. Dans-le-modèle, comme variables explicatives, on inclue les variables exogènes qui in ?uencent à la fois la probabilité d'obtention des aides publiques et la

Z. Acs and D. B. Et-audretsch, Innovation, Market Structure, and Firm Size, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.69, issue.4, 1987.
DOI : 10.2307/1935950

Z. Acs and D. B. Et-audretsch, Innovation and Technological Change : An International Comparison, 1991.
DOI : 10.3998/mpub.12958

Z. J. Acs, A. David, and B. , Innovation in large and small firms, Economics Letters, vol.23, issue.1, pp.678-690, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-1765(87)90211-4

R. Agarwal and M. Gort, The Evolution of Markets and Entry, Exit and Survival of Firms, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.78, issue.3, pp.489-498, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2109796

P. Aghion and P. Bolton, A Theory of Trickledown Growth and Development, Review of Economic Studies, vol.64, pp.157-172, 1997.

S. Aivazian, Statesticheskoe modelirovanie economicheskih processov ( " Modélisation statistique des processus économiques, 1980.

M. Almus, Evaluating the Impact of Public Start-up Assistance - Results from an Econometric Approach, Cahier de recherche 01-23, Zentrum fur Europasche Wirtshaftsforschung (ZEW), 2001.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.331063

M. Almus and S. Et-prantl, The E¤ects of Start-up Assistance on Firm Performance, Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomik und Statistik), pp.161-185, 2002.

M. Almus and E. A. Nerlinger, Testing Gibrat's Law for Young Firms. Empirical Results for West Germany, Small Business Economics, vol.15, issue.1, pp.1-12, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1026512005921

T. Amemiya, Tobit models: A survey, Journal of Econometrics, vol.24, issue.1-2, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4076(84)90074-5

M. Andre¤ and D. Et-redor, Les nouvelles entreprises et les créations d'emplois : une étude économétrique sur les données individuelles, 2001.

I. H. Anso¤, Strategicheskoe upravlenie, Economica, 1989.

C. Armington and M. Et-odle, Small Business: How Many Jobs?, The Brookings Review, vol.1, issue.2, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/20079774

K. J. Arrow, Innovation in Large and Small Firms, 1983.

T. Åstebro and I. Bernhardt, The Winner's Curse of Human Capital, 2002.

D. B. Audretsch, New-Firm Survival and the Technological Regime, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.73, issue.3, pp.441-450, 1991.
DOI : 10.2307/2109568

D. B. Audretsch and T. Et-mahmood, Firm selection and industry evolution: the post-entry performance of new firms, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, vol.72, issue.3, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01236371

A. David, B. Et-mahmood, and . Tatat, New Firm Survival : New Results Using a Hazard Function, Review of Economics and Statistics, pp.97-103, 1995.

D. B. Audretsch, L. Kompf, E. Santarelli, and E. A. Thurik, Gibrat's Law: Are the Services Different?, Review of Industrial Organization, vol.24, issue.3, pp.301-324, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:REIO.0000038273.50622.ec

D. B. Audretsch, E. Santarelli, and M. Vivarelli, Start-up size and industrial dynamics: some evidence from Italian manufacturing, International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.17, issue.7, pp.965-983, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7187(98)00002-2

D. B. Audretsch, Innovation and Industry Evolution, 1995.

S. Backhoon, The E¤ect of R&D on Firms' Productivity Growth and Survival " , The Pennsylvania State University, 2004.

B. Joe and S. , Survival-Ability as a Test of E¢ ciency, American Economic Review, pp.99-104, 1969.

J. R. Baldwin and M. Et-ra?quzzaman, Selection versus Evolutionary Adaptation : Learning and Post-Entry Performance, International Journal of Industrial Organization, pp.501-522, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-7187(95)00502-1

A. Banerjee and A. Et-newman, Occupational Choice and the Process of Development, Journal of Political Economy, vol.101, issue.2, pp.274-298, 1993.
DOI : 10.1086/261876

T. Bates, Entrepreneur Human Capital Inputs and Small Business Longevity, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.72, issue.4, pp.551-559, 1990.
DOI : 10.2307/2109594

E. Battistin, A. Gavosto, and E. Et-rettore, Why do Subsidized Firms Survives longer ? An Evaluation of a Program Promoting Youth Entrepreneurship in Italy, 2001.

L. Becchetti and G. Trovato, The Determinants of Growth for Small and Medium Sized Firms, Small Business Economics, vol.19, issue.4, pp.291-306, 2002.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1019678429111

G. S. Becker, Investment in Human Capital: A Theoretical Analysis, Journal of Political Economy, vol.70, issue.5, Part 2, pp.9-49, 1962.
DOI : 10.1086/258724

F. Bergstrom, Capital Subsidies and the Performance of Firms, Small Business Economics, vol.14, issue.3, pp.183-193, 2000.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1008133217594

. In-sub-saharan and . Africa, Evidence from the Regional Program on Enterprise Development

T. Biggs and D. Et-snodgrass, Industrialization and the Small Firm " , International Center for Economic Growth, 1996.

A. Bigsten, P. Collier, S. Dercon, M. Fafchamps, B. Gauthier et al., Exports and Firm-Level Ef?ciency in African Manufacturing, Cahier de recherche, Series, pp.2000-2016, 2000.

D. L. Birch, The Job Generation Process " , Final Report to Economic Development Administration, MIT Program on Neighborhood and Regional Change, 1979.

D. L. Birch, Who Creates Jobs ? " The Public Interest # 65, 1981.

D. L. Birch, Job Creation in America : How Our Smallest Companies Put The Most People to Work, 1987.

S. E. Black, . Et-strahan, and E. Philip, Entrepreneurship and Bank Credit, Journal of Finance, vol.5727, issue.6, pp.2807-2833, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/1540-6261.00513

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.456.9647

D. Blanch-?ower and A. Oswald, What Makes an Entrepreneur?, Journal of Labor Economics, vol.16, issue.1, pp.26-60, 1998.
DOI : 10.1086/209881

J. A. Breslaw, Evaluation of Multivariate Normal Probability Integrals using a Low Variance Simulator, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.76, issue.4, pp.673-682, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/2109769

C. Brown, J. Hamilton, and J. Et-medo¤, Employers : Large and Small, 1990.

J. Cabel, J. Et, and . Schwalbach, International Comparisons of Entry and ExitEntry and Market Contestability : An International Comparison, 1991.

L. M. Cabral, Entry Mistakes, C.E.P.R, 1997.

L. M. Cabral and J. Mata, On the Evolution of the Firm Size Distribution: Facts and Theory, American Economic Review, vol.93, issue.4, pp.1075-1090, 2003.
DOI : 10.1257/000282803769206205

L. M. Cabral, Sunk Costs, Firm Size and Firm Growth, The Journal of Industrial Economics, vol.43, issue.2, pp.161-172, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2950479

R. E. Caves, Industrial Organization and New Finding on the Turnover and Mobility of Firms, Journal of Economic Literature, pp.1947-1982, 1998.

A. Chesher, Testing the Law of Proportionate Effect, The Journal of Industrial Economics, vol.27, issue.4, pp.403-411, 1979.
DOI : 10.2307/2097961

R. H. Coase, Firma, rinok i pravo, 1993.

R. H. Coase, Priroda Firmi " ( " La Nature de La Firme " ), sbornik, pod redaksiei Williamsona i Wintera, 2001.

W. S. Comanor, A. Et-thomas, and . Wilson, Advertising Market Structure and Performance, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.49, issue.4, 1967.
DOI : 10.2307/1928327

W. S. Comanor and T. A. Wilson, Advertising Market Structure and Performance, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.49, issue.4, pp.423-440, 1967.
DOI : 10.2307/1928327

C. Cordellier, Créations et cessation d'entreprises : sous la stabilité, le renouvellement, 2000.

D. R. Cox, Regression Models and Life-Tables, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, pp.187-220, 1972.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-4380-9_37

B. Crépon and E. Duguet, Bank loans, start-up subsidies and the survival of the new ?rms : an econometric analysis at the entrepreneur level, 2003.

B. Crépon and F. Et-rosenwald, Des contraintes ?nancières plus lourdes pour les petites entreprises, Economie et Statistique, pp.341-342, 2001.

R. Cressy, Are Business Startups Debt-Rationed?, The Economic Journal, vol.106, issue.438, pp.1253-1270, 1996.
DOI : 10.2307/2235519

F. Cristopher, A. Gregory, and W. Et-tholl, Endogenous Work Hours et Practice Patterns of Canadian Physicians, Canadian Journal of Economics, vol.31, issue.1, pp.1-27, 1998.

R. Cyert and C. S. Et-hedrick, Theory of Firm : Past, Present and Future. An Interpretation, Journal of Economic Literature, p.2, 1972.

S. J. Davis, J. Haltiwanger, and S. Schuh, Small business and job creation: Dissecting the myth and reassessing the facts, Small Business Economics, vol.1, issue.4, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00393278

D. Meza, D. Et-southey, and C. , Borrower's Curse : Optimism, Finance and Entrepreneurship, Economic Journal, vol.106, issue.435, pp.375-386, 1996.

M. Douglas, Relating Education to Entrepreneurial Success, Business Horizon, pp.40-44, 1976.

E. Duguet, Une évaluation de la politique de création d'entreprises par d'anciens chômeurs à partir de l'enquête SINE, 1999.

T. Dunn and D. Et-holtz-eakin, Financial Capital, Human Capital, and the Transition to Self???Employment: Evidence from Intergenerational Links, Journal of Labor Economics, vol.18, issue.2, pp.282-305, 2000.
DOI : 10.1086/209959

P. Dunne and A. Hughes, Age, Size, Growth and Survival: UK Companies in the 1980s, The Journal of Industrial Economics, vol.42, issue.2, pp.115-140, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/2950485

T. ;. Dunne, M. J. Roberts, and L. Et-samuelson, The Growth and Failure of U.S. Manufacturing Plants, Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp.671-698, 1989.

T. ;. Dunne, M. J. Roberts, and L. Et-samuelson, Patterns of Firm Entry and Exit in U.S. Manufacturing Industries, The RAND Journal of Economics, vol.19, issue.4, pp.671-698, 1988.
DOI : 10.2307/2555454

T. Eggertsson, Economic Behavior and Institutions, 1990.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511609404

V. A. Epanechnikov, Neparametricheskaia otsenka mnogomernoy plotnosty veroyatnosti i ee primeneniya" (L'estimateur non-paramétrique de la dentsité de la distribution et ses applications, Theoriya veroiatnosti i ee primeneniya, pp.156-161, 1969.

R. E. Ericson and A. Et-pakes, Markov-Perfect Industry Dynamics: A Framework for Empirical Work, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.62, issue.1, pp.53-82, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2297841

D. Evans and B. Et-jovanovic, An Estimated Model of Entrepreneurial Choice under Liquidity Constraints, Journal of Political Economy, vol.97, issue.4, pp.808-827, 1989.
DOI : 10.1086/261629

D. S. Evans, The Relation between Firm Growth, Size, and Age : Estimates for 100 Manufacturing Industries, Journal of Industrial Economics, pp.567-581, 1987.

D. S. Evans, Tests of Alternative Theories of Firm Growth, Journal of Political Economy, vol.95, issue.4, pp.657-674, 1987.
DOI : 10.1086/261480

D. S. Evans and L. S. Et-leighton, Some Empirical Aspects of Entrepreneurship, American Economic Review, vol.79, issue.3, pp.519-535, 1989.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-015-7854-7_6

M. G. Flores-romero, Survival of the Small Firm and the Entrepreneur under Demand and E¢ ciency Uncertainty, 2004.

B. Fortin and G. Lacroix, Welfare Bene?ts, Minimum Wage Rate and the Duration of Welfare Spells : Evidence from a Natural Experiment in Canada, 1997.

P. Geroski, Market Dynamics and Entry, 1991.

J. Geweke, E¢ cient Simulation from the Multivariate Normal and Studet-t Distributions Subject to Linear Constraints, Computer Science and Statistics. Proceeding of the Twenty-Third Symposium on the Interface, 1991.

J. Geweke and M. Keane, Computational intensive methods for integration in econometrics " in " Handbook of Econometrics, 2001.

R. Gibrat, Les inégalités économiques ; applications :aux inégalités des richesses, à la concentration des entreprises, aux populations des villes, aux statistiques des familles, etc., d'une loi nouvelle, la loi de l'e¤et proportionnel, 1931.

G. Girma, H. Gorg, and E. Et-strobl, Government Grants, Plants Survival and Employment Growth : A Micro-econometric Analysis, 2003.

M. Gort and S. Klepper, Time Paths in the Di¤usion of Product Innovations, Economic Journal, Sept, pp.630-653, 1982.

C. Gourieroux and A. Monfort, Simulation-Based Econometric Methods, 1996.
DOI : 10.1093/0198774753.001.0001

W. H. Green, Econometric Analysis, 2005.

V. Hajivassiliou, Smooth Simulation Estimation of Panel Data LDV Models, 1990.

V. Hajivassiliou, A simulation estimation analysis of the external debt crises of developing countries, Journal of Applied Econometrics, vol.52, issue.2, pp.109-140, 1994.
DOI : 10.1002/jae.3950090202

B. Hall, The Relationship between Firm Size and Firm Growth in the U.S. Manufacturing Sector, Journal of Industrial Economics, pp.583-605, 1987.
DOI : 10.3386/w1965

D. Harho¤, K. Stahl, and M. Et-woywode, Legal Form, Growth and Exit of West German Firms-Empirical Results for Manufacturing, Construction, Trade and Service Industries, Journal of Industrial Economics, vol.46, issue.4, pp.453-488, 1998.
DOI : 10.1111/1467-6451.00083

R. Harris and C. Et-robertson, The Impact of Regional Selective Assistance on UK Manufacturing and Total Factor Productivity 1990-98, 2001.

J. A. Hausman and D. Et-wise, A Conditional Probit Model for Qualitative Choice: Discrete Decisions Recognizing Interdependence and Heterogeneous Preferences, Econometrica, vol.46, issue.2, pp.403-426, 1978.
DOI : 10.2307/1913909

J. J. Heckman, I. Hidehiko, and P. E. Todd, Matching As An Econometric Evaluation Estimator: Evidence from Evaluating a Job Training Programme, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.64, issue.4, pp.605-654, 1997.
DOI : 10.2307/2971733

D. F. Hendry, Monte Carlo Experimentation in Econometrics Handbook of Econometrics ", 2001.

. Amsterdam and . North-holland, On the Growth of Micro and Small Firms : Evidence from Sweden, Almas Small Business Economics, vol.2, issue.173, pp.213-228, 2001.

R. D. Hisrich and M. P. Et-peters, Entrepreneurship : Starting, Developing and managing, 1989.

D. Holtz-eakin and D. Et-joulfaian, Sticking it Out : Entrepreneurial Survival and Liquidity Constraints, Journal of Political Economy , Feb, pp.53-75, 1994.

Y. Honjo, Business failure of new firms: an empirical analysis using a multiplicative hazards model, International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.18, issue.4, pp.557-574, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-7187(98)00035-6

R. G. Hubbard, Capital Market Imperfections and Investment, Journal of Economic Literature, vol.64, pp.193-225, 1998.
DOI : 10.3386/w5996

P. Huck, S. L. Rhine, P. Bond, P. Robert, and . Townsend, A comparison of small business ?nance in two Chicago minority neighborhoods, Proceeding of Conference on Business Access to Capital and Credit, 1999.

R. Hujer, M. Caliendo, and S. Thomsen, New Evidence on the E¤ects of the Job Creation Schemes in Germany ?A Matching Approach with Threefold Heterogeneity, 2004.

E. Hurst and A. Et-lusardi, Liquidity Constraints, Household Wealth, and Entrepreneurship, Journal of Political Economy, vol.112, issue.2, pp.319-347, 2004.
DOI : 10.1086/381478

Y. Ijiri and H. Simon, Skew Distributions and Sizes of Business Firms, 1977.

B. Ikes and R. Et-riterman, Ot predpriiatia k ?rme : zatetki po teorii predpriatia perehodnogo periuda " ( " De L'Entreprise à La Firme : Les Remarques sur La Théorie d'Entreprise en Transition, Voprosi Economiki, p.8, 1994.

G. W. Imbens, The Role of Propensity Score in Estimating Dose Response Functions, National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

D. Ja¤ee and T. Russel, Imperfect Information, Uncertainty, and Credit Rationing, Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol.90, pp.651-66, 1976.

R. S. Jarmin, Government Technical Assistance Programs and Plant Survival : The Role of Plant Owership Type, Centre for Economic Studies . Discussion Paper 99-2. US Bureau of the Census. Washington DC.105, 1999.

R. S. Jarmin and J. B. Et-jensen, Evaluating Government Technology Programs : The Case of Manufacturing Extension Policy Evaluation in Innovation and Technology : Towards Best Practices, 1997.

C. Jensen, W. Michael, and . Meckling, Theory of the Firm : Managerial Behavior, Agency Cost, and Capital Structure, Journal of Financial Economics, pp.305-360, 1979.

B. Jovanovic, Selection and the Evolution of Industry, Econometrica, vol.50, issue.3, pp.649-670, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/1912606

B. Jovanovic and M. Et-macdonald-glenn, The Life Cycle of a Competitive Industry, Journal of Political Economy, vol.102, issue.2, pp.322-347, 1994.
DOI : 10.1086/261934

M. P. Keane, A Computationally Practical Simulation Estimator for Panel Data, Econometrica, vol.62, issue.1, pp.95-116, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/2951477

L. Klapper, L. Laeven, and R. Et-rajan, Business Environment and Firm Entry : Evidence from International Data Cahier de recherche, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

S. Klepper and J. H. Et-miller, Entry, exit, and shakeouts in the United States in new manufactured products, International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.13, issue.4, pp.567-591, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-7187(95)00505-6

S. Klepper and K. Simons, Industry shakeouts and technological change, Cahier de recherche, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ijindorg.2004.11.003

M. S. Kumar, Growth, Acquisition Activity and Firm Size: Evidence from the United Kingdom, The Journal of Industrial Economics, vol.33, issue.3, pp.327-338, 1985.
DOI : 10.2307/2098540

E. Lamontagne, . Et-thirion, and . Bernard, Création d'entreprises : les facteurs de survie, 2000.

T. Lancaster, The Econometrics Analysis of Transition Data, 1990.
DOI : 10.1017/CCOL0521265967

M. Lechner, Programme Heterogeneity and Propensity Score Matching: An Application to the Evaluation of Active Labour Market Policies, SSRN Electronic Journal, 2001.
DOI : 10.2139/ssrn.229518

J. S. Leonard, On the Size Distribution of Employment andEstablishments, 1951.

F. Lotti and E. Santarelli, Industry Dynamics and the Distribution of Firm Sizes: A Nonparametric Approach, Southern Economic Journal, vol.70, issue.3, pp.443-466, 2004.
DOI : 10.2307/4135325

F. Lotti, S. Enrico, and M. Vivarelli, Is It Really Wise to Design Policies in Support of New Firm Formation ?, Current Issues in Regulation and Competition Policies, 2001.

F. Lotti, S. Enrico, and M. Vivarelli, Gibrat's Law and Market Selection, Discussion Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy, 2004.

D. S. Lvov, N. N. Moiseev, and V. G. Et-grebenshikov, O kontseptsii sosialno-economicheskogo razvitia Rossii, Economika i matematicheskie metodi, p.32, 1996.

. Lyon, A New Measure of Minimum E¢ cient Plant Size in U.K. Manufacturing Industry, Economica, vol.17, pp.19-34, 1980.

J. A. Machado, . Et-mata, and . José, Box-Cox Quantile Regression and the Distribution of Firm Sizes, Journal of Applied Econometrics, pp.253-274, 2000.

T. Mahmood, Does the hazard rate for new plants vary between low- and high-tech industries?, Small Business Economics, vol.5, issue.3, pp.201-209, 1992.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00389475

T. Mahmood, Survival of Newly Founded Businesses : A Log- Logistic Model Approach", Discussion paper, FS IV 97-32, ISSN Nr, pp.722-6748, 1997.

T. Mahmood and J. Bruderl, Small Business Mortality in Germany : A Comparison Between Regions and Sectors, 1996.

E. F. Mans?eld, Entry, Gibrat's Law, Innovation, and the Growth of Firms, American Economic Review, pp.1023-1051, 1962.

M. Marcus, Firms' Exit Rates and Their Determinants, The Journal of Industrial Economics, vol.16, issue.1, pp.10-22, 1967.
DOI : 10.2307/2097370

J. Mata and P. Et-guimarzes, The survival of new plants: Start-up conditions and post-entry evolution, International Journal of Industrial Organization, vol.13, issue.4, pp.459-481, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0167-7187(95)00500-5

J. Mata and P. Portugal, Life Duration of New Firms, The Journal of Industrial Economics, vol.42, issue.3, pp.227-245, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/2950567

J. Mata and P. Portugal, The survival of new domestic and foreign-owned firms, Strategic Management Journal, vol.16, issue.4, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/smj.217

J. Mata and P. Portugal, Patterns of Entry, Post-Entry Growth and Survival: A Comparison Between Domestic and Foreign Owned Firms, Small Business Economics, vol.22, issue.3/4, pp.283-298, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:SBEJ.0000022219.25772.ca

R. P. Mcafee, American Economic Growth and the Voyage of Columbus, American Economic Review, vol.73, issue.4, pp.735-740, 1983.

D. Mcfadden, A Method of Simulated Moments for Estimation of Discrete Response Models without Numeric Integration, Econometrica, 1989.

D. Mcfadden and P. Et-ruud, Estimation by Simulation, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.76, issue.4, pp.591-608, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/2109765

D. Merril, Relating Education to Entrepreneurial Success, Business Horizon, pp.40-44, 1976.

D. C. Mowery, Industrial Research and Firm Size, Survival, and Growth in American Manufacturing, 1921???1946: An Assessment, Journal of Economic History, vol.43, issue.04, pp.953-980, 1983.
DOI : 10.1017/S0022050700030837

R. Nelson and S. Winter, An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, 1982.

A. N. Nesterenko, Vozmogen li sintez evolusionnoi economiki i meinstrima Est-Ce Que C'est Possible de Synthétiser L'Economie Evolutionniste et " Mainstream " ), Dokladi i vistuplenia uchastnikov mezhdunarodnogo simpoziuma g, 2000.

B. Oliveira and A. Fortunato, Firm Growth and Liquidity Constraints: A Dynamic Analysis, Faculdade de Economia da Uni- BIBLIOGRAPHIE versidade de Coimbra, Grupo de Estudos Monetários e Financeiros (GEMF), 2005.
DOI : 10.1007/s11187-006-0006-y

E. Parsen, On Estimation of a Probability Density Function and Mode, The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, vol.33, issue.3, pp.1065-1076, 1962.
DOI : 10.1214/aoms/1177704472

M. A. Petersen, G. Et-raghuram, and . Rajan, Does Distance Still Matter? The Information Revolution in Small Business Lending, The Journal of Finance, vol.4, issue.6, pp.2533-2570, 2002.
DOI : 10.1111/1540-6261.00505

K. Petrova, Part-Time Entrepreneurship and Wealth E¤ects : New Evidence from the Panel of Entrepreneurial Dynamics, 2004.

F. Pfei¤er and A. Et-reis, Business start-ups by the unemployed ??? an econometric analysis based on firm data, Labour Economics, vol.7, issue.5, pp.629-633, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-5371(00)00016-6

C. Picory, PME, incertitude et organisation industrielle : une mise en perspective historique, Revue d'Economie Industrielle, pp.67-68, 1994.
DOI : 10.3406/rei.1994.1505

URL : http://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/rei_0154-3229_1994_num_67_1_1505.pdf

M. Piore and C. Et-sabel, The Second Industrial divide : possibilities for prosperity, 1984.

V. Quadrini, Entrepreneurship, Saving, and Social Mobility, Review of Economic Dynamics, vol.3, issue.1, pp.1-40, 2002.
DOI : 10.1006/redy.1999.0077

R. Au and P. , Bilan des Zone franches urbaine, 2002.

C. Rieg, L'impact sur l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, 2003.

P. R. Rosenbaum and D. B. Et-rubin, The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects, Biometrika, vol.70, issue.1, pp.41-55, 1983.
DOI : 10.1093/biomet/70.1.41

V. Rosenblatt, Remarks on Some Nonparametric Estimates of a Density Function, The Annals of Mathematical Statistics, vol.27, issue.3, pp.27-832, 1956.
DOI : 10.1214/aoms/1177728190

A. Roy, SOME THOUGHTS ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF EARNINGS 1, Oxford Economic Papers, vol.3, issue.2, pp.135-181, 1951.
DOI : 10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a041827

D. Rubin, Estimating causal effects of treatments in randomized and nonrandomized studies., Journal of Educational Psychology, vol.66, issue.5, pp.688-701, 1974.
DOI : 10.1037/h0037350

D. Schafer, . Talavera, and . Oleksandr, Entrepreneurship, Windfall Gains and Financial Constraints : The Case of Germany " , German Institute for Economic Research, 2005.

F. Scherer and D. Ross, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 1990.

F. M. Scherer, Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 1980.

R. Schmalensee, Inter-Industry Studies of Structure and Performance Handbook of Industrial Organization, pp.951-1009, 1989.

J. Schumpeter, The Theory of Economic Development, 1934.
DOI : 10.1007/0-306-48082-4_3

A. Segarra and M. Et-callejón, New Firm's Survival and Market Turbulence, 2000.

A. E. Shastitko, Teoria ?rmi : alternanivni podhod " ( " La Théorie de la Firme : une Approche Alternative, Rossiiski Economicheski Journal, p.8, 1995.

A. F. Shorrocks, Wealth Holding and Entrepreneurial Activity, Modeling the Accumulation and Distribution of Wealth, 1988.

A. Singh and G. Et-whittington, The Size and Growth of Firms, The Review of Economic Studies, vol.42, issue.1, 1975.
DOI : 10.2307/2296816

J. Steindl, Random Processes and the Growth of Firms : a Study of the Pareto Law, 1965.

S. Stern, Two Dynamic Discrete Choice Estimation Problems and Simulation Method Solutions, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.76, issue.4, pp.695-702, 1994.
DOI : 10.2307/2109771

S. Stern, Simulation-Based Estimation, Journal of Economic Literature, vol.35, issue.4, 1997.

E. J. Stiglitz and A. Weiss, Credit Rationing in Makets with Imperfect Information, American Economic Review, vol.71, issue.3, pp.393-410, 1981.

D. Storey and A. Jones, New Firm Formation ?A Labor Market Approach to Industrial Entry, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, vol.34, issue.16, 1987.

D. J. Storey, The role of legal status in influencing bank financing and new firm growth, Applied Economics, vol.26, issue.2, pp.129-136, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-1765(92)90157-T

J. Sutton, Gibrat's Legacy, Journal of Economic Literature, pp.40-42, 1997.

B. Thirion and E. Demoly, L'impact sur l'emploi des créations d'entreprises, INSEE PREMIERE, 2003.

J. Tirole, The Theory of Industrial Organization, 1988.

Y. L. Tong, The Multivariate Normal Distribution, 1990.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4613-9655-0

J. E. Tropman and G. Morningstar, Enterprenerial Systems for 1990's, etc. : Quorum books, 1998.

H. R. Varian, Microeconomic Analysis, 1992.

J. Wagner, Post-Entry Performance of New Small Enterprises in German Manufacturing Industries, Journal of Industrial Economics, pp.141-154, 1994.

S. J. Wallsten, The Effects of Government-Industry R&D Programs on Private R&D: The Case of the Small Business Innovation Research Program, The RAND Journal of Economics, vol.31, issue.1, pp.82-100, 2000.
DOI : 10.2307/2601030

P. P. Walsh, Sunk Costs and the Growth and Failure of Small Business Trinity, Economic Paper Series, Paper, issue.2, 2000.

M. Weeks, Circumventing the Curse of Dimensionality in Applied Work Using Computer Intensive Methods, The Economic Journal, vol.105, issue.429, pp.520-550, 1995.
DOI : 10.2307/2235509

L. W. Weiss, The Survival Technique and the Extent of Suboptimal Capacity, Journal of Political Economy, vol.72, issue.3, pp.246-261, 1964.
DOI : 10.1086/258904

L. J. White, The Determinants of the Relative Importance of Small Business, The Review of Economics and Statistics, vol.64, issue.1, pp.42-49, 1982.
DOI : 10.2307/1937941

O. Williamson, Hierarchies and Markets, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.73054-6

O. Williamson, The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, 1985.

O. Williamson, The logic of economic organization The Nature of the Firm, 1993.

B. Xu, A reestimation of the Evans???Jovanovic entrepreneurial choice model, Economics Letters, vol.58, issue.1, pp.91-95, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-1765(97)00255-3