P. Application, 234 10.3. Un analyseur profond et non déterministe basé sur les Grammaires de Propriétés [(phrase) [(NP)Le compositeur [(AP) et] son librettiste], VP)ont su créer] [(NP) un équilibre [(AP)dramatique astucieux]] [(Compl)en [(VP)mariant]] [(NP)la comédie [(AP)espiègle voire égrillarde et] le drame [(Sup)le plus profond]] [(PP)au coeur de [(NP)les [(AP)mêmes] personnages]]] 16.1. Un outil dédié à LPLSuite

*. *-*-*-ne-modifiez-par-le-texte-qui-précède-les-symboles-'=-'semantique=<userdir>-/-ressources, /. Grammaires, and /. Semantiquegp, xml GRAMMAIRE=<USERDIR>/Ressources/Grammaires/grammaire.easy.groupes.1.5.TVR.xml TRAITS=<USERDIR>

*. Ainsi, pour l'exemple Det(1)+Nom(2), mettez la variable à VRAI pour, pp.1-2

*. *. Exclusion-violee-exclusion-satisfaite and *. *. , Le contraintes pouvant être lacunaires sont l'exclusion, l'exigence et l'interdiction **** mettez la variable à FAUX pour interdire ce genre de projection **** Attention, danger d'explosion si vous passez à VRAI: en effet

<. Element, E. Attlist-constantearithmetique-valeur, and C. Bibliographieabdennadher, On confluence of constraint handling rules, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1118.

]. S. Abdennadher, Analyse von regelbasierten Constraintlösern, 1998.

C. Abeillé, M. H. Abeillé, and . Candito, FTAG : a lexicalized tree adjoining grammar for french Tree Adjoining Grammars : formalism, linguistic analysis and processing, pp.305-330, 2000.

R. Abeillé, O. Abeillé, and . Rambow, Tree adjoining grammars : formalism , linguistic analysis and processing, 2000.

. Abeillé, Building a Treebank for French, Treebanks : building and using parsed corpora, pp.165-185, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-010-0201-1_10

]. A. Abeillé, Une grammaire ??lectronique du fran??ais, Editions du CNRS, 1991.
DOI : 10.1162/coli.2003.29.3.510

]. A. Abeillé, Les nouvelles syntaxes : grammaires d'unification et analyse du français, 1993.

]. A. Abeillé, The flexibility of french idioms : a representation with LTAG, Idioms : structural and psychological perspectives, pp.15-42, 1995.

]. A. Abeillé, Treebanks : building and using parsed corpora, Dordrecht :Kluwer, vol.20, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-010-0201-1

]. Abney, The English noun phrase in its sentential aspect, 1987.

]. S. Abney, Parsing By Chunks, Principle-based parsing, pp.257-278, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-3474-3_10

]. S. Abney, Partial parsing via finite-state calculus, 1996.

]. S. Abney, Part-of-Speech Tagging and Partial Parsing, Corpus-Based Methods in Language and Speech Processing, pp.118-136, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-1183-8_4

]. M. Abraham, Reconstruction de phrases oralisées à partir d'une écriture pictographique, 2000.

U. Aho, J. Aho, and . Ullman, The theory of parsing, translation and compiling, 1972.

. Appelt, FASTUS : a finite state processor for information extraction from real-world texts, IJCAI, 1993.

]. D. Appelt, Bidirectional grammars and the design of natural language generation systems, Proceedings of the 1987 workshop on Theoretical issues in natural language processing -, pp.185-191, 1987.
DOI : 10.3115/980304.980352

. Archangeli, ]. D. Langendoen, D. T. Archangeli, and . Langendoen, Optimality Theory, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/0470018860.s00240

]. J. Austin, How to do things with words (Quand dire c'est faire : traduction française), p.1962, 1970.

]. L. Ayache, Analyse et Synthèse de phrases simples à noms d'unités de mesure, 1995.

. Balfourier, From shallow to deep parsing using constraint satisfaction, Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.36-42, 2002.
DOI : 10.3115/1072228.1072332

. Barton, Computational complexity and natural language, 1987.

. Basset, ]. L. Perennec, M. Basset, and . Perennec, Les classes de mots. Traditions et perspectives

]. T. Becker, An efficient kernel for multilingual generation in speech to speech dialogue translation, Proceedings ACL-COLING, pp.110-116, 1988.

]. E. Bellengier, PCA : Un système de communication alternative évolutif et réversible, 2004.

. Bender, The grammar matrix, COLING-02 on Grammar engineering and evaluation -, 2002.
DOI : 10.3115/1118783.1118785

. Berwick, Principle-based parsing, Foundational issues in natural language processing, pp.115-226, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-011-3474-3

. Blache, ]. P. Balfourier, J. Blache, and . Balfourier, Property grammars : a flexible constraint-based approach to parsing, 2001.

G. Blache, M. Blache, and . Guénot, Flexible corpus annotation with property grammars, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00241529

H. Blache, D. Blache, and . Hirst, Aligning prosody and syntax in property grammars, 2001.

M. Blache, F. Blache, and . Morawietz, Travaux Interdisciplinaires du Laboratoire Parole et Langage d'Aix-en-Provence, volume 19, chapter A Non-Generative Constraint-Based Formalism, pp.11-26, 2001.

M. Blache, J. Blache, and . Morin, Bottom-Up Filtering, Proceedings of the 13th conference on Computational linguistics -, 1990.
DOI : 10.3115/997939.997943

P. Blache, J. Blache, and . Paquelin, Active constraints for a direct interpretation of HPSG, p.96, 1996.

P. Blache, J. P. Blache, and . Prost, Gradience, Constructions and Constraint Systems, Constraint Solving and Language Processing LNAI 3438, 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/11424574_5

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00134201

. Blache, ]. P. Vanrullen, T. Blache, and . Vanrullen, An evaluation of different symbolic shallow parsing techniques, proceedings of LREC-02, 2002.

. Blache, Corpus-based grammar development, pp.124-131, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00135437

. Blache, Système multimodal de communication alternative, 2005.

. P. Blache and . Blache, Filtering and fusion : A technique for parsing with properties, NLPRS'99, 1999.

. P. Blache and . Blache, Shared trees : Representing a parse forest with a single tree, 1999.

. P. Blache, . Blache-]-p, and . Blache, Constraints, linguistic theories and natural language processing Property grammars and the problem of constraint satisfaction ESSLLI-2000 Workshop on Linguistic Theory and Grammar Implementation, Blache, 2001] P. Blache. Les Grammaires de Propriétés : des contraintes pour le traitement automatique des langues naturelles. Hermès Sciences PublicationsBlache, 2003] P. Blache. Vers une théorie cognitive de la langue basée sur les contraintes. in actes de TALN-2003, pp.91-99, 1835.

. Blacheblack, Property grammars : A fully constraint-based theory LNAI 3438 A procedure for quantitatively comparing the syntactic coverage of english grammars Statistically-driven computer grammars for english : the IBM-lancaster approach. Amsterdam : Rodopi, 1993 Le français parlé -etudes grammaticales, Editions du CNRS, pp.306-311, 1914.

]. R. Bod-]-r and . Borsley, Beyond grammar : an experiment based theory of language Modern Phrase Structure Grammars, 1996.

. Boullier, Un analyseur LFG efficace : SxLFG, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00413077

. Bouma, Natural Language and Linguistic Theory

F. Bourigault, C. Bourigault, and . Fabre, Approche linguistique pour l'analyse syntaxique de corpus, Cahiers de Grammaire 25, 2000.

K. Bresnan, R. Bresnan, and . Kaplan, The mental representation of grammatical relations, 1982.

]. J. Bresnan, Lexical functional syntax, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/9781119105664

]. E. Brill, A simple rule-based part of speech tagger, Conférence ANLP, pp.151-155, 1992.

C. Briscoe, J. Briscoe, and . Carroll, Robust accurate statistical annotation of general text, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-02) Segond. A Grammar Writer's Cookbook, 1999.

]. Candito, Organisation modulaire et paramétrable de grammaires électroniques lexicalisées. application au français et à l'italien, Thèse de doctorat, 1999.

P. Carpenter, G. Carpenter, and . Penn, Current Issues in Parsing Technologies , chapter Compiling Typed Attribute-Value Logic Grammars. Kluwer, h. bunt and m, 1995.

]. R. Carpenter, The generative power of categorial grammars and HPSG with lexical rules, Computational Linguistics, pp.301-314, 1991.

]. R. Carpenter, The logic of typed feature structures, 1992.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511530098

W. Carroll, D. Carroll, and . Weir, Encoding Frequency Information in Lexicalized Grammars, IWPT'97, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-015-9470-7_2

. Chandrasekar, Motivations and methods for text simplification, Proceedings of the 16th conference on Computational linguistics -, 1996.
DOI : 10.3115/993268.993361

A. P. Chanod, S. Chanod, and . Aït-mokhtar, Incremental finite state parsing, 1996.

T. Chanod, P. Chanod, and . Tapanainen, Tagging French, Proceedings of the seventh conference on European chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics -, pp.149-156, 1995.
DOI : 10.3115/976973.976995

T. P. Chanod, P. Chanod, and . Tapanainen, A non deterministic tokenizer for finite state parsing, 1996.

]. J. Chanod and P. Tapanainen, A robust finite state parser, 1997.

V. Chen, K. Chen, and . Vijay-shanker, Towards a Reduced Commitment, D-Theory Style Tag Parser, proceedings of the International Workshop on Parsing Technologies, 1997.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-015-9470-7_8

N. Chomsky, Aspects of the theory of syntax, 1965.

N. Chomsky, The Minimalist Program, 1995.
DOI : 10.7551/mitpress/9780262527347.001.0001

]. K. Church, A stochastic parts program and noun phrase parser for unrestricted text, International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, pp.136-143, 1988.
DOI : 10.1109/ICASSP.1989.266522

. Clément, Morphology-based automatic acquisition, 2004.

]. Coch and ]. A. Colmerauer, Overview of alethgen Les grammaires de métamorphose. rapport interne, Département d'informatique, Université d'Aix-Marseille II Natural language communication with computers, Proceedings of 8th International Workshop on Natural Language Generation ? INLG'96, pp.25-28, 1975.

. Copestake, ]. A. Flickinger, D. Copestake, and . Flickinger, An open source grammar development environment and broad coverage english grammar using HPSG, LREC Proceedings, 2000.

]. A. Copestake, Implementing typed feature structure grammars. CSLI, 2002.

. Crouch, Exploiting f-structure input for sentence condensation, Proceedings LFG Conference, CSLI online publications, 2004.

. Crysmann, Crysmann and al. An integrated architecture for shallow and deep processing, proceedings of ACL-02, 2002.

]. B. Daille, Repérage et extraction de terminologie par une méthode mixte statistique et linguistique, TAL, pp.1-2, 1995.

]. F. De-saussure and . De-saussure, Cours de linguistique générale, 1916.

]. F. De-saussure and . De-saussure, Cours de linguistique générale, 1960.

]. Descles, Langages applicatifs, langues naturelles et cognition, 1990.

C. Di, A prosodic model for text to speech synthesis in french, 2000.

]. P. Di-cristo and . Cristo, Génération automatique de la prosodie pour la synthèse à partir du texte, 1998.

S. C. Doran, B. Doran, and . Srinivas, Developing a wide coverage CCG system, Tree Adjoining Grammars, CSLI, pp.405-426, 2000.

. Doran, XTAG system, Proceedings of the 15th conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.922-928, 1994.
DOI : 10.3115/991250.991297

. Doran, Evolution of the XTAG system, Tree Adjoining Grammars, CSLI, pp.371-404, 2000.

]. C. Doran, Incorporating punctuation into the sentence grammar : a LTAG perspective, Thèse de PhD, 1998.

D. Duchier, R. Duchier, and . Debusmann, Topological dependency trees, Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , ACL '01, 2001.
DOI : 10.3115/1073012.1073036

T. Duchier, S. Duchier, and . Thater, Parsing with tree descriptions : a constraint based approach, NLULP'99, 1999.

]. D. Duchier, Constraint programming for natural language processing, Lecture Notes, 2000.

]. J. Earley, An efficient context-free parsing algorithm, Readings in Natural Language Processing, pp.94-102, 1970.
DOI : 10.1145/362007.362035

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.138.1808

]. J. Eccles, Evolution du cerveau et apparition de la conscience, 1995.

Z. Emele, R. Emele, and . Zajac, Typed unification grammars, Proceedings of the 13th conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.293-298, 1990.
DOI : 10.3115/991146.991198

L. Estival, S. Estival, and . Lehmann, TSNLP : des jeux de phrases test pour le TALN, TAL, vol.38, issue.1, pp.155-172, 1997.

]. D. Estival, Une grammaire pour l'analyse et la génération, TAL, vol.34, issue.1, pp.83-100, 1993.

. Flaux, ]. D. De-velde, and . Flickinger, Nelly Flaux and Danièle Van de Velde Les noms en français : esquisse de classement. Ophrys ? coll. L'essentiel français Time expressions in an HPSG grammar, pp.1-8, 1996.

. Foth, A broad coverage parser for german based on defeasible constraints, Constraint Solving and Language Processing, 2005.

. Frank, Integrated shallow and deep parsing, Proceedings of the 41st Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , ACL '03, 2003.
DOI : 10.3115/1075096.1075110

. Frank, From Treebank Resources to LFG F-Structures, pp.367-390, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-010-0201-1_21

F. Frazier, J. Frazier, and . Fodor, The sausage machine: A new two-stage parsing model, Cognition, vol.6, issue.4, pp.291-325, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0010-0277(78)90002-1

]. T. Frühwirth, Theory and practice of constraint handling rules, The Journal of Logic Programming, vol.37, issue.1-3, pp.1-3, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0743-1066(98)10005-5

G. C. Fuchs, P. L. Fuchs, and . Goffic, Les linguistiques contemporaines ? Repères théoriques, 1975.

. Gaiffe, A new metagrammar compiler, Proceedings of TAG+6, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00107626

]. H. Gaifman-]-h and . Gaifman, Dependency systems and phrase-structure systems Dependency systems and phrase-structure systems, Information and control, vol.18, pp.304-337, 1961.

K. Gardent, E. Gardent, and . Kow, Generating and selecting grammatical paraphrases, Proceedings 10th European Workshop on Natural Language Generation, 2005. [Gardes-Tamine, 1988] J. Gardes-Tamine. La grammaire ? Tome 2 : Syntaxe. Armand Colin, 1988.

L. Gaussier, J. Gaussier, and . Langegazdar, Modèles statistiques pour l'extraction de lexiques bilingues, TAL, vol.36, pp.1-2, 1985.

]. E. Gibson, The dependency locality theory : A distance-based theory of linguistic complexity, 2000.

]. E. Giguet and ]. Goffic, Méthode pour l'analyse automatique de structures formelles sur documents multilingues, Thèse, 1993.

. Götz, The controll manual, Light parsing as finite state filtering, 1996.

. Grinberg, A robust parsing algorithm for link grammars, Méthodes en syntaxe, 1975.

]. M. Gross, Grammaire transformationnelle du français ? tome 2 : Syntaxe du nom. Cantilène ? coll, 1986.

]. T. Götz and D. Meurers, The controll system as large grammar development platform Proceedings of the Workshop Computational Environments for Grammar Development and Linguistic Engineering (ENVGRAM), 1997. [Guenthner, 1988] F. Guenthner. Features and values, Structural linguistics, 1951.

]. Z. Harris, Mathematical structures of English, 1968.

]. D. Hays, Grouping and dependency theories, 1960.

]. D. Hays, Dependency Theory: A Formalism and Some Observations, Language, vol.40, issue.4, pp.511-525, 1964.
DOI : 10.2307/411934

]. D. Hindle, Deterministic parsing of syntactic non-fluencies, Proceedings of the 21st annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1983.
DOI : 10.3115/981311.981336

]. D. Hindle, Acquiring disambiguation rules from text, Proceedings of the 27th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1989.
DOI : 10.3115/981623.981638

]. C. Hockett, A COURSE IN MODERN LINGUISTICS, Language Learning, vol.8, issue.3-4, 1958.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1467-1770.1958.tb00870.x

U. Hopcroft, J. Hopcroft, and . Ullman, Introduction to automata theory, languages and computation, 1979.

]. P. Jacobs, To parse or not to parse, Proceedings of the 13th conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.194-198, 1990.
DOI : 10.3115/997939.997973

T. Jacquemin, E. Jacquemin, and . Tzoukermann, NLP for term variant extraction : Synergy between morphology lexicon and syntax. in Natural Language Information retrieval, Kluwer, 1999.

. Johnson, ]. D. Lappin, S. Johnson, and . Lappin, Local constraints vs. economy, CSLI, 1999.

]. M. Johnson, A simple pattern-matching algorithm for recovering empty nodes and their antecedents, Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , ACL '02, 2002.
DOI : 10.3115/1073083.1073107

S. Joshi, B. Joshi, and . Srinivas, Disambiguation of super parts of speech (or supertags), Proceedings of the 15th conference on Computational linguistics -, pp.154-160, 1994.
DOI : 10.3115/991886.991912

. Joshi, The convergence of mildly context-sensitive formalisms, Foundational issues in NLP, 1991.

]. Joshi, An Introduction to Tree Adjoining Grammar, pp.87-114, 1987.
DOI : 10.1075/z.35.07jos

]. T. Järvinen, Bank of English and Beyond, Abeillé (ed) Treebanks, Kluwer, pp.43-60, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-010-0201-1_3

]. R. Kager, Optimality Theory, 1999.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511812408

. Kaplan, Adapting existing grammars, COLING-02 on Grammar engineering and evaluation -, 2002.
DOI : 10.3115/1118783.1118789

. Karlsson, Constraint grammar : a language independent system for parsing unrestricted texts, 1995.
DOI : 10.1515/9783110882629

]. F. Karlsson, Constraint grammar as a framework for parsing running text, Proceedings of the 13th conference on Computational linguistics -, p.90, 1990.
DOI : 10.3115/991146.991176

]. T. Kasami, An efficient recognition and syntax algorithm for context-free languages, 1965.

. Kasper, Compiling a HPSG grammar into LTAG, 33e ACL Meeting, 1995.

. Kay, Verbmobil : a translation system for face-to-face dialog. CSLI, 1994.

]. M. Kay, Algorithm and data structure in syntactic processing, Actes Nobel Symposium on Text Processing, Gotheborg,. reprint in Readings in Natural Language Processing, pp.35-70, 1980.

. Kinyon, ]. A. Prolo, C. Kinyon, and . Prolo, A classification of grammar development strategies Workshop on Grammar Engineering and Evaluation (COLING-02), Kinyon, 1999] A. Kinyon. Hiérarchisation d'analyses basées sur des informations dépendancielles dans le cadre des LTAG. de TALN'99, 1999.

L. Kittredge, J. Kittredge, . Lehrberger-]-r, A. Kittredge, and . Polguère, Sublanguages. structures of language in restricted semantic domains Dependency grammars for bilingual text generation, Kittredge and Polguère International Conference on Current Issues in Computational Linguistics, pp.318-330, 1982.

R. Klavans, P. Klavans, ]. Resnik, and . Kornai, The balancing act -combining symbolic and statistical approaches to language Finite state systems, Journal of language engineering, vol.2, issue.4, 1996.

. Kübler, ]. S. Hinrichs, E. Kübler, and . Hinrichs, From chunks to function-argument structure, Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics , ACL '01, p.1
DOI : 10.3115/1073012.1073057

. Kuno, ]. S. Oettinger, A. Kuno, and . Oettinger, A multiple path syntactic analyser. Information processing, 1962.

W. Laezlinger, E. Laezlinger, and . Wehrli, Un analyseur interactif pour le français, TA Informations, vol.32, issue.2, pp.35-50, 1991.

]. E. Laporte, Les mots. un demi-siècle de traitements, TAL, vol.38, issue.2, 1997.

. Leclère and . Subirats-rüggeberg, Leclère and C. Subirats-Rüggeberg. A bibliography of studies on lexicon-grammar, Linguisticae Investigationes, XV, pp.347-409, 1991.

. Lecomte, ]. J. Paroubek, P. Lecomte, and . Paroubek, Le catégoriseur d'e. brill : mise en oeuvre de la version entraînée pour le français, INALF : Nancy, 1996. [Lecomte, 1996] A. Lecomte. Grammaires and théorie de la preuve. TAL, 1996.

]. M. Le-guern and . Guern, Sémantique de la métaphore et de la métonymie, 1972.

[. Pesant and ]. D. Pesant, Syntaxe de certaines phrases à noms d'unités de mesure

]. M. Liberman, K. Church, and ]. Lin, text analysis and word pronunciation in text-to-speech synthesis Dependency based evaluation using minipar, Advances in Speech Signal Processing, pp.791-831, 1992.

B. Loper, S. Loper, and . Bird, NLTK, Proceedings of the ACL-02 Workshop on Effective tools and methodologies for teaching natural language processing and computational linguistics -, 2002.
DOI : 10.3115/1118108.1118117

G. Lytinen, A. Lytinen, and . Gershman, ATRANS automatic processing of money transfer messages, 5e National Conference on artificial intelligence, 1986.

]. M. Magerman, Statistical decision-tree models for parsing, Proceedings of the 33rd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, 1995.
DOI : 10.3115/981658.981695

M. Mani, M. Mani, and . Maybury, Advances in automatic text summarization, 1999.

C. Manning, B. Manning, and . Carpenter, Probabilistic left corner grammars, IWPT'97, 1997.

]. Marandin, Analyseurs syntaxiques, équivoques et problèmes, pp.5-33, 1993.

. Marcus, Building a large annotated corpus of english : the penn treebank, Computational Linguistics, vol.19, issue.2, pp.313-330, 1993.

]. M. Marcus, A theory of syntactic recognition for natural language, 1980.

S. Marriott, P. J. Marriott, and . Stuckey, Programming with Constraints, 1998.

]. A. Martinet, Eléments de linguistique générale, 1967.

]. A. Martinet, Grammaire fonctionnelle du français, 1979.

]. H. Maruyama, Structural disambiguation with constraint propagation, Proceedings of the 28th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics -, p.90, 1990.
DOI : 10.3115/981823.981828

]. D. Maurel, Préanalyse des adverbes de date en français, TA Informations, vol.32, issue.2, pp.5-18, 1991.

K. Maxwell, R. Maxwell, and . Kaplan, A method for disfunctive constraint satisfaction, 1991.

]. K. Mckeown, Text generation using discourse strategies and focus constraints to generate natural language text, 1986.

]. D. Meurers and G. Minnen, Lexical and Constructional Aspects of Linguistic Explanation, chapter Off-line Constraint Propagation for Efficient HPSG Processing . CSLI, g. webelhuth, 1998.

]. S. Müller, Deutsche syntax deklarativ. head-driven phrase structure grammar für das deutsche, Linguistische Arbeiten, issue.394, 1999.

]. R. Montague-]-m and . Moortgat, English as a formal language Formal philosophy : selected papers of Richard Montague Categorial investigations : logical and linguistic aspects of the Lambec calculus, Morawietz and T. Cornell. Representing constraints with automata. ACL/EACL, 1974.

S. Namer, P. Namer, and . Schmidt, Une grammaire du français dans un formalisme à structures de traits typées, 2e Conference ILN, pp.105-128, 1993.

. Oepen, Scalable grammar software for computational linguists, 2000.

. Paroubek, EASY : Campagne d'évaluation des analyseurs syntaxiques, 2005.

]. N. Pavia, Un modèle d'analyseur syntaxique robuste fondé sur la modularité et la lexicalisation de ses grammaires, Thèse de doctorat en informatique, 2003.

S. Pereira, Y. Pereira, and . Schabes, Inside-outside reestimation from partially bracketed corpora, 1992.

S. Pereira, S. Pereira, and . Shieber, Prolog and natural language analysis. CSLI n ? 10, 1987.

W. Pereira, D. Pereira, and . Warren, Definite clause grammars for language analysis???A survey of the formalism and a comparison with augmented transition networks, Artificial Intelligence, vol.13, issue.3, pp.231-278, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-3702(80)90003-X

W. Pereira, D. Pereira, and . Warren, Parsing as deduction. 21e ACL Meeting Cambridge, pp.137-144, 1983.
DOI : 10.3115/981311.981338

. Pesant, L. Denis, and . Pesant, LEXIQUE grandeurs et mesures, Liste, vol.40

T. Phillips, H. Phillips, and . Thompson, GPSGP -a parser for GPSG, Linguistics, vol.23, 1985.

]. Pierrel, Bilan des grandes orientations de recherche en traitement automatique du langage parlé en france, 1997.

]. R. Pittman, Nuclear Structures in Linguistics, Language, vol.24, issue.3, pp.287-292, 1948.
DOI : 10.2307/410363

. Pla, Tagging and chunking with bigrams, Proceedings of the 18th conference on Computational linguistics -, 2000.
DOI : 10.3115/992730.992735

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.31.8743

S. Pollard, Pollard and I. Sag. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, 1994.

]. K. Pollard, The nature of constraint-based grammar. PACLIC Conference, reprinted in Constructions : an HPSG Perspective, ESSLLI'98 Lecture Notes, 1996.

]. B. Pottier, Systématique des éléments de relation, 1962.

. B. Pottier and . Pottier, Au-delà du structuralisme en linguistique, Critique, vol.237, pp.266-274, 1967.

. B. Pottier and . Pottier, Présentation de la linguistique, 1967.

]. B. Pottier, Linguistique générale, théorie et description, 1974.

. Prince, ]. A. Smolensky, P. Prince, and . Smolensky, Optimality Theory: Constraint Interaction in Generative Grammar, 1993.
DOI : 10.1002/9780470756171.ch1

]. M. Rajman, Approche probabiliste de l'analyse syntaxique. TAL 36-1-2, pp.157-200, 1995.

]. E. Roche and Y. Schabes, Finite-state language processing, 1997.

]. E. Roche, Analyse transformationnelle du français par transducteurs et lexiques-grammaires, 1993.

. Romary, Standards going concrete, Proceedings of the Workshop on Enhancing and Using Electronic Dictionaries, ElectricDict '04, 2004.
DOI : 10.3115/1610042.1610047

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/inria-00100195

P. Sabatier, R. Sabatier, and . Pasero, Concurrent processing for sentences analysis, synthesis and guided composition, 1997.

P. Sabatier, R. Sabatier, and . Pasero, GNF : une grammaire noyau du français, 1998.

. Sag, Multiword Expressions: A Pain in the Neck for NLP, Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Intelligent Text Processing and Computational Linguistics, pp.1-15, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/3-540-45715-1_1

. Sag, Formal syntax, an introduction. CSLI publication, 2003.

]. N. Sager, Natural language information processing : a computer grammar of English and its applications, Salkoff, 1973] M. Salkoff. Une grammaire en chaîne du français : analyse distributionnelle. Dunod, 1973.

]. M. Salkoff, Analyse syntaxique du français : grammaire en chaîne, Benjamins, vol.2, 1979.
DOI : 10.1075/lis.2

]. G. Sampson, Suzanne : a domesday book of english grammar. in Corpusbased Research into language, Rodopi : Amsterdam, pp.169-187, 1994.

]. S. Shieber and . Shieber, Introduction to unification-based theories of grammar. CSLI series

]. S. Shieber, Direct parsing of ID/LP grammars, Linguistics and Philosophy, vol.2, issue.2, 1984.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00630810

]. S. Shieber, Using rectriction to extend parsing algorithms for complex featurebased formalisms, 23e ACL Meeting, pp.145-152, 1985.

]. S. Shieber, Constraint-Based Grammar Formalisms, 1992.

]. M. Silberztein, Dictionnaires électroniques et analyse automatique de textes : le système INTEX, 1993.

. Simov, CLaRK ? an xml-based system for corpora development, proceedings of Corpus Linguistics, pp.558-560, 2001.

. Simov, Cascaded regular grammars over XML documents, Proceedings of the 2nd workshop on NLP and XML , NLPXML '02, 2002.
DOI : 10.3115/1118808.1118820

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.20.1541

T. Sleator, D. Sleator, and . Temperley, Parsing english with a link grammar, 1993.

]. J. Smith, English number names in HPSG Lexical and constructional aspects of linguistic explanation, CSLI, pp.145-160, 1999.

K. Sorace, F. Sorace, and . Keller, Gradience in linguistic data, Lingua115 :11, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.lingua.2004.07.002

-. Spark, G. Spark-jones, and J. Galliers, Evaluating natural language processing systems, Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 1996.

]. B. Srinivas, Complexity of lexical descriptions and its relevance for partial parsing, Thèse de PhD, 1997.

]. E. Stabler, The logical aproach to syntax, 1992.

]. L. Tesnière, Comment construire une syntaxe Bulletin de la Faculté des Lettres de Strasbourg, pp.219-229, 1934.

V. Thomasset, ]. F. De-la-clergerie, E. Thomasset, and . Villemonte-de-la-clergerie, Comment obtenir plus des méta-grammaires, 2005.

]. M. Tomita, An efficient augmented context-free parsing algorithm, Computational Linguistics, vol.13, 1987.

]. M. Tomita, Parsing 2-dimensional language. in Current Issues in Parsing Technologies, 1991.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-3986-5_18

]. C. Touratier, Morphologie et Morphématique ? Analyse en morphèmes. Publications de l'Université de Provence ? coll, Langues et Langages, 2002.

]. M. Toussaint, Gustave Guillaume et l'actualit?? linguistique, Langages, vol.2, issue.7, pp.93-100, 1967.
DOI : 10.3406/lgge.1967.2884

]. J. Tseng, A french HPSG grammar. ESSLI workshop on grammar development, 2003.

]. H. Uszkoreit, New chances for deep linguistic processing. in proceedings of COLING-02, 2002.

]. H. Uzkoreit, Categorial unification grammars, Proceedings of the 11th coference on Computational linguistics -, pp.187-194, 1986.
DOI : 10.3115/991365.991422

]. P. Vaillant, Interaction entre modalités sémiotiques : de l'icône à la langue, Thèse de l, 1997.

]. G. Van-noord and . Van-noord, An efficient implementation of the head-corner parsing. Computational Linguistics, 1997.

]. G. Van-noord and . Van-noord, Pauses location and duration calculated with syntactic dependencies and textual considerations for t.t.s. system. de ICPhS, 1999.

. Vanrullen, Formal representation of property grammars,. proceedings of ESSLLI 2003 Student Session, 2003.

]. J. Vergne, Etude et modélisation de la syntaxe des langues à l'aide de l'ordinateur ? Analyse syntaxique automatique non combinatoire, 2000.

W. Vijay-shanker, D. Vijay-shanker, and . Weir, Parsing some constrained grammar formalisms, Computational Linguistics, vol.19, issue.4, pp.591-636, 1993.

R. Villemonte-de-la-clergerie, M. Villemonte-de-la-clergerie, and . Rajman, Evolutions en analyse syntaxique, pp.447-462, 2003.

]. E. Villemonte-de-la-clergerie, Modulated Call/Return evaluation strategies for logic programs, 1994.

]. E. Villemonte-de-la-clergerie, Refining tabular parsers for TAGs, Second meeting of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Language technologies 2001 , NAACL '01, pp.167-174, 2001.
DOI : 10.3115/1073336.1073358

]. I. Vincenz, . Gustave-guillaume-et-la-théorie-transformationnelle-]-e, . Wehrli-]-e, and . Wehrli, Cahiers de linguistique théorique et appliquée Design and implementation of a lexical data base Parsing with a GB grammar, ACL Proceedings , Second European Conference Natural languauge parsing and linguistic theories, pp.113-118, 1969.

]. E. Wehrli, L'analyse syntaxique des langues naturelles, 1997.

]. M. Wilmet, Gustave Guillaume et son école linguistique, 1972.

]. M. Wilmet, Grammaire critique du Français, 1998.

]. F. Xia, Automated grammar development from two different perspectives. University of Pennsylvania, 2001.