*. 10%, *. *. 5%, and *. 1%, Estimations par les MCO corrigés par la matrice de White. RESET 1(respectivement RESET 2) donne la statistique de Fisher pour le test de spécification de Ramsey sur les variables endogènes (respectivement exogènes), Les variables non significatives ne sont pas reproduites (i.e. DET, CHOM, MANDAT, and STAB)

D. Acemoglu, Human Capital Policies and the Distribution of Income: A framework for Analysis and Literature Review, New Zeeland Treasury Working Paper 01, p.3, 2003.

D. Acemoglu, J. A. Et, and . Robinson, Democratization or repression?, European Economic Review, vol.44, issue.4-6, pp.683-693, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-2921(99)00040-9

D. Acemoglu, J. A. Et, and . Robinson, Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.115, issue.4, pp.1167-1199, 2000.
DOI : 10.1162/003355300555042

I. Adelman, C. Et, and . Taft-morris, Economic growth and social equity in developing countries, 1973.

P. Aghion, P. Et, and . Bolton, A Theory of Trickle-Down Growth and Development, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.64, issue.2, pp.151-172, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/2971707

M. S. Ahluwalia, . Inequality, and . Development, Inequality, poverty and development, Journal of Development Economics, vol.3, issue.4, pp.307-342, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3878(76)90027-4

J. Aitchison, J. A. Et, and . Brown, The Lognormal Distribution, 1969.

V. Albouy, F. Bouton, and E. N. Roth, Les effets redistributifs de l'éducation : les enseignements d'une approche monétaire statique, Séminaire du Conseil de l'emploi, des revenus et de la cohésion sociale (CERC), 2002.

G. M. Anderson, R. D. Et, and . Tollison, Congressional Influence and Patterns of New Deal Spending, 1933-1939, The Journal of Law and Economics, vol.34, issue.1, pp.161-175, 1991.
DOI : 10.1086/467222

J. D. Angrist, V. Et, and . Lavy, Using Maimonides' Rule to Estimate the Effect of Class Size on Scholastic Achievement, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.114, issue.2, pp.533-575, 1999.
DOI : 10.1162/003355399556061

R. Arneson, Equality and equal opportunity for welfare, Philosophical Studies, vol.56, issue.1, pp.77-93, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00646210

L. J. Arrington, The New Deal in the West: A Preliminary Statistical Inquiry, Pacific Historical Review, vol.38, issue.3, pp.311-316, 1969.
DOI : 10.2307/3636102

A. Balestrino, Education policy in a non-altruistic model of intergenerational transfers with endogenous fertility, European Journal of Political Economy, vol.13, issue.1, pp.157-169, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0176-2680(96)00037-7

A. Banerjee, N. Et, and . Andrew, Occupational Choice and the Process of Development, Journal of Political Economy, vol.101, issue.2, pp.274-298, 1993.
DOI : 10.1086/261876

. Banquemondiale, Social Indicators and Fixed Factors, 2004.

P. Bardhan, S. Bowles, and E. H. Gintis, Chapter 10 Wealth inequality, wealth constraints and economic performance, Handbook of Income Distribution, pp.541-603, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1574-0056(00)80013-5

K. R. Beauchemin, Growth or stagnation? The role of public education, Journal of Development Economics, vol.64, issue.2, pp.389-416, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00143-7

G. S. Becker, A Theory of the Allocation of Time, The Economic Journal, vol.75, issue.299, pp.493-517, 1965.
DOI : 10.2307/2228949

G. S. Becker, B. R. Et, and . Chiswick, Education and the Distribution of Earnings, American Economic Review, vol.56, pp.358-369, 1966.

G. S. Becker, K. M. Murphy, and E. R. Tamura, Human Capital, Fertility and Economic Growth, Journal of Political Economy, vol.512, 1990.

G. S. Becker, N. Et, and . Tomes, An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility, Journal of Political Economy, vol.87, issue.6, pp.1153-1189, 1979.
DOI : 10.1086/260831

G. S. Becker, N. Et, and . Tomes, Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families, Journal of Labor Economics, vol.4, issue.3, Part 2, pp.101-139, 1986.
DOI : 10.1086/298118

R. Bénabou, Workings of a City: Location, Education, and Production, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.108, issue.3, pp.619-652, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/2118403

R. Bénabou, Equity and Efficiency in Human Capital Investment: The Local Connection, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.63, issue.2, pp.237-264, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2297851

R. Bénabou, Heterogeneity, stratification, and growth: Macroeconomic implications of community structure and school finance, American Economic Review, vol.86, pp.584-609, 1996.
DOI : 10.3386/w4311

R. Bénabou, What level of Redistribution Maximizes Long-Run Output ?, mimeo, 1997.

R. Bénabou, Social Mobility and the demand for redistribution: The POUM hypothesis, 1998.

R. Bénabou, Unequal Societies: Income Distribution and the Social Contract, American Economic Review, vol.90, issue.1, pp.928-946, 2000.
DOI : 10.1257/aer.90.1.96

R. Bénabou, F. Kramarz, and C. Prost, Zones d'éducation prioritaire : quels moyens pour quels résultats ?, Economie et statistique n°380, pp.1-34, 2004.

P. Bennell, Rates of return to education: Does the conventional pattern prevail in sub-Saharan Africa?, World Development, vol.24, issue.1, pp.183-199, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0305-750X(95)00115-S

P. Bennell, Using and abusing rates of return: A critique of the world bank's 1995 education sector review, International Journal of Educational Development, vol.16, issue.3, pp.235-248, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0738-0593(96)00016-8

T. Bergstrom, D. Rubinfeld, and E. P. Shapiro, Micro-Based Estimates of Demand Functions for Local School Expenditures, Econometrica, vol.50, issue.5, pp.1183-1205, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/1911869

G. Bertocchi, M. Et, and . Spagat, The evolution of modern educational systems, Journal of Development Economics, vol.73, issue.2, pp.559-582, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2003.05.003

T. J. Besley, A. C. Et, and . Case, Incumbent behavior: Vote-seeking, tax-setting,and yardstick competition, American Economic Review, vol.85, pp.25-45, 1995.
DOI : 10.3386/w4041

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.457.7880

J. R. Betts, Is There a Link between School Inputs and Earnings? Fresh Scrunity of an Old Literature, Discussion Paper N°96:09, 1996.

A. Bilek, Eléments d'analyse positive du problème politique de la redistribution des richesses, 2002.

A. Bilek, Inequality and predation effects on public schooling development Public Sector Transition, ASPE 3rd Annual Meeting and International Conference on, 2003.

A. Bilek, Inequality and Predation Effects on Public Schooling Development, 6th International Conference on Education, 2004.

A. Bilek, A spatial analysis of horizontal fiscal interactions in local public spending for schooling: the French case, 2005.

N. Birdsall, N. Ross, and E. R. Sabot, Inequality and Growth Reconsidered: Lessons from East Asia, The World Bank Economic Review, vol.9, issue.3, pp.477-508, 1995.
DOI : 10.1093/wber/9.3.477

URL : http://wber.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/9/3/477

A. Bisin, T. Et, and . Verdier, A model of cultural transmission, voting and political ideology, European Journal of Political Economy, vol.16, issue.1, pp.5-29, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0176-2680(99)00045-2

A. Bjorklund, M. Et, and . Jantti, Intergenerational Income Mobility in Sweden Compared to the United States, American Economic Review, vol.87, pp.1009-1018, 1997.

D. Black, On the Rationale of Group Decision-making, Journal of Political Economy, vol.56, issue.1, pp.23-34, 1948.
DOI : 10.1086/256633

S. Blomquist, V. Et, and . Christiansen, Topping up or Opting Out? The Optimal Design of Public Provision Schemes, International Economic Review, vol.39, issue.2, pp.399-411, 1998.
DOI : 10.2307/2527299

S. Blomquist, V. Et, and . Christiansen, The political economy of publicly provided private goods, Journal of Public Economics, vol.73, issue.1, pp.31-54, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00002-X

R. Boadway, M. Et, and . Marchand, THE USE OF PUBLIC EXPENDITURES FOR REDISTRIBUTIVE PURPOSES, Oxford Economic Papers, vol.47, issue.1, pp.45-59, 1995.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a042161

R. Borck, S. Et, and . Owings, The political economy of intergovernmental grants, Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol.33, issue.2, pp.139-156, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-0462(02)00005-4

F. Bourguignon, Pareto Superiority of Unegalitarian Equilibria in Stiglitz' Model of Wealth Distribution with Convex Saving Function, Econometrica, vol.49, issue.6, pp.1469-1475, 1981.
DOI : 10.2307/1911412

F. Bourguignon, C. Et, and . Morisson, Income distribution, development and foreign trade, European Economic Review, vol.34, issue.6, pp.1113-1132, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-2921(90)90071-6

F. Bourguignon, T. Et, and . Verdier, Oligarchy, democracy, inequality and growth, Journal of Development Economics, vol.62, issue.2, pp.285-313, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00086-9

F. Bourguignon, T. Et, and . Verdier, Oligarchy, democracy, inequality and growth, Journal of Development Economics, vol.62, issue.2, pp.285-313, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00086-9

H. Brady, S. Verba, and K. L. Schlozman, Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation, American Political Science Review, vol.11, issue.02, pp.271-294, 1995.
DOI : 10.1086/267649

A. Brizard, Comparaison des performances des élèves scolarisés en ZEP et hors ZEP, p.41, 1995.

S. Broccolichi, Orientations et s??gr??gations nouvelles dans l???enseignement secondaire, Soci??t??s contemporaines, vol.21, issue.1, 1995.
DOI : 10.3406/socco.1995.1416

N. F. Campos, D. Et, and . Jolliffe, After, before and during: returns to education in Hungary (1986???1998), Economic Systems, vol.27, issue.4, pp.377-390, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecosys.2003.11.001

D. Card, A. Et, and . Payne, School finance reform, the distribution of school spending, and the distribution of student test scores, Journal of Public Economics, vol.83, issue.1, pp.49-82, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00177-8

P. Carneiro, J. J. Heckman, and E. D. Manoli, Human Capital Policy Inequality in America: What Role for Human Capital Policy?, 2003.

G. Chauveau, E. Et, and . Rogovas, Equipes et stratégies éducatives dans les ZEP, La scolarisation dans les milieux difficiles, A. Van Zanten, 1997.

D. Checchi, A. Ichino, and E. A. Rustichini, More equal but less mobile?, Journal of Public Economics, vol.74, issue.3, pp.351-393, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00040-7

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.32.8416

G. Cheikbossian, Lobbying and Rent-seeking for Public Goods in a Fiscally Centralized System, Annales d'Economie et Statistiques, pp.75-76, 2004.

B. R. Chiswick, Earnings Inequality and Economic Development, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.85, issue.1, pp.21-39, 1971.
DOI : 10.2307/1881838

B. R. Chiswick, Minimum Schooling Legislation, Externalities and a "Child Tax", The Journal of Law and Economics, vol.15, issue.2, pp.353-361, 1972.
DOI : 10.1086/466741

H. Chiu, Income Inequality, Human Capital Accumulation and Economic Performance, The Economic Journal, vol.108, issue.446, pp.44-59, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0297.00272

A. Cigno, F. C. Et, and . Rosati, Jointly determined saving and fertility behaviour: Theory, and estimates for Germany, Italy, UK and USA, European Economic Review, vol.40, issue.8, pp.1561-1589, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-2921(95)00046-1

G. Clarke, More evidence on income distribution and growth, Journal of Development Economics, vol.47, issue.2, pp.403-427, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3878(94)00069-O

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.454.5573

D. Cohen-zada, M. Et, and . Justman, The political economy of school choice: linking theory and evidence, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.54, issue.2, pp.277-308, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0094-1190(03)00072-X

E. Cohn, T. Et, and . Geske, The Economics of Education, 1990.

C. B. Colburn, J. B. Et, and . Horowitz, Local Politics and the Demand for Public Education, Urban Studies, vol.40, issue.4, pp.797-807, 2003.
DOI : 10.1080/0042098032000083812

M. Corak, Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe, 2004.

J. F. Couch, W. F. Et, and . Shughart, The Political Economy of the New Deal, 1998.

J. Creedy, P. Et, and . François, Higher Education and Progressive Taxation: Equity, Efficiency and Majority Voting, Journal of Economic Studies, vol.19, issue.4, pp.17-30, 1992.
DOI : 10.1108/01443589210021406

J. Creedy, P. Et, and . François, Financing Higher Education: A General Equilibrium Public Choice Approach*, Economic Record, vol.69, issue.1, pp.1-9, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-2681(91)90009-M

H. Cremer, F. Et, and . Gahvari, In-kind transfers, self-selection and optimal tax policy, European Economic Review, vol.41, issue.1, pp.97-114, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-2921(95)00131-X

H. Cremer, D. Kessler, and E. P. Pestieau, Intergenerational transfers within the family, European Economic Review, vol.36, issue.1, pp.1-16, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-2921(92)90013-M

C. Debartolome, What Determines State Aid to School District? A Positive Model of Foundation Aid as Redistribution, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol.16, pp.32-47, 1997.

G. Defraja, Education Policies: Equity, Efficiency and Voting Equilibrium The, Economic Journal, vol.111, pp.104-119, 2001.

K. Deininger, L. Et, and . Squire, A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality, The World Bank Economic Review, vol.10, issue.3, pp.565-591, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/wber/10.3.565

G. Desplanques, F??condit?? et milieu social, Economie et statistique, vol.175, issue.1, 1985.
DOI : 10.3406/estat.1985.4955

URL : http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/estat_0336-1454_1985_num_175_1_4955.pdf

A. Dixit, G. M. Grossman, and E. E. Helpman, Common Agency and Coordination: General Theory and Application to Government Policy Making, Journal of Political Economy, vol.105, issue.4, pp.752-769, 1997.
DOI : 10.1086/262092

URL : http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:3450061

A. Dixit, J. Et, and . Londregan, Ideology, Tactics, and Efficiency in Redistributive Politics, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.113, issue.2, pp.497-529, 1998.
DOI : 10.1162/003355398555667

K. Dowding, P. Et, and . John, Tiebout : A Survey of the Empirical Literature, Urban Studies, vol.30, issue.21, pp.31-767, 1994.
DOI : 10.1080/00420989420080671

T. A. Downes, D. N. Et, and . Figlio, School finance reform, tax limits and student performance: do reform level-up or dumb down, 1997.

W. Duncombe, J. Et, and . Yinger, Why is it so hard to help central city schools?, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol.16, issue.1, pp.85-113, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199724)16:1<85::AID-PAM5>3.0.CO;2-E

M. M. Duplantis, T. D. Chandler, and T. G. Geske, The growth and impact of teachers' unions in states without collective bargaining legislation, Economics of Education Review, vol.14, issue.2, pp.167-178, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0272-7757(95)90396-P

R. Dworkin, What Is Equality?, Part 1: Equality of Welfare, Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol.10, pp.185-246, 1981.

R. Dworkin, What Is Equality?, Part 2: Equality of Resources, Philosophy and Public Affairs, vol.10, pp.283-345, 1981.

W. Easterly, S. Et, and . Rebelo, Fiscal Policy and Growth: An Empirical Investigation, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol.32, pp.417-458, 1993.
DOI : 10.3386/w4499

Z. Eckstein, I. Et, and . Zilcha, The effects of compulsory schooling on growth, income distribution and welfare, Journal of Public Economics, vol.54, issue.3, pp.339-359, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0047-2727(94)90040-X

D. Epple, R. Et, and . Romano, Ends against the middle: Determining public service provision when there are private alternatives, Journal of Public Economics, vol.62, issue.3, pp.297-325, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0047-2727(95)01540-X

W. N. Evans, S. E. Murray, and R. M. Schwab, Schoolhouses, courthouses, and statehouses afterSerrano, Schoolhouses, courthouses, and statehouses after Serrano, pp.10-31, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199724)16:1<10::AID-PAM2>3.0.CO;2-L

T. Falch, J. Et, and . Rattso, Political economic determinants of school spending in federal states: Theory and time-series evidence, European Journal of Political Economy, vol.13, issue.2, pp.299-314, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0176-2680(97)00006-2

T. Falch, J. Et, and . Rattso, Local public choice of school spending: disaggregating the demand function for educational services, Economics of Education Review, vol.18, issue.3, pp.361-373, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-7757(98)00045-4

R. Fernandez, R. Et, and . Rogerson, The Determinants of Public Education Expenditures: Longer-Run Evidence from the States, Journal of Education Finance, vol.27, pp.567-583, 2001.

R. Fernàndez, R. Et, and . Rogerson, On the Political Economy of Education Subsidies, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.62, issue.2, pp.249-262, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2297804

R. Fernàndez, R. Et, and . Rogerson, Income Distribution, Communities, and the Quality of Public Education, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.111, issue.1, pp.135-164, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2946660

R. Fernàndez, R. Et, and . Rogerson, Education finance reform: A dynamic perspective, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol.16, issue.1, pp.67-84, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199724)16:1<67::AID-PAM4>3.0.CO;2-G

R. Fernàndez, R. Et, and . Rogerson, Keeping People Out: Income Distribution, Zoning, and the Quality of Public Education, International Economic Review, vol.38, issue.1, pp.23-42, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/2527406

R. Fernàndez, R. Et, and . Rogerson, Education finance reform and investment in human capital: lessons from California, Journal of Public Economics, vol.74, issue.3, pp.327-350, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00046-8

F. H. Ferreira, Education for the masses? The interaction between wealth, educational and political inequalities, The Economics of Transition, vol.9, issue.2, pp.533-552, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0351.00087

C. Fershtman, K. M. Murphy, and E. Y. Weiss, Social Status, Education, and Growth, Journal of Political Economy, vol.104, issue.1, pp.108-132, 1996.
DOI : 10.1086/262019

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.319.1093

G. Fields, Education and income distribution in developing countries: a review of literature, Education and Income, pp.231-315, 1980.

G. Fields, E. Et, and . Ok, The Meaning and Measurement of Income Mobility, Journal of Economic Theory, vol.71, issue.2, pp.349-377, 1996.
DOI : 10.1006/jeth.1996.0125

P. Figini, Inequality and Growth revisited, Trinity Economic Papers Series, Trinity College, 1999.

B. Forest, Hidden segregation? The limits of geographically based affirmative action, Political Geography, vol.21, issue.7, pp.855-880, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0962-6298(02)00030-6

S. Freret, Spatial analysis of horizontal fiscal interactions on local public expenditures: the French case, 7th INFER Annual Conference in Economic Research, 2005.

M. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, 1962.
DOI : 10.7208/chicago/9780226264189.001.0001

J. S. Gans, M. Et, and . Smart, Majority voting with single-crossing preferences, Journal of Public Economics, vol.59, issue.2, pp.219-237, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0047-2727(95)01503-5

A. Gaviria, Intergenerational mobility, sibling inequality and borrowing constraints, Economics of Education Review, vol.21, issue.4, pp.331-340, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-7757(01)00031-0

A. I. Gershberg, T. Et, and . Schuermann, The efficiency???equity trade-off of schooling outcomes: public education expenditures and welfare in Mexico, Economics of Education Review, vol.20, issue.1, pp.27-40, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-7757(99)00036-9

Y. Gilboa, Kibbutz Education: Implication for Helping Children from Disadvantaged Backgrounds, Economic Quarterly, vol.50, pp.572-602, 2003.

G. Glomm, B. Et, and . Ravikumar, Public versus Private Investment in Human Capital: Endogenous Growth and Income Inequality, Journal of Political Economy, vol.100, issue.4, pp.818-834, 1992.
DOI : 10.1086/261841

G. Glomm, B. Et, and . Ravikumar, Opting out of publicly provided services: A majority voting result, Social Choice and Welfare, vol.15, issue.2, pp.187-199, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/s003550050099

G. Glomm, B. Et, and . Ravikumar, Public education and income inequality, European Journal of Political Economy, vol.19, issue.2, pp.289-300, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0176-2680(02)00178-7

P. Gottschalk, E. Et, and . Spolaore, On the Evaluation of Economic Mobility, Review of Economic Studies, vol.69, issue.1, pp.191-208, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-937X.00203

M. Gradstein, An economic rationale for public education: The value of commitment, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol.45, issue.2, pp.463-474, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3932(99)00053-7

M. Gradstein, M. Et, and . Justman, Industrial Revolution, Political Transition, and The Subsequent Decline in Inequality in nineteenth-Century Britain, Explorations in Economic History, vol.36, pp.109-127, 1999.

M. Gradstein, M. Justman, and E. V. Meier, The Political Economy of Education: Implications for Growth and Inequality, 2005.

M. Gradstein, M. Et, and . Justman, Human capital, social capital, and public schooling, European Economic Review, vol.44, issue.4-6, pp.879-890, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0014-2921(99)00044-6

P. Gravot, Economie de l'éducation, 1993.

D. Gros, M. Et, and . Suhrcke, Ten years after: what is special about transition countries, CESifo working paper n°327, 2000.
DOI : 10.4337/9781843762973.00013

URL : http://hdl.handle.net/10419/19465

H. Grossman, M. Et, and . Kim, Human capital and predation: a positive theory of educational policy, NBER Working Paper N°6403, 1998.
DOI : 10.3386/w6403

P. J. Grossman, A political theory of intergovernmental grants, Public Choice, vol.42, issue.3-4, pp.295-303, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01047760

R. Guesnerie, K. Et, and . Roberts, Effective Policy Tools and Quantity Controls, Econometrica, vol.52, issue.1, pp.59-86, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/1911461

E. L. Gundlach, L. Woessmann, and E. J. Gmelin, The Decline of Schooling Productivity in OECD Countries, The Economic Journal, vol.111, issue.471, pp.135-147, 2001.
DOI : 10.1111/1468-0297.00624

A. S. Gurwitz, The Economics of Public School Finance, 1982.

W. L. Hansen, B. A. Et, and . Weisbrod, The Distribution of Costs and Direct Benefits of Public Higher Education: The Case of California, The Journal of Human Resources, vol.4, issue.2, pp.176-191, 1969.
DOI : 10.2307/144718

E. A. Hanushek, The Economics of Schooling: Production and Efficiency in Public Schools, Journal of Economic Literature, vol.24, pp.1141-1177, 1986.

E. A. Hanushek, Publicly Provided Education, NBER Working Paper series N°8799, 2002.
DOI : 10.3386/w8799

E. A. Hanushek, The Failure of Input-Based Schooling Policies, Economic Journal, vol.113, pp.64-98, 2003.

R. H. Harris, W. N. Evans, and R. M. Schwab, Education spending in an aging America, Journal of Public Economics, vol.81, issue.3, pp.449-472, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(00)00133-X

J. A. Hausman, Specification Tests in Econometrics, Econometrica, vol.46, issue.6, pp.1251-1271, 1978.
DOI : 10.2307/1913827

J. J. Heckman, Policies to foster human capital, Research in Economics, vol.54, issue.1, pp.3-56, 2000.
DOI : 10.1006/reec.1999.0225

J. E. Hight, R. Et, and . Pollock, Income Distribution Effects of Higher Education Expenditures in California, Florida, and Hawaii, The Journal of Human Resources, vol.8, issue.3, pp.318-330, 1973.
DOI : 10.2307/144706

A. O. Hirschman, Exit, Voice, and Loyalty: Responses to Decline in Firms, Organizations, and States, 1970.

D. Holtz-eakin, M. E. Lovely, and S. T. Tosun, Generational conflict, fiscal policy, and economic growth, Journal of Macroeconomics, vol.26, issue.1, pp.1-23, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jmacro.2002.10.001

C. M. Hoxby, All school finance equalizations are not created equal, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp.1189-1231, 2001.
DOI : 10.3386/w6792

URL : http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/116/4/1189

R. P. Inman, Markets, Governments, and the New Political Economy, Handbook of Public Economics, 1987.

E. James, Why Do Different Countries Choose a Different Public-Private Mix of Educational Services?, The Journal of Human Resources, vol.28, issue.3, pp.572-592, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/146161

H. Jayet, A. Pentel, and E. S. Paty, Existe-t-il des interactions fiscales strat??giques entre les collectivit??s locales, ??conomie & pr??vision, vol.154, issue.3, pp.95-105, 2002.
DOI : 10.3406/ecop.2002.6388

URL : http://www.cairn.info/load_pdf.php?ID_ARTICLE=ECOP_154_0095

E. Jimenez, THE PUBLIC SUBSIDIZATION OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, The World Bank Research Observer, vol.1, issue.1, pp.111-129, 1986.
DOI : 10.1093/wbro/1.1.111

E. Johansson, Intergovernmental grants as a tactical instrument: empirical evidence from Swedish municipalities, Journal of Public Economics, vol.87, issue.5-6, pp.883-915, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00148-7

M. Kremer, A. Et, and . Sarychev, Why do Governments Operate Schools ?, mimeo, 1998.

A. B. Krueger, Experimental Estimates of Education Production Functions, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.114, issue.2, pp.497-532, 1999.
DOI : 10.1162/003355399556052

L. Hoir and M. , Répartition des revenus et capital humain, 2002.

H. Ladd, S. Et, and . Murray, Intergenerational conflict reconsidered: county demographic structure and the demand for public education, Economics of Education Review, vol.20, issue.4, pp.343-357, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-7757(00)00058-3

H. Lankford, J. Et, and . Wyckoff, Primary and Secondary School Choice among Public and Religious Alternatives Economics of, Education Review, vol.4, pp.317-337, 1992.

J. Lecaillon, F. Paukert, C. Morrisson, and E. D. Germidis, Income Distribution and Economic Development: an Analytical Survey, 1984.

S. S. Lee, R. Ram, and C. W. Smith, Distributive effect of state subsidy to undergraduate education: the case of Illinois, Economics of Education Review, vol.18, pp.213-221, 1999.

W. Lee, J. E. Et, and . Romer, Inequality and redistribution revisited, Economics Letters, vol.65, issue.3, pp.339-346, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-1765(99)00155-X

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.39.3963

L. Levy-garboua, La justice distributive à l'école, Economique de l'éducation, 1979.

A. Lindbeck and J. W. Et, A model of political equilibrium in a representative democracy, Journal of Public Economics, vol.51, issue.2, pp.195-209, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0047-2727(93)90084-7

J. L. Londoño, Kuznetsian Tales with Attention to Human Capital, Troisième conférence inter-americaine Brésil Rio de Janeiro, 1990.

G. Loury, A Dynamic Theory of Racial Income Differences, Women, Minorities and Employment Discrimination, 1977.

G. Loury, Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings, Econometrica, vol.49, issue.4, pp.843-867, 1981.
DOI : 10.2307/1912506

G. Loury, Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings, Econometrica, vol.49, issue.4, pp.843-867, 1981.
DOI : 10.2307/1912506

R. Lucas, On the mechanics of economic development, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol.22, issue.1, pp.3-42, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7

A. Marin, G. Et, and . Psacharopoulos, Schooling and Income Distribution, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.58, issue.3, pp.332-338, 1976.
DOI : 10.2307/1924955

M. F. Mellizo-soto, Education Policy, Equality of Opportunities and Political Thought, mimeo, 2002.

A. Meltzer, S. Et, and . Richard, A Rational Theory of the Size of Government, Journal of Political Economy, vol.89, issue.5, pp.914-927, 1981.
DOI : 10.1086/261013

D. Meuret, L'efficacit?? de la politique des zones d'??ducation prioritaire dans les coll??ges, Revue fran??aise de p??dagogie, vol.109, issue.1, 1994.
DOI : 10.3406/rfp.1994.1245

C. Miller, Demographics and spending for public education: a test of interest group influence, Economics of Education Review, vol.15, issue.2, pp.175-185, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0272-7757(95)00030-5

K. Milligan, E. Moretti, and E. P. Oreopoulos, Does education improve citizenship? Evidence from the United States and the United Kingdom, Journal of Public Economics, vol.88, issue.9-10, pp.1667-1695, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2003.10.005

A. Mingat, Evaluation analytique d'une action en ZEP au cours préparatoire, Cahier de l'IREDU, p.37, 1983.

C. Minter-hoxby, How Teachers' Unions Affect Education Production, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.111, issue.3, pp.671-718, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2946669

J. Mirrlees, An Exploration in the Theory of Optimal Income Taxation, Review of Economic Studies, vol.46, 1971.

J. Montgomery, Social Networks and Persistent Inequality in the Labor Market Toward an Economic Analysis, American Economic Review, vol.81, pp.1408-1418, 1991.

P. Mormiche, Consommation médicale : les disparités sociales, Economie et Statistiques, vol.19, 1986.
DOI : 10.3406/estat.1986.2467

D. Mueller, Public Choice II, 1989.

C. B. Muligan, Parental Priorities and Economic Inequality, 1997.

D. Neal, S. Et, and . Rosen, Theories of the Distribution of Earnings, Handbook of Income Distribution, pp.379-427, 2000.

T. J. Nechyba, Mobility, Targeting, and Private-School Vouchers, American Economic Review, vol.90, issue.1, pp.130-146, 2000.
DOI : 10.1257/aer.90.1.130

T. J. Nechyba, Centralization, Fiscal Federalism, and Private School Attendance*, International Economic Review, vol.82, issue.1, pp.179-204, 2003.
DOI : 10.1086/259584

A. L. Nichols, R. J. Et, and . Zeckhauser, Targeting transfers through restrictions on recipients, American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, vol.72, pp.372-377, 1982.

O. , R. Sur-l-'éducation, and P. Ocde, [191]Orivel, F., Why are the poorest countries out of the educational system globalisation process?, Prestige Workshop, 2001.

A. L. Owen, D. N. Et, and . Weil, Intergenerational earnings mobility, inequality and growth, Journal of Monetary Economics, vol.41, issue.1, pp.71-104, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3932(97)00067-6

G. F. Papanek, O. Et, and . Kyn, The effect on income distribution of development, the growth rate and economic strategy, Journal of Development Economics, vol.23, issue.1, pp.55-65, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3878(86)90079-9

K. H. Park, Educational expansion and educational inequality on income distribution, Economics of Education Review, vol.15, issue.1, pp.51-58, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0272-7757(95)00000-3

J. A. Pechman, Benefits, Costs, and Finance of Public Higher Education, The Journal of Human Resources, vol.5, issue.3, pp.361-370, 1970.
DOI : 10.2307/144612

P. T. Pereira, P. S. Et, and . Martins, Does Education Reduce Wage Inequality? Quantile Regressions Evidence from Fifteen European Countries, IZA Discussion Paper, vol.120, 2000.

R. Perotti, Political Equilibrium, Income Distribution, and Growth, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.60, issue.4, pp.755-776, 1993.
DOI : 10.2307/2298098

R. Perotti, Growth, income distribution, and democracy: What the data say, Journal of Economic Growth, vol.96, issue.1, pp.149-187, 1996.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00138861

T. Persson, G. Et, and . Tabellini, Is Inequality Harmful for Growth, American Economic Review, vol.84, pp.600-621, 1994.

T. Piketty, Social Mobility and Redistributive Politics, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.110, issue.3, pp.551-584, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2946692

T. Piketty, Theories of persistent inequality and intergenerational mobility, Handbook of Income Distribution, 2000.

T. Piketty, L'impact de la taille des classes et de la ségrégation sociale sur la réussite scolaire dans les écoles françaises : une estimation à partir du panel primaire, Séminaire ATOM, 1997.

J. M. Poterba, Government intervention in the markets for education and health care: how and why ?, NBER Working Paper Series, vol.4, p.916, 1994.
DOI : 10.3386/w4916

J. M. Poterba, Demographic Structure and the Political Economy of Public Education, NBER Working Paper 5, p.677, 1996.

J. M. Poterba, Demographic structure and the political economy of public education, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol.16, issue.1, pp.48-66, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6688(199724)16:1<48::AID-PAM3>3.0.CO;2-I

S. Preston, Children and the Elderly: Divergent Paths for America's Dependents, Demography, vol.21, issue.4, pp.435-457, 1984.
DOI : 10.2307/2060909

L. Pritchett, D. Et, and . Filmer, What education production functions really show: a positive theory of education expenditures, Economics of Education Review, vol.18, issue.2, pp.223-239, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-7757(98)00034-X

G. Psacharopoulos, Schooling, experience and earnings, Journal of Development Economics, vol.4, issue.1, pp.39-48, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3878(77)90005-0

G. Psacharopoulos, Returns to investment in education: A global update, World Development, vol.22, issue.9, pp.1325-1343, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0305-750X(94)90007-8

R. Ram, Population increase, economic growth, educational inequality, and income distribution, Journal of Development Economics, vol.14, issue.3, pp.419-428, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3878(84)90069-5

R. Ram, Can educational expansion reduce income inequality in less-developed countries?, Economics of Education Review, vol.8, issue.2, pp.185-195, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0272-7757(89)90006-X

R. Ram, Educational Expansion and Schooling Inequality: International Evidence and Some Implications, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.72, issue.2, 1990.
DOI : 10.2307/2109716

C. Rhein, A. L. Pape, and P. A. Grosbras, Division sociale de l'espace et inégalités de scolarisation, 1996.

M. J. Rizzo, A (Less Than) Zero Sum Game? State Funding for Public Education: How Public Higher Education Institutions Have Lost, 2004.

K. Roberts, Voting over income tax schedules, Journal of Public Economics, vol.8, issue.3, pp.329-340, 1977.
DOI : 10.1016/0047-2727(77)90005-6

J. E. Roemer, Equality of Opportunity, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01446191

T. Romer, H. Rosenthal, and E. V. Munley, Economic incentives and political institutions: Spending and voting in school budget referenda, Journal of Public Economics, vol.49, issue.1, pp.1-33, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0047-2727(92)90061-J

R. Sah, Social Osmosis and Patterns of Crime, Journal of Political Economy, vol.99, issue.6, pp.1272-1295, 1991.
DOI : 10.1086/261800

G. Saint-paul, T. Et, and . Verdier, Education, democracy, and growth, Center for Economic Policy Research Discussion Paper (CEPR), p.613, 1992.

G. Saint-paul, Education, democracy and growth, Journal of Development Economics, vol.42, issue.2, pp.399-407, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3878(93)90027-K

T. W. Schultz, The economic value of education, 1963.

T. W. Schultz, Investment in Human Capital, 1971.

A. Sen, Inequality Reexamined, 1992.
DOI : 10.1093/0198289286.001.0001

J. Z. Slama, W. Griliches, H. J. Krelle, O. Krupp, and . Kin, A cross-country regression model of social inequality, Income distribution and economic inequality, 1978.

J. Soares, Self-interest and public funding of education, Journal of Public Economics, vol.87, issue.3-4, pp.703-727, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0047-2727(01)00183-9

R. R. Soares, Development, crime and punishment: accounting for the international differences in crime rates, Journal of Development Economics, vol.73, issue.1, pp.155-184, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2002.12.001

G. Solon, A model of intergenerational mobility variation over time and place, Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe, 2002.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511492549.003

M. Spagat, Human Capital, Growth and Inequality in Transition Economies, 2002.

A. M. Spence, Job Market Signaling, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.87, issue.3, pp.355-374, 1973.
DOI : 10.2307/1882010

URL : http://qje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/87/3/355

G. J. Stigler, Director's Law of Public Income Redistribution, The Journal of Law and Economics, vol.13, issue.1, pp.1-10, 1970.
DOI : 10.1086/466680

J. Stiglitz, The demand for education in public and private school systems, Journal of Public Economics, vol.3, issue.4, pp.349-385, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/0047-2727(74)90005-X

J. Stigliz, Distribution of Income and Wealth Among Individuals, Econometrica, vol.37, issue.3, pp.382-397, 1969.
DOI : 10.2307/1912788

P. Streufert, The Effect of Underclass Social Isolation on Schooling Choice, Journal of Public Economic Theory, vol.2, issue.4, pp.522-540, 1991.
DOI : 10.1111/1097-3923.00046

K. Sylwester, Income inequality, education expenditures, and growth, Journal of Development Economics, vol.63, issue.2, pp.379-398, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00113-9

K. Sylwester, Can education expenditures reduce income inequality?, Economics of Education Review, vol.21, issue.1, pp.43-52, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-7757(00)00038-8

C. M. Tiebout, A pure theory of public expenditure, Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.36, pp.387-389, 1954.

J. Tinbergen, THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON INCOME DISTRIBUTION, Review of Income and Wealth, vol.118, issue.3, pp.255-265, 1972.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1475-4991.1970.tb00699.x

J. Tinbergen, Income Distribution: Analysis and Policies, North-Holland, 1975.

G. Tullock, Economics of Income Redistribution, Kluwer-Nijhoff, 1983.

D. Usher, Education as a Deterrent to Crime, The Canadian Journal of Economics, vol.30, issue.2, pp.367-384, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/136344

T. Vinod, Y. Wang, and E. X. Fan, Measuring Education Inequality: Gini Coefficients of Education, mimeo, The World Bank Institute, 2000.

J. J. Walliss, Employment, Politics, and Economic Recovery during the Great Depression, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.69, issue.3, pp.516-520, 1987.
DOI : 10.2307/1925541

H. Weglinsky, Finance Equalization and Within-School Equity: The Relationship Between Education Spending and the Social Distribution of Achievement, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, vol.20, issue.4, pp.269-283, 1998.
DOI : 10.3102/01623737020004269

D. Wildasin, Nash equilibria in models of fiscal competition, Journal of Public Economics, vol.35, issue.2, pp.229-240, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0047-2727(88)90055-2

W. Wilson, The Truly Disadvantaged, 1987.
DOI : 10.7208/chicago/9780226924656.001.0001

D. M. Windham, Education, Equality, and Income Redistribution, 1970.

C. R. Winegarden, Schooling and Income Distribution: Evidence from International Data, Economica, vol.46, issue.181, pp.83-87, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/2553099

L. Woessmann, Schooling Resources, Educational Institutions and Student Performance: the International Evidence, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, vol.111, issue.2, pp.117-170, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0272-7757(98)00034-X

A. C. Worthington, B. E. Et, and . Dollery, The Political Determination of Intergovernmental Grants in Australia, Public Choice, vol.94, issue.3/4, pp.299-315, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1017940409702

G. Wright, The Political Economy of New Deal Spending: An Econometric Analysis, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.56, issue.1, pp.30-38, 1974.
DOI : 10.2307/1927524

S. Xuejuan, Endogenous determination of public budget allocation across education stages, Journal of Development Economics In Press, Corrected Proof, 2006.

J. Zhang, Optimal Public Investments in Education and Endogenous Growth, The Scandinavian Journal of Economics, vol.98, issue.3, pp.387-404, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/3440733

G. Zodrow, P. Et, and . Mieszkowski, Pigou, Tiebout, property taxation, and the underprovision of local public goods, Journal of Urban Economics, vol.19, issue.3, pp.356-370, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0094-1190(86)90048-3