. Bibliographie and . Abelson, Amorphous Computing, Communications of the ACM, vol.43, issue.5, pp.74-82, 2000.

S. Aron and L. Et-passera, Les Sociétés Animales : Evolution de la coopération et organisation sociale, De Boeck Université dans la série Ouvertures Psychologiques, 2000.
DOI : 10.3917/dbu.aron.2009.01

W. B. Arthur, Inductive reasoning and Bounded Rationality, American Economic Review P.P, pp.406-411, 1994.

H. Atlan, L'Organisation Biologique et la Théorie de l'Information, 1992.

. Baiardi, Improving Learning through Rule Cooperation in Parallel Classifier Systems, Présenté au Workshop on Classifier Systems, 6th International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, 1995.

T. Balch, Social Entropy : a New Metric for Learning Multi-robot Teams, Proc. 10th International FLAIRS Conference (FLAIRS-97, 1997.

N. Batali, . Grundy, J. Batali, and W. Et-noble-grundy, Modeling the Evolution of Motivation, Evolutionary Computation, vol.1, issue.3, pp.235-270, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.167.3926.1743

. Beaufils, «Our meeting with gradual : a good strategy for the iterated prisoner's dilemma», 1997.

L. Bernadó, E. Bernadó, X. Llorà, and J. M. Et-garell, XCS and GALE : a Comparative Study of Two Learning Classifier Systems with BIBLIOGRAPHIE Six Other Learning Algorithms on Classification Tasks, Proceedings of GECCO 2001 Fourth International Workshop on Learning Classifier Systems, pp.337-341, 2001.

A. Bonarini, An Introduction to Learning Fuzzy Classifier Systems, LCS '99, LNAI 1813, pp.3-32, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45027-0_4

. Bonabeau, . Theraulaz, E. Bonabeau, and G. Et-theraulaz, Intelligence Collective, 1994.

E. J. Briscoe, E. J. Briscoe, . Language, and E. J. Briscoe, submitted) 'Grammatical Acquisition : Coevolution of Language and the Language Acquisition DeviceEvolutionary perspectives on diachronic syntax, Proceedings of the Diachronic Generative Syntax, 1999.

L. Bull, Artificial Symbiology : Evolution in cooperative multi-agent environments, 1995.

. Bull, Evolving Multi-Agent Systems, Dans Genetic Algorithms in Engineering and Computer Science, 1995.

. Bull, . Fogarty, L. Bull, Y. C. Et-fogarty, A. V. Sebald et al., Evolving cooperative communicating classifier systems, Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference on Evolutionary Programming, pp.308-315, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-7091-7533-0_76

. Bull, Evolution in Multi- Agent Systems : Evolving Communicating Classifier Systems for Gait in a Quadrupedal Robot, Dans les Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, pp.382-388, 1995.

. Wilson, How XCS Evolves Accurate Classifiers, 2001.

. Butz-et-pelikan, M. Butz, and M. Et-pelikan, Analyzing the Evolutionary Pressures in XCS, Proceedings de la Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, 2001.

W. Butz, M. V. Butz, and S. W. Et-wilson, An Algorithmic Description of XCS, IlliGAL Report No, 2000.

E. Chattoe, Just how (un)realistic are Evolutionary Algorithms as representations of social processes, Journal of Artificial Societies and Socail Simulation, vol.1, 1998.

B. Chavance, Organisations, institutions, système : type et niveaux de règles. Revue d'économie industrielle, pp.85-102, 2001.
DOI : 10.3406/rei.2001.1801
URL : http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/rei_0154-3229_2001_num_97_1_1801.pdf

. Cheney, . Seyfarth, D. L. Cheney, and R. M. Et-seyfarth, How vervet monkeys perceive their grunts: Field playback experiments, Animal Behaviour, vol.30, issue.3, pp.739-751, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/S0003-3472(82)80146-2

. Crevier, AI : The Tumultuous History of the Search for Artificial Intelligence, 1993.

D. Et-chantemargue-]-dagaeff, T. Et-chantemargue, and F. , Reflections on Distributing agents, 1998.

D. Jong and E. D. , Multi-agent coordination by communication of evaluations, Proccedings of the 8th European Workshop on Modelling Autonomous Agents in a Multi-Agent World. (MAAMAW' 97, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-63077-5_26

D. Jong and E. D. , The Development of a Lexicon Based on Behavior, Proceedings of the Tenth Netherlands/Belgium Conference on Artificial Intelligence NAIC'98, pp.27-36, 1998.

D. Jong and E. D. , Analyzing the Evolution of Communication from a Dynamical Systems Perspective, Proceedings of the European Conference on Artificial Life ECAL'99, pp.689-693, 1999.

D. Jong and E. D. , Autonomous Concept Formation, Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence IJCAI '99, pp.344-349, 1999.

D. Jong and E. D. , Attractors in the Development of Communication, SAB2000 Proceedings Supplement Book. Honolulu , Hawaii : International Society for Adaptive Behavior, 2000.

D. Jong and K. A. , An analysis of the behavior of a class of genetic adaptive systems, Thèse 5140B. (Microfilms Universitaire No, pp.76-9381, 1975.

J. H. Delabie, D. Fresneau, and A. Pezon, Notes on the ecology of Thaumatomyrmex spp. (Hymenoptera : Formicidae : Ponerinae ) in southeast Bahia, pp.571-584, 2000.

J. L. Dessalles, Casual conversation as logical constraint satisfaction. Workshop on PRAGMATICS and LOGIC, ESSLLI - 98 -Saarbrüken : Universität des Saarlandes, J, 1998.

J. Dessalles, The interplay of desire and necessity in dialogue Formal semantics and pragmatics of dialogue, pp.13-89, 1998.

D. Paolo and E. A. , An Investigation into the Evolution of Communication, Adaptive Behavior, vol.380, issue.2, pp.285-324, 1998.
DOI : 10.1177/105971239700600204

. Dorigo, . Bersini, M. Dorigo, and H. Et-bersini, A Comparison of Q-learning and classifier systems, Proceedings of From Animals to Animats, Third International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, 1994.

M. Dorigo and U. Et-schnepf, Genetic-based Machine Learning and Beahviour Based Robotics : A New Synthesis, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, vol.22, issue.6, 1992.

G. Énée and C. Et-escazut, Classifier systems evolving multi-agent system with distributed elitism, Proceedings of the 1999 Congress on Evolutionary Computation-CEC99 (Cat. No. 99TH8406), pp.1740-1746, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/CEC.1999.785484

G. Énée and C. Et-escazut, A minimal model of communication for multi-agent systems, ETFA 2001. 8th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation. Proceedings (Cat. No.01TH8597), pp.12-17, 2001.
DOI : 10.1109/ETFA.2001.996348

G. Énée and C. Et-escazut, A Minimal Model of Communication for a Multi-Agent Classifier System, Fourth International Workshop on Learning Classifier Systems Paru dans 2001 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Workshop Program des proceedings de GECCO 2001, pp.351-356, 2001.

G. Énée and C. Et-escazut, A Minimal Model of Communication for a Multi-Agent Classifier System. (Version révisée ) Advances in Learning Classifier Systems, LNAI 2321, 2002.

. Escazut, . Fogarty, C. Escazut, and T. C. Et-fogarty, Coevolving Classifier Systems to Control Traffic Signals, 1997.

J. Ferber, Les Systèmes Multi-Agents : Vers une intelligence collective, 1995.

C. Fogarty, . Bull, T. C. Fogarty, B. Carse, and L. Bull, Classifier Systems : selectionist reinforcement learning, fuzzy rules and communication, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Biologically Inspired Evolutionary Systems, 1995.

. Forrest, . Miller, S. Forrest, and J. H. Et-miller, Emergent behavior in classifier systems, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, vol.42, issue.1-3, pp.213-227, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-2789(90)90075-Z

E. Garfield, When the Apes Speak, Linguists Listen. Part 1. The Ape Language Studies, Information Scientist, vol.8, pp.293-301, 1985.

D. E. Goldberg, Genetic algorithms in search, optimization , and machine learning, 1989.

]. I. Harvey, Is There Another New Factor in Evolution ? Evolutionary Computation, Special Issue on Evolution, Learning, and Instinct : 100 Years of the Baldwin Effect v, pp.311-327, 1997.

F. A. Hayek, L'ordre sensoriel, une enquête sur les fondements de la psychologie théorique, CNRS Éditions, 1952.

F. A. Hayek, Droit, législation et liberté : règles et ordre (volume 1). P.U.F., collection " Libre Echange, 1992.

. Hogg, . Huberman, T. Hogg, and B. A. Et-huberman, Better Than The Best : The Power of Cooperation, SFI 1992 Lectures in Complex Ststem, pp.163-184, 1993.

J. H. Holland, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, 1992.

. Holland, What Is a Learning Classifier System?, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45027-0_1

D. Hume, An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding, 1750.
DOI : 10.1093/oseo/instance.00046350
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.226.6878

F. Kaplan, Dynamiques de l'Auto-Organisation Lexicale, 1999.

F. M. Kaplan, J. Mccaskill, N. Et-packard, and S. Et-rasmussen, Semiotic schemata : Selection units for linguistic cultural evolution, Artificial Life VII, 2000.

F. Kaplan, La naissance d'une langue chez les robots, 2001.

F. Labrou, . Peng, Y. Labrou, T. Finin, and Y. Et-peng, Agent communication languages: the current landscape, IEEE Intelligent Systems, vol.14, issue.2, pp.1094-7167, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/5254.757631

C. G. Langton, Computation at the edge of chaos: Phase transitions and emergent computation, Physica D: Nonlinear Phenomena, vol.42, issue.1-3, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-2789(90)90064-V

P. L. Lanzi, Solving Problems in Partially Observable Environments with Classifier Systems (Experiments on Adding Memory to XCS), p.45, 1997.

P. L. Lanzi and L. Et-riolo, A Roadmap to the Last Decade of Learning Classifier System Research (From, 1989.

P. L. Lanzi and S. W. Et-wilson, Toward Optimal Classifier System Performance in Non-Markov Environments, Evolutionary Computation, vol.3, issue.4, 2000.
DOI : 10.1162/evco.1995.3.2.149

M. L. Littman, Memoryless policies : theoretical limitations and practical results, 1994.

A. Meyer and S. W. Wilson, From Animals to Animat 3, Proceedings de la Third International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior

B. J. Maclennan, Synthetic ethology : An approach to the study of communication, les Proceedings of the 2nd interdisciplinary workshop on synthesis and simulation of living systems, pp.631-658, 1991.

B. J. Maclennan, The Emergence of Communication through Synthetic Evolution, Paru dans Advances in Evolutionary Synthesis of Neural Systems, 1999.

. Maclennan, . Burghardt, B. J. Maclennan, and G. M. Et-burghardt, Synthetic Ethology and the Evolution of Cooperative Communication, Adaptive Behavior, vol.2, issue.2, pp.161-188, 1994.
DOI : 10.1177/105971239300200203

M. Mataric, Using Communication to Reduce Locality in Distributed Multi-agent learning, 1996.

. Maturana, F. Shen-et-norrie-]-maturana, W. Shen, and D. H. Et-norrie, MetaMorph: An adaptive agent-based architecture for intelligent manufacturing, International Journal of Production Research, vol.37, issue.10, pp.2159-2174, 1999.
DOI : 10.1080/002075499190699

O. Michel, Khepera simulator homepage, 1995.

S. Mikami and Y. Et-kakazu, Self-organized Control Of Traffic Signals Through Genetic Reinforcement Learning, Proceedings of the Intelligent Vehicles '93 Symposium, pp.113-118, 1993.
DOI : 10.1109/IVS.1993.697307

S. Mikami and Y. Et-kakazu, Genetic Reinforcement Learnig for Cooperative Traffic Signal Control, Proceedings of The First IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, pp.223-228, 1994.

J. H. Miller and C. Et-butts, Communication and cooperation, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, vol.47, issue.2, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-2681(01)00159-7

M. Et-czerwinski-]-montana, D. J. Et-czerwinski, and S. , Evolving Control Laws for a Network of Traffic Signals Proceedings de la première conférence annuelle de Genetic Programming 1996, 1996.

J. Noble, The Evolution of Animal Communication Systems : Questions of Function Examined through Simulation, 1998.

. D. Ph, Thesis in University of Sussex

C. Noble, J. Noble, and D. Et-cliff, On simulating the evolution of communication, From animals to animats 4 : Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior, pp.608-617, 1996.

. Pasteels, Selforganization mechanisms in ant societies : Trail recruitment to newly discovered food sources, From individual to collective behavior in social insects, 1987.

. Platon and . Platon, Alcibiades I, partiellement réimprimé dans A. Flew, Body, Mind, and Death, pp.34-71, 1972.

R. Et-kaib-]-reinhard, J. Et-kaib, and M. , Trail Communication During Foraging and Recruitment in the Subterranean Termite Reticulitermes santonensis De Feytaud (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae), In Journal of Insect Behavior, vol.14, issue.2, 2001.

C. D. Rosin and R. K. Et-belew, New Methods for Competitive Coevolution, Evolutionary Computation, vol.1, issue.3, pp.1-29, 1997.
DOI : 10.1162/evco.1993.1.2.127

. Rustogi, S. K. Singh-]-rustogi, and M. P. Singh, Be Patient and Tolerate Imprecision : How Autonomous Agents can Coordinate Effectively, 1999.

. Samuels, Rethinkink Rationality : From Bleak Implications to Darwinian Modules. À paraître dans Rutgers University Invitation to Cognitive Science, 2001.

S. Sen, Multiagent coordination with learning classifier systems, Dans les Working Notes of the IJCAI-95 Workshop on Adaptation and Learning in Multiagent Systems, pp.84-89, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-60923-7_30
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.55.7884

C. Seyfarth, M. Seyfarth, R. Cheney, D. L. Et-marler, and P. , Monkey responses to three different alarm calls: evidence of predator classification and semantic communication, Science, vol.210, issue.4471, pp.801-803, 1980.
DOI : 10.1126/science.7433999

. Shannon, . Weaver, C. E. Shannon, W. Et, and . Weaver, The Mathematical Theory of Communication, 1949.

. Sigaud, . Gérard, O. Sigaud, and P. Et-gérard, The use of roles in a multiagent adaptive simulation, Proceedings of the 14th European Conference in Artificial Intelligence, Workshop on Balancing reactivity and Social Deliberation in Multiagent Systems, 2000.

S. Smith, A learning system based on genetic algorithms, 1980.

S. F. Smith and . Forsyth, Adaptive Learning Systems, Expert Systems : Principles and Case Studies, 1984.

P. Spiessens, PCS : A classifier system that builds a predictive internal world model, ECAI 90 9th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp.622-627, 1990.

L. Steels, A Self-Organizing Spatial Vocabulary, Artificial Life, vol.2, issue.3, 1996.
DOI : 10.1017/S0140525X00081061

L. Steels, Self-organising vocabularies, Proceedings de Artificial Life V, 1996.

L. Steels, The spontaneous Self-organization of an Adaptive Language Machine Intelligence 15, pp.205-224, 1996.

L. Steels, The Synthetic Modeling of Language Origins, Evolution of Communication An international multidisciplinary journal, vol.1, issue.1, 1997.
DOI : 10.1075/eoc.1.1.02ste

. Steels, . Kaplan, L. Steels, and F. Et-kaplan, Situated Grounded Word Semantics, Proceedings of IJCAI 99, pp.862-867, 1999.

. Steels, . Mcintyre, L. Steels, A. Et, and . Mcintyre, Spatially Distributed Naming Games, Advances in Complex Systems, vol.01, issue.04, 1999.
DOI : 10.1142/S021952599800020X
URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.3.7818

. Stefens, . Merx, L. M. Stefens, and M. B. Et-merx, The effect of agent control strategy on the performance of a dai pursuit problem, Proceedings of the 1990 Distributed AI Workshop, 1990.

W. Stolzmann, J. R. Koza, . Banzhaf, . Wolfgang, . Chellapilla et al., Anticipatory Classifier Systems Genetic Programming, Proceedings of the Third Annual Conference, pp.658-664, 1998.
DOI : 10.1063/1.1388713

P. Stone and M. Veloso, Layered Learning, Eleventh European Conference on Machine Learning, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45164-1_38

M. Tan, Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning: Independent vs. Cooperative Agents, Proceedings, Tenth International Conference on Machine Learning, pp.330-337, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-1-55860-307-3.50049-6

P. Turney, How to Shift Bias: Lessons from the Baldwin Effect, Evolutionary Computation, vol.6, issue.3, pp.271-295, 1996.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.001033

E. Van, Systems of Communicating Agents, Proceedings of the 13th biennial European Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ECAI'98), pp.293-297, 1998.

. Valenzuela-rendón and M. Valenzuela-rendón, Reinforcement learning in the fuzzy classifier system, Expert Systems with Applications, vol.14, issue.1-2, pp.237-247, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0957-4174(97)00077-8

K. Von-frisch-]-von-frisch, The Dance Language and Orientation of Bees, 1967.

K. Wagner, W. Banzhaf, J. Daida, A. E. Eiben, M. H. Garzon et al., Habitat, communication and cooperative strategies, GECCO- 99 : Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, pp.694-701, 1999.

. Werner, . Dyer, G. M. Werner, and M. G. Et-dyer, Evolution of Communication in Artificial Organisms, Artificial Life II, SFI Studies in the Sciences of Complexity, 1991.

S. W. Wilson, ZCS: A Zeroth Level Classifier System, Evolutionary Computation, vol.2, issue.6, pp.1-18, 1994.
DOI : 10.1177/105971239200100104