P. L. Andersson, A. H. Berg, R. Bjerselius, H. Olsén, P. E. Orm et al., Bioaccumulation of selected PCBs in zebrafish, three-spined stickleback and arctic char after three different routes of exposure, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol, vol.40, pp.519-530, 2001.

S. Babo and P. Vasseur, In vitro effects of Thiram on liver antioxidant enzyme activities of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Aquatic Toxicology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.61-68, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-445X(92)90036-M

L. Bervoets, R. Blust, and R. Verheyen, Accumulation of Metals in the Tissues of Three Spined Stickelback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from Natural Fresh Waters, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.48, issue.2, pp.117-127, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/eesa.2000.2010

M. M. Bradford, A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Analytical Biochemistry, vol.72, issue.1-2, pp.248-254, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3

L. Canesi, A. Viarengo, C. Leonzio, M. Filippelli, and G. Gallo, Heavy metals and glutathione metabolism in mussel tissues, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.46, issue.1, pp.67-76, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-445X(98)00116-7

P. C. Chan, O. G. Peller, and L. Kesner, Copper(II)-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in liposomes and erythrocyte membranes, Lipids, vol.236, issue.5, pp.331-337, 1982.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02535190

D. E. Conners and A. H. Ringwood, Effects of glutathione depletion on copper cytotoxicity in oysters (Crassostrea virginica), Aquatic Toxicology, vol.50, issue.4, pp.341-349, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00092-8

C. Dautremepuits, S. Betoulle, and G. Vernet, Antioxidant response modulated by copper in healthy or parasitized carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) by Ptychobothrium sp. (Cestoda), Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, vol.1573, issue.1, pp.4-8, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00328-8

J. Falandysz, L. Strandberg, B. Strandberg, and C. Rappe, Polychlorinated naphthalenes in three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus from the gulf of Gda??sk, Chemosphere, vol.37, issue.9-12, pp.2473-2487, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)10241-7

P. Flammarion, B. Migeon, and J. Garric, Statistical Analysis of Cyprinid Ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase Data in a Large French Watershed, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.40, issue.1-2, pp.144-153, 1998.
DOI : 10.1006/eesa.1998.1655

J. H. Freedman, M. R. Ciriolo, and J. Peisach, The role of glutathione in copper metabolism and toxicity, J. Biol. Chem, vol.264, pp.5598-5605, 1989.

M. C. Ghosh, R. Ghosh, and A. K. Ray, Impact of Copper on Biomonitoring Enzyme Ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase in Cultured Catfish Hepatocytes, Environmental Research, vol.86, issue.2, pp.167-173, 2001.
DOI : 10.1006/enrs.2001.4249

M. Grosell, C. Nielsen, and A. Bianchini, Sodium turnover rate determines sensitivity to acute copper and silver exposure in freshwater animals, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, vol.133, issue.1-2, pp.287-303, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1532-0456(02)00085-6

W. H. Habig, M. J. Pabst, and W. B. Jakoby, Glutathione S-transferases. The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation, J. Biol. Chem, vol.249, pp.7130-7139, 1974.

R. D. Handy, T. Runnalls, and P. M. Russel, Histopathologic biomarkers in three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from several rivers in Southern England that meet the freshwater fisheries directive, Ecotoxicology, vol.11, issue.6, pp.467-479, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1021061402491

L. Hollis, C. Hogstrand, and C. M. Wood, Tissue-Specific Cadmium Accumulation, Metallothionein Induction, and Tissue Zinc and Copper Levels During Chronic Sublethal Cadmium Exposure in Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol.41, issue.4, pp.468-474, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/s002440010273

G. Holm, L. Norrgren, T. Andersson, and A. Thuren, Effects of exposure to food contaminated with PBDE, PCN or PCB on reproduction, liver morphology and cytochrome P450 activity in the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.27, issue.1-2, pp.33-50, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-445X(93)90045-3

I. Katsiadaki, A. P. Scott, M. R. Hurst, P. Matthiessen, and I. Mayer, ) glue protein, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.62, issue.9, pp.1946-1954, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620210924

J. M. Matés, Effects of antioxidant enzymes in the molecular control of reactive oxygen species toxicology, Toxicology, vol.153, issue.1-3, pp.83-104, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00306-1

J. C. Mcgeer, C. Szebedinszky, D. G. Mcdonald, and C. M. Wood, Effects of chronic sublethal exposure to waterborne Cu, Cd or Zn in rainbow trout 2: tissue specific metal accumulation, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.50, issue.3, pp.245-256, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00106-X

T. Ozawa, J. Ueda, and Y. Shimazu, DNA single strand breakage by copper(II) complexes and hydrogen peroxide at physiological conditions, Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int, vol.31, pp.455-461, 1993.

D. E. Paglia and W. N. Valentine, Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, J. Lab. Clin. Med, vol.70, pp.158-169, 1967.

F. Paoletti, D. Aldinucci, A. Mocali, and A. Caparrini, A sensitive spectrophotometric method for the determination of superoxide dismutase activity in tissue extracts, Analytical Biochemistry, vol.154, issue.2, pp.536-541, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90026-6

S. Paris-palacios, S. Biagianti-risbourg, and G. Vernet, Biochemical and (ultra)structural hepatic perturbations of Brachydanio rerio (Teleostei, Cyprinidae) exposed to two sublethal concentrations of copper sulfate, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.50, issue.1-2, pp.109-124, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-445X(99)00090-9

J. R. Pedrajas, J. Peinado, and J. Lopez-barea, Oxidative stress in fish exposed to model xenobiotics. Oxidatively modified forms of Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase as potential biomarkers, Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol.98, issue.3, pp.267-282, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2797(95)03651-2

T. G. Pottinger, T. R. Carrick, and W. E. Yeomans, The three-spined stickleback as an environmental sentinel: effects of stressors on whole-body physiological indices, Journal of Fish Biology, vol.39, issue.1, pp.207-229, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-445X(83)90035-8

A. Rodriguez-ariza, F. Toribio, and J. Lopez-barea, Rapid determination of glutathione status in fish liver using high-performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection, Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications, vol.656, issue.2, pp.311-318, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00111-1

G. Roesijadi, Metallothionein and its role in toxic metal regulation, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Endocrinology, vol.113, issue.2, pp.117-123, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0742-8413(95)02077-2

J. Roy, Environmental contaminants encyclopedia: copper entry. National Park Service, Water Resources Divisions, p.99, 1997.

H. Sies, Glutathione and its role in cellular functions. Free Radic, Biol. Med, vol.27, pp.916-921, 1999.

X. Stien, C. Risso, M. Gnassia-barelli, M. Romeo, and M. Lafaurie, EFFECT OF COPPER CHLORIDE IN VITRO AND IN VIVO ON THE HEPATIC EROD ACTIVITY IN THE FISH DICENTRARCHUS LABRAX, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.16, issue.2, pp.214-219, 1997.
DOI : 10.1897/1551-5028(1997)016<0214:EOCCIV>2.3.CO;2

A. Sturm, J. Wogram, H. Segner, and M. Liess, ): Application in biomonitoring, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.18, issue.6, pp.1607-1615, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620190618

G. Svecevicius and M. Z. Vosyliene, Acute toxicity of copper to common freshwater fishes of Lithuania, Ekologija, vol.2, pp.17-21, 1996.

J. R. Turnlund, M. E. Shils, J. A. Olson, and M. Shike, Copper, Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1999.

R. Van-der-oost, J. Beyerb, and N. Vermeulen, Fish bioaccumulation and biomarkers in environmental risk assessment: a review, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol.13, issue.2, pp.57-149, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S1382-6689(02)00126-6

C. Vandeputte, I. Guizon, I. Genestie-denis, B. Vannier, and G. Lorenzon, A microtiter plate assay for total glutathione and glutathione disulfide contents in cultured/isolated cells: performance study of a new miniaturized protocol, Cell Biology and Toxicology, vol.69, issue.5-6, pp.415-421, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00755791

Z. Varanka, I. Rojik, I. Varanka, J. Nemcsok, and M. Abraham, Biochemical and morphological changes in carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) liver following exposure to copper sulfate and tannic acid, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, vol.128, issue.3, pp.467-478, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1532-0456(01)00166-1

A. Viarengo, B. Burlando, N. Ceratto, and I. Panfoli, Antioxidant role of metallothioneins: a comparative overview, Cell. Mol. Biol, vol.46, pp.407-417, 2000.

M. Yim, P. Chock, and E. Stadtman, Enzyme function of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase as a free radical generator, J. Biol. Chem, vol.268, pp.4099-4105, 1993.

!. #. %&&&, & ! (! CT 3443? 7? ?2 V ?, p.3447

A. Arukwe, L. Forlin, and A. Goksoyr, ) liver treated with an estrogenic compound, 4-nonylphenol, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.79, issue.12, pp.2576-2583, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620161220

E. P. Gallagher, T. M. Buetler, P. L. Stapleton, C. H. Wang, D. L. Stahl et al., The Effects of Diquat and Ciprofibrate on mRNA Expression and Catalytic Activities of Hepatic Xenobiotic Metabolizing and Antioxidant Enzymes in Rat Liver, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, vol.134, issue.1, pp.81-91, 1995.
DOI : 10.1006/taap.1995.1171

B. Halliwell and J. M. Gutteridge, Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.69, pp.95-105, 1999.

E. J. Routledge and J. P. Sumpter, Structural Features of Alkylphenolic Chemicals Associated with Estrogenic Activity, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol.272, issue.6, pp.3280-3288, 1997.
DOI : 10.1074/jbc.272.6.3280

W. Sanchez, O. Palluel, L. Meunier, M. Coquery, J. Porcher et al., Copper-induced oxidative stress in three-spined stickleback: relationship with hepatic metal levels, Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, vol.19, issue.1, pp.177-183, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.etap.2004.07.003
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-00961894

J. Schwaiger, U. Mallow, H. Ferling, S. Knoerr, T. Braunbeck et al., How estrogenic is nonylphenol?, Aquatic Toxicology, vol.59, issue.3-4, pp.177-189, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00248-X

P. Flammarion, A. Devaux, S. Nehls, B. Migeon, P. Noury et al., Multibiomarker Responses in Fish from the Moselle River (France), Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.51, issue.2, pp.145-153, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/eesa.2001.2134

E. Gallagher, T. Gross, and K. Sheehy, Decreased glutathione S-transferase expression and activity and altered sex steroids in Lake Apopka brown bullheads (Ameiurus nebulosus), Aquatic Toxicology, vol.55, issue.3-4, pp.223-237, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-445X(01)00158-8

T. Galloway, R. Brown, M. Browne, A. Dissanayake, D. Lowe et al., A Multibiomarker Approach To Environmental Assessment, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.38, issue.6, pp.1723-1731, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/es030570+

W. Habig, M. Pabst, and W. Jakoby, Glutathione S-transferases . The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation, J Biol Chem, vol.249, pp.7130-7139, 1974.

R. Handy, T. Runnalls, and P. Russel, Histopathologic biomarkers in three spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus , from several rivers in Southern England that meet the freshwater fisheries directive, Ecotoxicology, vol.11, issue.6, pp.467-479, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1021061402491

I. Katsiadaki, A. Scott, M. Hurst, P. Matthiessen, and I. Mayer, ) glue protein, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.62, issue.9, pp.1946-1954, 2002.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620210924

R. Martinez-alvarez, A. Morales, and A. Sanz, Antioxidant Defenses in Fish: Biotic and Abiotic Factors, Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, vol.45, issue.1-2, pp.75-88, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s11160-005-7846-4

T. Oberdorff, D. Pont, B. Hugueny, J. Belliard, B. D. Thomas et al., Adaptation et validation d'un indice poisson (FBI) pour l'e ´ valuation de la qualité biologique des cours d'eau français, pp.405-433, 2002.

H. Ohkawa, N. Ohishi, and K. Yagi, Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction, Analytical Biochemistry, vol.95, issue.2, pp.351-358, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3

D. Paglia and W. Valentine, Studies on the quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase, J Lab Clin Med, vol.70, pp.158-169, 1967.

P. Pascual, J. Pedrajas, F. Toribio, J. Lopez-barea, and J. Peinado, Effect of food deprivation on oxidative stress biomarkers in fish (Sparus aurata), Chemico-Biological Interactions, vol.145, issue.2, pp.191-199, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0009-2797(03)00002-4

D. Peakall, Biomarkers: the way forward in environmental assessment, Toxicol Ecotoxicol News, vol.1, pp.55-60, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-84631-1

T. Pottinger, T. Carrick, and W. Yeomans, The three-spined stickleback as an environmental sentinel: effects of stressors on whole-body physiological indices, Journal of Fish Biology, vol.39, issue.1, pp.207-229, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-445X(83)90035-8

W. Sanchez, O. Palluel, L. Lagadic, S. A?¨ta?¨t-a?¨ssaa?¨ssa, J. Porcher et al., Biochemical effects of nonylphenol polyethoxylate adjuvant, Diquat herbicide and their mixture on the threespined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) Seasonal changes in brain melatonin concentration in the threespined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus): towards an endocrine calendar, Mar Environ Res Comp Biochem Physiol ? Part A, vol.62, issue.139, pp.29-33365, 2004.

A. Strahler, Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology, Transactions, American Geophysical Union, vol.67, issue.6, pp.913-920, 1957.
DOI : 10.1029/TR038i006p00913

A. Sturm, J. Wogram, H. Segner, and M. Liess, ): Application in biomonitoring, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.18, issue.6, pp.1607-1615, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/etc.5620190618

R. Triebskorn, J. Bö-hmer, T. Braunbeck, W. Honnen, H. Kö-hler et al., The project VALIMAR (VALIdation of bioMARkers for the assessment of small stream pollution): objectives, experimental design, summary of results, and recommendations for the application of biomarkers in risk assessment, Journal of Aquatic Ecosystem Stress and Recovery, vol.8, issue.3/4, pp.161-178, 2001.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1012902209178

J. Whyte, R. Jung, C. Schmitt, and D. Tillitt, -deethylase (EROD) Activity in Fish as a Biomarker of Chemical Exposure, Critical Reviews in Toxicology, vol.98, issue.4, pp.347-570, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/0166-445X(96)00005-7
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/in2p3-00459276

R. Wootton, A functional biology of sticklebacks, p.265, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-8513-8

R. Wu, W. Siu, and P. Shin, Induction, adaptation and recovery of biological responses: Implications for environmental monitoring, Marine Pollution Bulletin, vol.51, issue.8-12, pp.623-634, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.016