]. E. Adams-80 and . Adams, Minimizing cost impact of software defects, IBM Research Division Report RC, vol.8228, issue.35669, 1980.

]. V. Amoia-81, G. Amoia, M. De-micheli, and . Santomauro, Computer-oriented formulation of transitionrate matrices via Kronecker algebra, IEEE Trans. on Reliability, issue.2, p.30, 1981.

]. T. Anderson-81, P. A. Anderson, and . Lee, Fault tolerance principles and practice, 1981.

J. Arlat, K. Kanoun, and J. C. Laprie, Dependability evaluation of software faulttolerance, Proc. 18th IEEE Int. Symp. Fault-Tolerant Computing, pp.142-147, 1988.

J. Arlat, S. Bachmann, C. Beounes, J. E. Doucet, K. Kanoun et al., SURF-2 : Specification de conception, 1989.

H. Ascher and H. Feingold, Application of Laplace's test to repairable system reliability, Actes du 1er Colloque International de Fiabilité et de Maintenabilité, pp.219-225, 1978.

H. Ascher and H. Feingold, Repairable Systems Reliability, Lecture notes in statistics, 1984.

G. Balbo, G. Chiola, G. Franceschinis, and G. Molina-roet, On the efficient construction of the tangible reachability graph of Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets, Proc. International Workshop on Petri Nets and Performance Models, pp.136-145, 1987.

]. R. Barlow and F. Proschan, Statistical Theory of Reliability and Life Testing, 1975.

]. F. Bastani, An input based theory of software reliability and its application, Thèse de P.h.D, Dep, 1980.

M. R. Bastos-martini, J. Moreira, and . Souza, Reliability assessment of computer systems design, Microelectronics Reliability, vol.31, issue.2-3, pp.11-12
DOI : 10.1016/0026-2714(91)90205-L

H. A. Bauer, L. M. Croxall, and E. A. Davis, : System Test, First-Office Application, and Early Field Experience, AT&T Technical Journal, vol.64, issue.6, pp.1503-1522, 1985.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1985.tb00284.x

C. Beounes and J. C. Laprie, Dependability Evaluation of Complex Computer Systems: Stochastic Petri Net Modeling, Proc. 15th IEEE Int. Symp. Fault-Tolerant Computing, pp.364-369, 1985.

B. Beyaert, G. Florin, P. Lonc, and S. Natkin, Evaluation of computer systems dependability using stochastic Petri nets, Proc. 11th IEEE Int. Symp. Fault-Tolerant Computing, pp.79-81, 1981.

]. P. Bishop and F. D. Pullen, Error Masking: A Source of Failure Dependency in Multi-Version Programs, Proc. 1st International Working Conf. Dependable Comput. Critical Appl, pp.25-32, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-7091-9123-1_3

A. Bobbio and K. Trivedi, An Aggregation Technique for the Transient Analysis of Stiff Markov Chains, IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.35, issue.9, pp.803-814, 1986.
DOI : 10.1109/TC.1986.1676840

]. A. Bobbio and K. Trivedi, Computing cumulative measures of stiff Markov chains using aggregation, IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.39, issue.10, pp.803-814, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/12.59859

S. Brocklehurst, P. Chan, B. Littlewood, and J. Snell, Recalibrating software reliability models, SE-16, pp.458-470, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/32.54297

S. D. Cha, A RECOVERY BLOCK MODEL AND ITS ANALYSIS, Proc. SAFECOMP'86, pp.21-26, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-08-034801-8.50010-6

G. F. Clement and P. K. Giloth, Evolution of of fault-tolerant switching systems in AT&T", dans The evolution of Fault-Tolerant Computing, pp.37-54, 1987.

A. Costes, C. Landrault, and J. C. Laprie, Reliability and Availability models for maintained systems featuring hardware failures and software faults, IEEE Trans. on Computers, pp.27-548, 1978.

A. Costes, J. E. Doucet, C. Landrault, and J. C. Laprie, SURF A PROGRAM FOR DEPENDABILITY EVALUATlON OF COMPLEX FAULT-TOLERANT COMPUTING SYSTEMS, Twenty-Fifth International Symposium on Fault-Tolerant Computing, 1995, ' Highlights from Twenty-Five Years'., pp.72-78, 1981.
DOI : 10.1109/FTCSH.1995.532629

]. D. Cox and P. A. Lewis, The statistical analysis of series of events, 1966.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-7801-3

L. H. Crow, Confidence interval procedures for reliability growth analysis, 1977.

P. A. Currit, M. Dyer, and H. D. Mills, Certifying the reliability of software, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.12, issue.1, pp.3-11, 1986.
DOI : 10.1109/TSE.1986.6312914

]. J. Duane, Learning Curve Approach to Reliability Monitoring, IEEE Transactions on Aerospace, vol.2, issue.2, pp.563-566, 1964.
DOI : 10.1109/TA.1964.4319640

]. J. Dugan, K. Trivedi, R. Geist, and V. Nicolas, Extended stochastic Petri nets: Applications and analysis, Proc. 10th Int. Symp. on Computer Performance, pp.507-519, 1984.

W. K. Ehrlich, J. P. Stampfel, and J. R. Wu, Application of software reliability modeling to product quality and test process, [1990] Proceedings. 12th International Conference on Software Engineering, pp.108-116, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/ICSE.1990.63608

G. B. Finelli, NASA Software failure characterization experiments, Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol.32, issue.1-2, pp.155-169, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0951-8320(91)90052-9

G. Florin and S. Natkin, Les réseaux de Petri stochastiques, Technique et Science Informatiques, vol.4, issue.1, pp.143-160, 1985.

]. K. Fukishima and Y. Kishida, Estimation of the bug curve using experimental regression analysis of office automation equipement software, Acte du 5ième Colloque international de Fiabilité et de Maintenabilité, pp.6-10, 1986.

R. Geist and K. Trivedi, Ultra-high reliability prediction for fault-tolerant computer systems, IEEE Trans. on Computers, vol.32, issue.12, pp.1118-1127, 1983.

A. L. Goel and K. Okumoto, Time-Dependent Error-Detection Rate Model for Software Reliability and Other Performance Measures, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol.28, issue.3, pp.206-211, 1979.
DOI : 10.1109/TR.1979.5220566

]. A. Goel, A guidebook for Software reliability assessment", Data and Analysis Centre for Software, 1983.

]. A. Goel, Software Reliability Models: Assumptions, Limitations, and Applicability, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.11, issue.12, pp.1411-1423, 1985.
DOI : 10.1109/TSE.1985.232177

A. Goyal, W. C. Carter, E. De-souza-e-silva, and S. S. Lavenberg, The system availability estimator, Proc. 16th IEEE Int. Symp. Fault-Tolerant Computing, pp.84-89, 1986.

Y. K. Gnedenko, A. D. Belyayev, and . Solovyev, Mathematical methods of reliability theory, 1969.

A. Grnarov, J. Arlat, and A. Avizienis, On the Performance of Software Fault-Tolerance Strategies, Proc. 10th IEEE Int. Symp. Fault-Tolerant Computing, pp.251-253, 1980.

D. Gross and D. R. Miller, The Randomization Technique as a Modeling Tool and Solution Procedure for Transient Markov Processes, Operations Research, vol.32, issue.2, pp.343-361, 1984.
DOI : 10.1287/opre.32.2.343

R. A. Howard, Dynamic Probabilistic Systems, volume I: Markov models, 1971.

]. R. Iyer and D. J. Rossetti, Effect of System Workload on Operating System Reliability: A Study on IBM 3081, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.11, issue.12, pp.1438-1448, 1985.
DOI : 10.1109/TSE.1985.232180

Z. Jelinski and P. B. Moranda, SOFTWARE RELIABILITY RESEARCH, Proc. Statistical Methods for the Evaluation of Computer System Performance, pp.465-484, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-266950-7.50028-1

]. W. Jones, Reliability models for very large software systems in industry, Proceedings. 1991 International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, pp.35-42, 1991.
DOI : 10.1109/ISSRE.1991.145351

M. Kaâniche, K. Kanoun, and S. Metge, Analyse et évaluation de la croissance de fiabilité du logiciel E-10-5 Abonnés, Contrat Cnet, pp.89-328, 1989.

M. Kâaniche, K. Kanoun, and S. Metge, Proposition d'une collecte de données pour l'évaluation de la sûreté de fonctionnement d'un système informatique, 1989.

M. Kaâniche, K. Kanoun, and S. Metge, Utilisation du modèle hyperexponentiel pour le suivi de la validation d'un équipement de télécommunications, Actes du 7ième Colloque International de Fiabilité et de Maintenabilité, pp.332-339, 1990.

M. Kaâniche, K. Kanoun, and S. Metge, Analyse des défaillances et suivi de la validation du logiciel d'un équipement de Télécommunications, Annales des télécommunications, vol.45, pp.11-12, 1990.

J. Kalbfleisch and R. L. Prentice, The statistical analysis of failure time data, 1980.
DOI : 10.1002/9781118032985

]. K. Kanoun and J. C. Laprie, Modeling Software Reliability and Availability from Development-validation up to Operation, 1985.

K. Kanoun and T. Sabourin, Software dependability of a telephone switching system, Proc. 17th IEEE Int. Symp. on Fault Tolerant Computing, pp.236-241, 1987.

]. K. Kanoun, J. C. Laprie, and T. Sabourin, A method for software reliability analysis and assessment, Actes du : Le Génie Logiciel & ses Applications, pp.5-9, 1988.

M. R. Bastos-martini and J. M. De-souza, A method for software reliability and prediction application to the TROPICO-R switching system, SE-17, pp.334-344, 1991.

M. Kaâniche, C. Beounes, J. C. Laprie, and J. Arlat, Reliability growth of fault tolerant software, Contrat CEE PDCS, vol.3092, issue.2, 1991.

]. K. Kanoun and J. C. Laprie, The role of trend analysis in software development and validation, Proc. SAFECOMP'91, pp.169-174, 1991.

P. A. Keiller and D. R. Miller, On the use and the performance of software reliability growth models, Reliability Engineering & System Safety, vol.32, issue.1-2, pp.95-117, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0951-8320(91)90049-D

T. M. Khoshgoftaar and T. G. Woodcock, Software reliability model selection, Proc. Int. Symp. on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE), pp.183-191, 1991.
DOI : 10.1002/qre.4680080509

G. Knafl and J. Sacks, Poisson processes with nearly constant failure intensity, Proceedings. 1991 International Symposium on Software Reliability Engineering, pp.60-66, 1991.
DOI : 10.1109/ISSRE.1991.145355

J. C. Laprie, Prévision de la sûreté de fonctionnement et architectures de structures numériques temps réel réparables, Thèse de Doctorat d'Etat, 1975.

J. C. Laprie, Evaluation de la sûreté de fonctionnement des logiciels en opération, Technique et Science Informatiques, vol.2, issue.4, pp.233-247, 1983.

J. C. Laprie, Dependability Evaluation of Software Systems in Operation, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.10, issue.6, pp.701-714, 1984.
DOI : 10.1109/TSE.1984.5010299

J. C. Laprie, J. Arlat, C. Beounes, K. Kanoun, and C. Hourtolle, Hardware- and Software-Fault Tolerance, Proc. 17th IEEE Int. Symp. on Fault Tolerant Computing, pp.116-121, 1987.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-0705-8_63

J. C. Laprie, Vers une théorie de la fiabilité du X-iel, Technique et Science Informatiques, vol.7, issue.3, pp.315-329, 1988.

J. C. Laprie, Hardware-and-Software dependability evaluation, Proc. IFIP 11th World Computer Congress, pp.109-114, 1989.

K. Laprie, M. Kanoun, C. Kaâniche, and . Beounes, The transformation approach to modeling and evaluation of the reliability and availability growth of systems, Proc. 20th IEEE Int. Symp. on Fault Tolerant Computing, pp.364-371, 1990.

]. J. Laprie, J. Arlat, C. Beounes, and K. Kanoun, Definition and analysis of hardware- and software-fault-tolerant architectures, Computer, vol.23, issue.7, pp.39-51, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/2.56851

K. Laprie, C. Kanoun, M. Beounes, and . Kaâniche, The KAT (knowledge-action-transformation) approach to the modeling and evaluation of reliability and availability growth, SE-17, pp.370-382, 1991.
DOI : 10.1109/32.90436

]. J. Laprie and K. Kanoun, X-ware reliability and availability modeling, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.18, issue.2, 1991.
DOI : 10.1109/32.121755

J. C. Laprie, Dependability: Basic Concepts and Terminology, 1991.

B. Littlewood and J. L. Verral, A Bayesian Reliability Growth Model for Computer Software, Applied Statistics, vol.22, issue.3, pp.22-332, 1973.
DOI : 10.2307/2346781

B. Littlewood, Software Reliability Model for Modular Program Structure, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol.28, issue.3, pp.241-246, 1979.
DOI : 10.1109/TR.1979.5220576

B. Littlewood, Theories of software reliability, IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, vol.6, issue.5, pp.489-500, 1980.

B. Littlewood, Stochastic Reliability-Growth: A Model for Fault-Removal in Computer-Programs and Hardware-Designs, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol.30, issue.4, pp.313-320, 1981.
DOI : 10.1109/TR.1981.5221099

B. Littlewood, Forecasting Software reliability, Lecture notes in Computer Science, pp.140-209

M. , ]. R. Marie, and B. Sericola, Distribution du temps total de séjour dans un sous-ensemble d'états transitoires d'un processus markovien homogène à espace d'état fini, 1986.

A. Marsan, G. Balbo, and G. Conte, A class of generalized stochastic Petri nets for the performance evaluation of multiprocessor systems, ACM Transactions on Computer Systems, vol.2, issue.2, pp.93-122, 1984.
DOI : 10.1145/190.191

A. Marsan, G. Balbo, G. Chiola, and G. Conte, On Petri nets with deterministic and exponential transition firing time, 1986.

A. Marsan, G. Balbo, G. Chiola, and G. Conte, Generalized Stochastic Petri Nets revisited: Random switches and priorities, Proc. International Workshop on Petri Nets and Performance Models, pp.44-53, 1987.

A. Marsan, G. Balbo, G. Chiola, G. Conte, S. Donatelli et al., An introduction to generalized stochastic Petri nets, Microelectronics Reliability, vol.31, issue.4, pp.699-725
DOI : 10.1016/0026-2714(91)90010-5

E. B. Mello, Software architecture of a TROPICO-R telephone exchange, Int. Conf. on Software eng. for Telecom. Switching Systems, pp.40-45, 1986.

D. R. Miller, Exponential order statistic models of software reliability growth, SE-12, pp.12-24, 1986.
DOI : 10.1109/TSE.1986.6312915

A. Souza, M. R. Lavelha, and . Martini, Evaluation de la qualité de service d'un système à dégradation progressive, Actes du 5ième Colloque International de Fiabilité et de Maintenabilité, 1986.

]. J. Musa, Validity of Execution-Time Theory of Software Reliability, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol.28, issue.3, pp.181-191, 1979.
DOI : 10.1109/TR.1979.5220561

]. J. Musa and K. Okumoto, A logarithmic Poisson execution time model for software reliability measurement, Proc. Compsac'84, pp.230-238, 1984.

]. J. Musa-87, A. Musa, K. Ianino, and . Okumoto, Software reliability: Measurement, Prediction, Application, 1987.

M. Ohba, S. Yamada, K. Tekada, and S. Osaki, S-Shaped software reliability growth curve : how good is it?, Proc. COMPSAC, vol.82, pp.8-12, 1982.

W. J. Padgett and J. D. Spurrier, On Discrete Failure Models, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol.34, issue.3, pp.253-256, 1985.
DOI : 10.1109/TR.1985.5222137

D. L. Parnas, On the criteria to be used in decomposing systems into modules, Communications of the ACM, vol.15, issue.12, pp.1053-1058, 1972.
DOI : 10.1145/361598.361623

G. Pucci, On the modeling and testing of recovery block structures, Proc. 20th IEEE Int. Symp. on Fault Tolerant Computing (FTCS-20), pp.356-363, 1990.

S. S. Rao, Optimization Theory and Applications, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, vol.10, issue.5, 1978.
DOI : 10.1109/TSMC.1980.4308490

F. B. Ramamoorthy and . Bastani, Modeling of the software reliability growth process, Proc. COMPSAC, vol.80, pp.161-169, 1980.

C. V. Ramamoorthy and F. B. Bastani, Software Reliability -Status and Perspectives, IEEE Trans. on Software.Engineering, vol.8, issue.4, pp.354-371, 1982.

J. L. Roux and G. Juanole, Functional and performance analysis using extended time Petri nets, Proc. International Workshop on Petri Nets and Performance Models, pp.14-23, 1987.

A. Reibman, R. Smith, and . Trivedi, Markov and Markov reward model transient analysis: An overview of numerical approaches, European Journal of Operational Research, vol.40, issue.2, pp.257-267, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-2217(89)90335-4

F. Saglietti and W. Ehrenberger, SOFTWARE DIVERSITY???SOME CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT ITS BENEFITS AND ITS LIMITATIONS, Proc. SAFECOMP'86, pp.27-34, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-08-034801-8.50011-8

A. A. Salvia and R. C. Bollinger, On Discrete Hazard Functions, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol.31, issue.5, pp.458-459, 1982.
DOI : 10.1109/TR.1982.5221432

R. K. Scott, J. W. Gault, and D. F. Mcallister, Fault-Tolerant SoFtware Reliability Modeling, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.13, issue.5, pp.13-582, 1987.
DOI : 10.1109/TSE.1987.233463

R. J. Serfling, Some Elementary Results on Poisson Approximation in a Sequence of Bernoulli Trials, SIAM Review, vol.20, issue.3, pp.567-579, 1978.
DOI : 10.1137/1020070

K. Siegrist, Reliability of systems with Markov transfer of control, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.14, issue.7, pp.1049-1053, 1988.
DOI : 10.1109/32.42744

G. E. Stark, Dependability Evaluation of Integrated Hardware/Software Systems, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol.36, issue.4, pp.440-444, 1987.
DOI : 10.1109/TR.1987.5222435

U. Sumita and Y. Masuda, Analysis of software availibility/reliability under the influence of hardware failures, IEEE Trans. on Software. Engineering, issue.1, pp.32-41, 1986.

W. J. Stewart and A. Goyal, Matrix methods in large dependability models, 1985.

]. K. Tso, A. Avizienis, and J. P. Kelly, ERROR RECOVERY IN MULTI-VERSION SOFTWARE, Proc. SAFECOMP'86, pp.35-41, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-08-034801-8.50012-X

Y. Tohma, K. Tokunaga, S. Nagase, and Y. Murata, Structural approach to the estimation of the number of residual software faults based on the hyper-geometric distribution, IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering, vol.15, issue.3, pp.15-345, 1989.
DOI : 10.1109/32.21762

M. Ohba and R. Jacoby, Parameter estimation of the hypergeometric distribution for real test/debug data, Proc. Int. Symp. on Software Reliability Engineering (ISSRE), pp.28-34, 1991.

W. Toy, Modular redundancy concept, problems and solutions", EPRI Seminar: Digital Control and Fault-Tolerant, Computer Technology, 1985.

]. J. Wallace and W. W. Barnes, Designing for Ultrahigh Availability: The Unix RTR Operating System, Computer, vol.17, issue.8, pp.31-39, 1984.
DOI : 10.1109/MC.1984.1659215

S. Yamada and S. Osaki, S-Shaped Reliability Growth Modeling for Software Error Detection, IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol.32, issue.5, pp.475-478, 1983.
DOI : 10.1109/TR.1983.5221735

S. Yamada, S. Osaki, and H. Narihisa, Software reliability growth modeling with number of test runs, Trans. IECE Japan, vol.67, issue.2, pp.79-83, 1984.