936.
DOI : 10.1039/TF9363201152

J. Lafore, The Meso-NH Atmospheric Simulation System. Part I: adiabatic formulation and control simulations, Annales Geophysicae, vol.16, issue.1, pp.90-109, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s00585-997-0090-6

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00329074

W. Langlois, A rapidly convergent procedure for computing large-scale condensation in a dynamical weather model, Tellus, pp.25-86, 1973.

R. Latham and R. Reed, Laboratory studies of the effects of mixing on the evolution of cloud droplet spectra, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.101, issue.436, pp.297-306, 1977.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49710343607

G. Lenderink and A. Holtslag, An updated length-scale formulation for turbulent mixing in clear and cloudy boundary layers, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.81, issue.604, pp.3405-3427, 2004.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.117

D. Lewellen and W. Lewellen, Large-Eddy Boundary Layer Entrainment, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.55, issue.16, pp.2645-2665, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<2645:LEBLE>2.0.CO;2

D. Lewellen and W. Lewellen, Entrainment and Decoupling Relations for Cloudy Boundary Layers, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.59, issue.20, pp.2966-2987, 2002.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2002)059<2966:EADRFC>2.0.CO;2

D. Lewellen, W. Lewellen, and S. Yoh, Influence of Bowen Ratio on Boundary-Layer Cloud Structure, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.53, issue.1, pp.175-187, 1996.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<0175:IOBROB>2.0.CO;2

D. K. Lilly, The representation of small-scale turbulence in numerical simulation experiments, Proc. IBM Sci. Comp. Symp. on Envir. Sci. Nov, pp.14-16, 1966.

D. K. Lilly, Models of cloud-topped mixed layers under a strong inversion, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.23, issue.401, 1968.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49709440106

F. Lipps and R. S. Hemler, A Scale Analysis of Deep Moist Convection and Some Related Numerical Calculations, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.39, issue.10, pp.2192-2210, 1982.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1982)039<2192:ASAODM>2.0.CO;2

A. Lock, A. R. Brown, M. R. Bush, G. M. Martin, and R. N. Smith, A New Boundary Layer Mixing Scheme. Part I: Scheme Description and Single-Column Model Tests, Monthly Weather Review, vol.128, issue.9, pp.3187-3199, 2000.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<3187:ANBLMS>2.0.CO;2

E. N. Lorenz, The nature and the theory of the general circulation of the atmosphere, 1967.

M. L. Lu and J. H. Seinfeld, Study of the Aerosol Indirect Effect by Large-Eddy Simulation of Marine Stratocumulus, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.62, issue.11, pp.3909-3932, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/JAS3584.1

M. K. Macvean and P. J. Mason, Cloud-Top Entrainment Instability through Small-Scale Mixing and Its Parameterization in Numerical Models, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.47, issue.8, pp.1012-1030, 1990.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1012:CTEITS>2.0.CO;2

P. Marquet, On the concept of exergy and available enthalpy: Application to atmospheric energetics, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.29, issue.499, pp.449-475, 1991.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49711749903

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/meteo-00572662

G. Mie, Beitrage zur optic truber medien, speziell kolloidalen metall-lonsungen, Annalen der Physic, pp.377-445, 1908.

C. Moeng and C. , Simulation of a stratocumulus-topped planetary boundary layer : Intercomparaison among different numerical codes, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.261-278, 1996.

C. Moeng, D. H. Lenschow, and D. Randall, Numerical Investigations of the Roles of Radiative and Evaporative Feedbacks in Stratocumulus Entrainment and Breakup, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.52, issue.16, pp.2869-2883, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2869:NIOTRO>2.0.CO;2

J. Morcrette, Radiation and cloud radiative properties in the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts forecasting system, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.53, issue.D5, pp.9121-9132, 1991.
DOI : 10.1029/89JD01597

J. Morcrette, L. Smith, and Y. Fouquart, Pressure and temperature dependance of the absorption in longwave radiation parameterizations, Beitr. Phys. Atmosph, vol.59, pp.455-469, 1986.

M. Neiburger, The Relation of Air Mass Structure to the Field of Motion over the Eastern North Pacific Ocean in Summer, Tellus, vol.10, issue.Heft 4, pp.31-40, 1960.
DOI : 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01281.x

S. Nicholls, The dynamics of stratocumulus, Quart, J. Roy. Meteor. Soc, vol.110, pp.821-845, 1984.

S. Nicholls and J. D. Turton, An observational study of the structure of stratiform cloud sheets: Part II. Entrainment, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.31, issue.472, pp.441-480, 1986.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49711247210

B. Nieuwstadt, F. , and P. Duynkerke, Turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer, Turbulence in the atmospheric boundary layer, pp.111-142, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0169-8095(95)00034-8

F. Nieuwstadt, P. J. Mason, C. H. Moeng, and U. Schumann, Large-eddy simulation of the convective boundary layer : A comparison of four computer codes, Turbulent Shear Flows, pp.343-367, 1992.

C. Normand, Energy in the atmosphere, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.67, issue.72, pp.145-167, 1946.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49707231202

I. R. Paluch, The Entrainment Mechanism in Colorado Cumuli, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.36, issue.12, pp.2467-2478, 1979.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1979)036<2467:TEMICC>2.0.CO;2

I. R. Paluch and D. H. Lenschow, Stratiform Cloud Formation in the Marine Boundary Layer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.48, issue.19, pp.2141-2158, 1991.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1991)048<2141:SCFITM>2.0.CO;2

H. Pawlowska, J. Brenguier, and F. Burnet, Microphysical properties of stratocumulus clouds, Microphysical properties of stratocumulus clouds, pp.15-33, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-8095(00)00054-5

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00811611

R. Pincus, M. Baker, and C. Bretherton, What Controls Stratocumulus Radiative Properties? Lagrangian Observations of Cloud Evolution, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.54, issue.17, pp.2215-2236, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<2215:WCSRPL>2.0.CO;2

L. Radke, J. C. Jr, and M. King, Direct and Remote Sensing Observations of the Effects of Ships on Clouds, Science, vol.246, issue.4934, pp.1146-1149, 1989.
DOI : 10.1126/science.246.4934.1146

D. Randal, Conditional Instability of the First Kind Upside-Down, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.37, issue.1, pp.125-130, 1980.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1980)037<0125:CIOTFK>2.0.CO;2

L. Rayleigh, On the light from the sky, its polarization and colour, Phylos. Mag, vol.41, pp.107-120, 1871.

J. Redelsperger and G. Sommeria, Methode de representation de la turbulence d'echelle inferieure a la maille pour un modele tri-dimensionel de convection nuageuse, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, pp.509-530, 1981.

D. Rogers, The Marine Boundary Layer in the Vicinity of an Ocean Front, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.46, issue.13, pp.2044-2062, 1989.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1989)046<2044:TMBLIT>2.0.CO;2

D. Rogers, X. Yang, P. Norris, D. Johnson, G. Martin et al., Diurnal Evolution of the Cloud-Topped Marine Boundary Layer. Part I: Nocturnal Stratocumulus Development, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.52, issue.16, pp.2953-2966, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1995)052<2953:DEOTCT>2.0.CO;2

M. A. Rozendaal, B. C. Leovy, and S. A. Klein, An Observational Study of Diurnal Variations of Marine Stratiform Cloud, Journal of Climate, vol.8, issue.7, pp.1795-1809, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1995)008<1795:AOSODV>2.0.CO;2

E. Sanchez and J. Cuxart, A buoyancy-based mixing-length proposal for cloudy boundary layers, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.117, issue.604, pp.3385-3404, 2004.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.121

I. Sandu, P. Tulet, and J. L. Brenguier, Parameterization of the cloud droplet single scattering albedo based on aerosol chemical composition for LES modelling of boundary layer clouds, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.102, issue.D21, pp.10-1029994, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2005GL023994

V. Savic-jovcic and B. Stevens, The Structure and Mesoscale Organization of Precipitating Stratocumulus, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.65, issue.5, 2007.
DOI : 10.1175/2007JAS2456.1

H. Savijarvi and P. Raisanen, Long-wave optical properties of water clouds and rain, Tellus A, vol.50, issue.1, pp.1-11, 1998.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0870.1998.00001.x

J. Smagorinski, GENERAL CIRCULATION EXPERIMENTS WITH THE PRIMITIVE EQUATIONS, Monthly Weather Review, vol.91, issue.3, pp.99-165, 1963.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0493(1963)091<0099:GCEWTP>2.3.CO;2

A. Smith and L. Shi, Surface Forcing of the Infrared Cooling Profile over the Tibetan Plateau. Part I: Influence of Relative Longwave Radiative Heating at High Altitude, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.49, issue.10, pp.805-822, 1992.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049<0805:SFOTIC>2.0.CO;2

J. Snider and J. Brenguier, Cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet measurements during ACE-2, Tellus B, vol.52, issue.2, pp.827-841, 2000.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00044.x

URL : http://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.2000.00044.x

J. Snider, S. Guibert, J. Brenguier, and J. Putaud, Aerosol activation in marine stratocumulus clouds: 2. K??hler and parcel theory closure studies, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.52, issue.D15, p.8629, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD002692

G. Sommeria, Three-Dimensional Simulation of Turbulent Processes in an Undisturbed Trade Wind Boundary Layer, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.33, issue.2, pp.216-241, 1973.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<0216:TDSOTP>2.0.CO;2

G. Sommeria and J. W. Deardorff, Subgrid-Scale Condensation in Models of Nonprecipitating Clouds, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.34, issue.2, pp.344-355, 1977.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<0344:SSCIMO>2.0.CO;2

P. Squires, The microstructure and colloidal stability of warm clouds. i. the relation between structure and stability, Tellus, pp.256-271, 1958.

P. Squires and T. Twomey, The relation between cloud drop numbers and the spectrum of cloud nuclei, Physics of Precipitation, Monograph, pp.211-219, 1961.

B. Stevens, Cloud transitions and decoupling in shear-free stratocumulus-topped boundary layers, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.41, issue.16, pp.2557-2560, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999GL011257

B. Stevens, ATMOSPHERIC MOIST CONVECTION, Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, vol.33, issue.1, pp.605-643, 2005.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122658

URL : http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-000E-BAD5-6

B. Stevens, Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus???DYCOMS-II, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.84, issue.5, pp.579-593, 2003.
DOI : 10.1175/BAMS-84-5-579

B. Stevens, G. Feingold, W. C. Cotton, and R. L. Walko, Elements of the Microphysical Structure of Numerically Simulated Nonprecipitating Stratocumulus, Elements of the microphysical structure of numerically simulated nonprecipitating stratocumulus, pp.980-1006, 1996.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1996)053<0980:EOTMSO>2.0.CO;2

B. Stevens, W. C. Cotton, G. Feingold, and C. Moeng, Large-Eddy Simulations of Strongly Precipitating, Shallow, Stratocumulus-Topped Boundary Layers, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.55, issue.24, pp.3616-3638, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1998)055<3616:LESOSP>2.0.CO;2

B. Stevens, C. Moeng, and P. Sullivan, Large-Eddy Simulations of Radiatively Driven Convection: Sensitivities to the Representation of Small Scales, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.56, issue.23, pp.3963-3984, 1999.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1999)056<3963:LESORD>2.0.CO;2

B. Stevens, C. Moeng, and P. Sullivan, Entrainment and subgrid lengthscales in large-eddy simulations of atmospheric boundary layer flows, Developments in Geophysical Turbulence, 2000.

B. Stevens, G. Vali, K. Comstock, M. C. Van-zanten, P. H. Austin et al., POCKETS OF OPEN CELLS AND DRIZZLE IN MARINE STRATOCUMULUS, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.86, issue.1, pp.51-57, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/BAMS-86-1-51

B. Stevens, Evaluation of Large-Eddy Simulations via Observations of Nocturnal Marine Stratocumulus, Monthly Weather Review, vol.133, issue.6, pp.1443-1462, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/MWR2930.1

R. Stull, An introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-3027-8

O. Thouron, Révision du code radiatif de ecmwf, Note interne, 2006.

G. J. Tripoli and W. R. Cotton, A Numerical Investigation of Several Factors Contributing to the Observed Variable Intensity of Deep Convection over South Florida, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.19, issue.9, pp.1037-1063, 1980.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1980)019<1037:ANIOSF>2.0.CO;2

J. Turton and S. Nicholls, A Study of the Diurnal Variation of Stratocumulus Using A Multiple Mixed Layer Model, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.32, issue.477, pp.969-1011, 1987.
DOI : 10.1002/qj.49711347712

S. Twomey, The nuclei of natural cloud formation part II: The supersaturation in natural clouds and the variation of cloud droplet concentration, Geofisica Pura e Applicata, vol.10, issue.1, pp.243-249, 1959.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01993560

S. Twomey, The Influence of Pollution on the Shortwave Albedo of Clouds, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.34, issue.7, pp.1149-1152, 1977.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1977)034<1149:TIOPOT>2.0.CO;2

E. Van-meijgaard and A. P. Van-ulden, A first order mixing???condensation scheme for nocturnal stratocumulus, Atmospheric Research, vol.45, issue.4, pp.253-273, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-8095(97)00080-X

M. C. Van-zanten, B. Stevens, G. Vali, and D. Lenschow, Observations of Drizzle in Nocturnal Marine Stratocumulus, Observations of drizzle in nocturnal marine stratocumulus, pp.88-106, 2005.
DOI : 10.1175/JAS-3355.1

S. Wang, Q. Wang, and G. Feingold, Turbulence, Condensation, and Liquid Water Transport in Numerically Simulated Nonprecipitating Stratocumulus Clouds, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.60, issue.2, pp.262-278, 2002.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(2003)060<0262:TCALWT>2.0.CO;2

J. Warner, A Reduction in Rainfall Associated with Smoke from Sugar-Cane Fires???An Inadvertent Weather Modification?, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.7, issue.2, pp.247-251, 1968.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1968)007<0247:ARIRAW>2.0.CO;2

J. Warner, The Microstructure of Cumulus Cloud: Part IV. The Effect on the Droplet Spectrum of Mixing Between Cloud and Environment, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.30, issue.2, pp.256-261, 1973.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1973)030<0256:TMOCCP>2.0.CO;2

J. Warner and S. Twomey, The Production of Cloud Nuclei by Cane Fires and the Effect on Cloud Droplet Concentration, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.24, issue.6, pp.704-706, 1967.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1967)024<0704:TPOCNB>2.0.CO;2

S. Warren, C. Hahn, J. London, R. Chervin, and R. Jenne, Global distribution of total cloud cover and cloud type amounts over the ocean, 1988.
DOI : 10.2172/5415329

R. Wood, C. S. Bretherton, and D. L. Hartmann, Diurnal cycle of liquid water path over subtropical and tropcal oceans, Geophysical Res. Let, vol.29, pp.10-1029371, 2002.

M. Wyant, C. Bretherton, H. Rand, and D. Stevens, Numerical Simulations and a Conceptual Model of the Stratocumulus to Trade Cumulus Transition, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.54, issue.1, pp.168-192, 1997.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1997)054<0168:NSAACM>2.0.CO;2