D. Allen, Eccentric muscle damage: mechanisms of early reduction of force, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol.512, issue.3, pp.311-319, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1005325032106

S. Argentin, C. Hausswirth, T. Bernard, F. Bieuzen, J. Leveque et al., Relation between preferred and optimal cadences during two hours of cycling in triathletes * Commentary, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.40, issue.4, pp.293-298, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2005.020487

K. Bijker, D. Groot, G. Hollander, and A. , Difference in leg muscle activity during running and cycling in humans, Eur J Appl Physiol, vol.87, pp.556-561, 2002.

D. Bishop, D. Jenkins, L. Mackinnon, M. Mceniery, and M. Carey, The effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristics, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.31, issue.6, pp.886-891, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199906000-00018

J. Coast, S. Rasmussen, K. Krause, O. Kroy, J. Loy et al., Ventilatory work and oxygen consumption during exercise and hyperventilation, J Appl Physiol, vol.74, pp.793-798, 1993.

D. Daly and P. Cavanagh, Asymmetry in bicycle ergometer pedalling, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.8, issue.3, pp.204-208, 1976.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-197600830-00013

A. Delextrat, V. Tricot, T. Bernard, F. Vercruyssen, C. Hausswirth et al., Modification of Cycling Biomechanics during a Swim-to-Cycle Trial, Journal of Applied Biomechanics, vol.21, issue.3, pp.297-308, 2005.
DOI : 10.1123/jab.21.3.297

M. Francescato, M. Girardis, and P. Di-prampero, Oxygen cost of internal work during cycling, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.24, issue.1-2, pp.51-57, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00964114

S. Gandevia, Spinal and Supraspinal Factors in Human Muscle Fatigue, Physiol Rev, vol.81, pp.1725-1789, 2001.

M. Gibala, J. Macdougall, M. Tarnopolsky, W. Stauber, and A. Elorriaga, Changes in human skeletal muscle ultrastructure and force production after acute resistance exercise, J Appl Physiol, vol.78, pp.702-708, 1995.

M. Hamlin and B. Quigley, Quadriceps concentric and eccentric exercise 1: Changes in contractile and electrical activity following eccentric and concentric exercise, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol.4, issue.1, pp.88-103, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1440-2440(01)80011-6

C. Hausswirth, A. Bigard, and C. Guezennec, Relationships between Running Mechanics and Energy Cost of Running at the End of a Triathlon and a Marathon, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.18, issue.05, pp.330-339, 1997.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2007-972642

C. Hausswirth, J. Brisswalter, J. Vallier, D. Smith, and R. Lepers, Evolution of Electromyographic Signal, Running Economy, and Perceived Exertion During Different Prolonged Exercises, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.21, issue.6, pp.429-436, 2000.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2000-3832

H. Hermens, B. Freriks, C. Disselhorst-klug, and G. Rau, Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, vol.10, issue.5, pp.361-374, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1050-6411(00)00027-4

E. Howley, D. Basset, and E. Welch, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.27, issue.9, pp.1292-1301, 1995.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199509000-00009

P. Komi and J. Viitasalo, Changes in Motor Unit Activity and Metabolism in Human Skeletal Muscle during and after Repeated Eccentric and Concentric Contractions, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol.93, issue.Suppl. 3, pp.246-254, 1977.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1977.tb05943.x

W. Kraemer, D. Gardiner, S. Gordon, L. Koziris, W. Sebastianelli et al., Differential effects of exhaustive cycle ergometry on concentric and eccentric torque production, Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, vol.4, issue.3, pp.301-309, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1440-2440(01)80039-6

A. Lavender and K. Nosaka, Changes in fluctuation of isometric force following eccentric and concentric exercise of the elbow flexors, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.83, issue.3, pp.235-240, 2006.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-005-0069-5

R. Lepers, C. Hausswirth, N. Maffiuletti, J. Brisswalter, and J. Van-hoecke, Evidence of neuromuscular fatigue after prolonged cycling exercise, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.32, issue.11, pp.1880-1886, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-200011000-00010

R. Lepers, G. Millet, and N. Maffiuletti, Effect of cycling cadence on contractile and neural properties of knee extensors, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, vol.33, issue.11, pp.1882-1888, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-200111000-00013

R. Lepers, N. Maffiuletti, R. L. Brugniaux, J. Millet, and G. , Neuromuscular fatigue during a long-duration cycling exercise, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.92, issue.4, pp.1487-1493, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00880.2001

J. Mclaughlin, G. King, E. Howley, D. Bassett, and B. Ainsworth, Validation of the COSMED K4 b2 Portable Metabolic System, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.22, issue.4, pp.280-284, 2001.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2001-13816

A. Michaut, M. Pousson, G. Millet, J. Belleville, and J. Van-hoecke, Maximal Voluntary Eccentric, Isometric and Concentric Torque Recovery Following a Concentric Isokinetic Exercise, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.24, issue.1, pp.51-56, 2003.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2003-37199

G. Millet, G. Millet, G. Lattier, N. Maffiuletti, and R. Candau, Alteration of Neuromuscular Function After a Prolonged Road Cycling Race, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.24, issue.3, pp.190-194, 2003.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2003-39088

D. Morgan, A. , and D. , Early events in stretch-induced muscle damage, J Appl Physiol, vol.87, pp.2007-2015, 1999.

J. Moysi, J. Garcia-romero, J. Alvero-cruz, G. Vicente-rodriguez, I. Ara et al., Effects of Eccentric Exercise on Cycling Efficiency, Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.30, issue.3, pp.259-275, 2005.
DOI : 10.1139/h05-119

R. Neptune, S. Kautz, and M. Hull, The effect of pedaling rate on coordination in cycling, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.30, issue.10, pp.1051-1058, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(97)00071-7

P. Peeling, D. Bishop, and G. Landers, Effect of swimming intensity on subsequent cycling and overall triathlon performance * Commentary, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.39, issue.12, pp.960-964, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2005.020370

U. Proske and D. Morgan, Muscle damage from eccentric exercise: mechanism, mechanical signs, adaptation and clinical applications, The Journal of Physiology, vol.535, issue.2, pp.333-345, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1469-7793.2001.00333.x

J. Rodenburg, P. Bar, D. Boer, and R. , Relations between muscle soreness and biomechanical and functional outcomes of eccentric exercise, J Appl Physiol, vol.74, pp.2976-2983, 1993.

K. Sahlin and J. Seger, Effects of prolonged exercise on the contractile properties of human quadriceps muscle, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.56, issue.2-3, pp.180-186, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00854977

G. Sarre and R. Lepers, Neuromuscular function during prolonged pedalling exercise at different cadences, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol.26, issue.4, pp.321-328, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-201X.2005.01490.x

P. Tesch, G. Dudley, and M. Duvoisin, Force and EMG signal patterns during repeated bouts of concentric or eccentric muscle actions, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol.58, issue.Suppl., pp.263-271, 1990.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1990.tb08846.x

F. Vercruyssen, C. Hausswirth, D. Smith, and J. Brisswalter, Effect of exercise duration on optimal pedal rate choice in triathletes, Can J Appl Physiol, vol.26, pp.44-54, 2001.

F. Vercruyssen, R. Suriano, D. Bishop, C. Hausswirth, and J. Brisswalter, Cadence selection affects metabolic responses during cycling and subsequent running time to fatigue, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.39, issue.5, pp.267-272, 2005.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2004.011668

K. Wasserman and . Mac, Detecting the threshold of anaerobic metabolism in cardiac patients during exercise, The American Journal of Cardiology, vol.14, issue.6, pp.844-852, 1964.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9149(64)90012-8

K. Wasserman, B. Whipp, S. Koyl, and W. Beaver, Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange REFERENCES ?

C. Abiss and P. Laursen, Models to Explain Fatigue during Prolonged Endurance Cycling, Sports Medicine, vol.36, issue.10, pp.1-32, 2005.
DOI : 10.2165/00007256-200535100-00004

A. Adam, D. Luca, and C. , Recruitment Order of Motor Units in Human Vastus Lateralis Muscle Is Maintained During Fatiguing Contractions, Journal of Neurophysiology, vol.90, issue.5, pp.2919-2027, 2003.
DOI : 10.1152/jn.00179.2003

B. Allman and C. Rice, Incomplete recovery of voluntary isometric force after fatigue is not affected by old age, Muscle & Nerve, vol.83, issue.9, pp.1156-1167, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/mus.1127

L. Ahlquist, D. Bassett, . Jr, R. Sufit, F. Nagle et al., The effect of pedaling frequency on glycogen depletion rates in type I and type II quadriceps muscle fibers during submaximal cycling exercise, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.122, issue.4, pp.360-364, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00868141

S. Argentin, C. Hausswirth, T. Bernard, F. Bieuzen, J. Leveque et al., Relation between preferred and optimal cadences during two hours of cycling in triathletes * Commentary, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.40, issue.4, pp.293-298, 2006.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2005.020487

M. Bemben, B. Massey, D. Bemben, J. Misner, and R. Boileau, Isometric intermittent endurance of four muscle groups in men aged 20-74 yr, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.28, issue.1, pp.145-154, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199601000-00026

F. Bieuzen, R. Lepers, F. Vercruyssen, C. Hausswirth, and J. Brisswalter, Muscle activation during cycling at different cadences: Effect of maximal strength capacity, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, vol.17, issue.6, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.07.007

F. Bieuzen, F. Vercruyssen, C. Hausswirth, and J. Brisswalter, Relationship between Strength Level and Pedal Rate, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.28, issue.7, 2007.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2007-964859

URL : http://www.sportdocs.insep.fr/flora_insep/jsp/index_view_direct_anonymous.jsp?record=aoinsep:DC_ARCHI:408

M. Bilodeau, T. Henderson, B. Nolta, P. Pursley, and G. Sandfort, Effect of aging on fatigue characteristics of elbow flexor muscles during sustained submaximal contraction, J Appl Physiol, vol.91, pp.2654-2664, 2001.

D. Bishop, D. Jenkins, L. Mackinnon, M. Mceniery, and M. Carey, The effects of strength training on endurance performance and muscle characteristics, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.31, issue.6, pp.886-891, 1999.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199906000-00018

J. Brisswalter, C. Hausswirth, D. Smith, F. Vercruyssen, and J. Vallier, Energetically Optimal Cadence vs. Freely-Chosen Cadence During Cycling: Effect of Exercise Duration, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.21, issue.1, pp.60-64, 2000.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2000-8857

J. Brisswalter and D. Mottet, Energy Cost and Stride Duration Variability at Preferred Transition Gait Speed Between Walking and Running, Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.21, issue.6, pp.471-480, 1996.
DOI : 10.1139/h96-041

J. Coast, R. Cox, and H. Welch, Optimal pedalling rate in prolonged bouts of cycle ergometry, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.18, issue.2, pp.225-230, 1986.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-198604000-00013

D. Connelly, C. Rice, M. Roos, and A. Vandervoort, Motor unit firing rates and contractile properties in tibialis anterior of young and old men, J Appl Physiol, vol.87, pp.843-852, 1999.

C. Cupido, A. Hicks, and J. Martin, Neuromuscular fatigue during repetitive stimulation in elderly and young adults, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.95, issue.6, pp.567-572, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00602367

D. Daly and P. Cavanagh, Asymmetry in bicycle ergometer pedalling, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.8, issue.3, pp.204-208, 1976.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-197600830-00013

C. Davies and M. White, Contractile Properties of Elderly Human Triceps Surae, Gerontology, vol.29, issue.1, pp.19-25, 1983.
DOI : 10.1159/000213090

C. De-ruiter, M. Elzinga, P. Verdijk, W. Van-mechelen, and A. De-haan, Changes in force, surface and motor unit EMG during post-exercise development of low frequency fatigue in vastus lateralis muscle, European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.58, issue.5-6, pp.659-669, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s00421-005-1356-x

J. Difrancisco-donoghue, W. Werner, and P. Douris, Comparison of once-weekly and twice-weekly strength training in older adults * Commentary, British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.41, issue.1, pp.19-22, 2007.
DOI : 10.1136/bjsm.2006.029330

D. Ditor and A. Hicks, The effect of age and gender on the relative fatigability of the human adductor pollicis muscle, Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, vol.78, issue.10, pp.781-790, 2000.
DOI : 10.1139/y00-061

F. Garrandes, S. Colson, M. Pensini, O. Seynnes, and P. Legros, Neuromuscular Fatigue Profile in Endurance-Trained and Power-Trained Athletes, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.39, issue.1, pp.149-158, 2007.
DOI : 10.1249/01.mss.0000240322.00782.c9

R. Gregor, J. Broker, and M. Ryan, 4 The Biomechanics of Cycling, Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, vol.19, issue.1, pp.127-168, 1991.
DOI : 10.1249/00003677-199101000-00004

K. Hakkinen and K. Keskinen, Muscle cross-sectional area and voluntary force production characteristics in elite strength- and endurance-trained athletes and sprinters, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.20, issue.Suppl, pp.215-220, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02386190

E. Hansen, J. Andersen, J. Nielsen, and G. Sjogaard, Muscle fibre type, efficiency, and mechanical optima affect freely chosen pedal rate during cycling, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol.488, issue.3, pp.185-194, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/S0958067000018406

T. Henwood and D. Taaffe, Short-term resistance training and the older adult: the effect of varied programmes for the enhancement of muscle strength and functional performance, Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging, vol.60, issue.5, pp.305-313, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53003.x

A. Hicks, C. Cupido, J. Martin, and J. Dent, Twitch potentiation during fatiguing exercise in the elderly: the effects of training, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.61, issue.3-4, pp.278-281, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00233862

E. Howley, D. Basset, and E. Welch, Criteria for maximal oxygen uptake, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.27, issue.9, pp.1292-1301, 1995.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199509000-00009

F. Jakobsson, K. Borg, L. Edstrom, and L. Grimby, Use of motor units in relation to muscle fiber type and size in man, Muscle & Nerve, vol.38, issue.12, pp.1211-1218, 1988.
DOI : 10.1002/mus.880111205

J. Kelso, J. Scholtz, and G. Schöner, Dynamics governs switching among patterns of coordination in biological movement, Physics Letters A, vol.134, issue.1, pp.8-12, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0375-9601(88)90537-3

J. Kent-braun, A. Ng, J. Doyle, and T. Towse, Human skeletal muscle responses vary with age and gender during fatigue due to incremental isometric exercise, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.93, issue.5, pp.1813-1823, 2002.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00091.2002

S. Laforest, D. St-pierre, J. Cyr, and D. Gayton, Effects of age and regular exercise on muscle strength and endurance, European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, vol.61, issue.2, pp.104-111, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00846029

I. Lanza, D. Russ, and J. Kent-braun, Age-related enhancement of fatigue resistance is evident in men during both isometric and dynamic tasks, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.97, issue.3, pp.967-975, 2004.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.01351.2003

L. Larsson and J. Karlsson, Isometric and dynamic endurance as a function of age and skeletal muscle characteristics, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol.6, issue.Suppl. 443, pp.129-136, 1978.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1978.tb06259.x

G. Lattier, G. Millet, N. Maffiuletti, N. Babault, and R. Lepers, Neuromuscular Differences Between Endurance-Trained, Power-Trained, and Sedentary Subjects, Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol.17, issue.3, pp.514-521, 2003.
DOI : 10.1519/00124278-200308000-00015

C. Lennmarken, T. Bergman, J. Larsson, and L. Larsson, Skeletal muscle function in man: force, relaxation rate, endurance and contraction time-dependence on sex and age, Clin Physiol, vol.5, pp.243-255, 1985.

J. Lexell, Human aging, muscle mass, and fiber type composition, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci, vol.50, pp.11-16, 1995.

L. Li, Neuromuscular Control and Coordination during Cycling, Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, vol.33, issue.1, pp.16-22, 2004.
DOI : 10.1080/02701367.2004.10609129

B. Lindstrom, J. Lexell, B. Gerdle, and D. Downham, Skeletal Muscle Fatigue and Endurance in Young and Old Men and Women, The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, vol.52, issue.1, pp.59-66, 1997.
DOI : 10.1093/gerona/52A.1.B59

A. Marsh, P. Martin, and K. Foley, Effect of cadence, cycling experience, and aerobic power on delta efficiency during cycling, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.32, pp.1630-1634, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-200009000-00017

A. Marsh and P. Martin, Effect of cycling experience, aerobic power, and power output on preferred and most economical cycling cadences, Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise, vol.29, issue.9, pp.1225-1232, 1997.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199709000-00016

A. Marsh and P. Martin, The association between cycling experience and preferred and most economical cadences, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.25, issue.11, pp.1269-1274, 1993.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199311000-00011

J. Mclaughlin, G. King, E. Howley, D. Bassett, and B. Ainsworth, Validation of the COSMED K4 b2 Portable Metabolic System, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.22, issue.4, pp.280-824, 2001.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2001-13816

M. Narici, C. Maganaris, N. Reeves, and P. Capodaglio, Effect of aging on human muscle architecture, Journal of Applied Physiology, vol.95, issue.6, pp.2229-2234, 2003.
DOI : 10.1152/japplphysiol.00433.2003

R. Neptune, S. Kautz, and M. Hull, The effect of pedaling rate on coordination in cycling, Journal of Biomechanics, vol.30, issue.10, pp.1051-1058, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-9290(97)00071-7

R. Patterson and M. Moreno, Bicycle pedalling forces as a function of pedalling rate and power output, Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, vol.22, issue.4, pp.512-516, 1990.
DOI : 10.1249/00005768-199008000-00016

M. Porter, A. Vandervoort, and J. Lexell, Aging of human muscle: structure, function and adaptability, Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, vol.268, issue.3, pp.129-142, 1995.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1600-0838.1995.tb00026.x

M. Ryan and R. Gregor, EMG profiles of lower extremity muscles during cycling at constant workload and cadence, Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, vol.2, issue.2, pp.69-80, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/1050-6411(92)90018-E

G. Sarre and R. Lepers, Neuromuscular function during prolonged pedalling exercise at different cadences, Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, vol.26, issue.4, pp.321-328, 2005.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-201X.2005.01490.x

G. Sleivert, R. Backus, and H. Wenger, Neuromuscular Differences Between Volleyball Players, Middle Distance Runners and Untrained Controls, International Journal of Sports Medicine, vol.16, issue.06, pp.390-398, 1995.
DOI : 10.1055/s-2007-973026

T. Takaishi, Y. Yasuda, T. Ono, and T. Moritani, Optimal pedaling rate estimated from neuromuscular fatigue for cyclists, Medicine &amp Science in Sports &amp Exercise, vol.28, issue.12, pp.1492-1497, 1996.
DOI : 10.1097/00005768-199612000-00008

F. Vercruyssen, C. Hausswirth, D. Smith, and J. Brisswalter, Effect of exercise duration on optimal pedalling rate choice in triathletes, Can J Appl Physiol, vol.26, pp.44-54, 2001.

K. Wasserman, B. Whipp, S. Koyl, and W. Beaver, Anaerobic threshold and respiratory gas exchange during exercise, J Appl Physiol, vol.35, pp.236-243, 1973.

L. Yardley, F. Bishop, N. Beyer, K. Hauer, G. Kempen et al., Older People's Views of Falls-Prevention Interventions in Six European Countries, The Gerontologist, vol.46, issue.5, pp.650-660, 2006.
DOI : 10.1093/geront/46.5.650