S. Benalioulhaj, Géochimie organique comparée des séries du bassin de schistes bitumineux de Timahdit (Maroc), 1989.

O. Bikri, Pyrolyse des schistes bitumineux : recherche et développement, 1984.

P. Blokker, S. Schouten, J. W. De-leeuw, S. Damste, J. Van-den-ende et al., A comparative study of fossil and extant algaenans using ruthenium tetroxide degradation, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.64, issue.12, pp.2055-2065, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00367-7

J. Y. Boisson, J. Cabrera, and L. Et-de-windt, Etude des écoulements dans un massif argileux, laboratoire souterrain de Tournemire, Sciences et Techniques Nucléaires CE, vol.EUR, pp.18338-295, 1998.

J. J. Boon, J. W. De-leeuw, J. V. Hoele, and J. H. Et-vosjan, Significance of taxonomic value of iso and anteiso monoenoic fatty acids and branched ?hydroxyacids in desulfovibrio-desulfuricans, 1977.

J. J. Boon, J. W. De-leeuw, and A. L. Et-burlingame, Organic geochemistry of Walvis Bay diatomaceous ooze???III. Structural analysis of the monoenoic and polycyclic fatty acids, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.42, issue.6, pp.631-644, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90008-X

M. Boussafir, F. Gelin, E. Lallier-verges, S. Derennes, P. Bertrand et al., Electron microscopy and pyrolysis of kerogens from the Kimmeridge Clay formation, U.K : source organisms, preservation processes and origin of microcycles, Geochimica and Cosmochimica Acta, issue.18, pp.59-3731, 1995.

P. W. Brooks and J. R. Maxwell, Early stage fate of phytol in a recently deposited lacustrine sediment, 1974.

P. Broquet, Les schistes bitumineux, quelques gisements types, leur exploitabilité. 26 ème Congrès de Géologie Internationale, 1988.

A. L. Chaffee and R. B. Johns, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Australian coals. I. Angularly fused pentacyclic tri- and tetraaromatic components of Victorian brown coal, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.47, issue.12, pp.2141-2155, 1983.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(83)90039-X

J. M. Challinor, A pyrolysis-derivatisation-gas chromatography technique for the structural elucidation of some synthetic polymers, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.16, issue.4, pp.53-64, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-2370(89)80015-4

J. M. Challinor, Review: the development and applications of thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation reactions, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.61, issue.1-2, pp.3-34, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2370(01)00146-2

B. Chappe, W. Michaelis, and P. Et-albrecht, Molecular fossils of Archaebacteria as selective degradation products of kerogen Advances in Organic Geochemistry, pp.265-274, 1979.

A. Colina-tejada, A. Amblès, and P. Et-jambu, Nature and origin of soluble lipids shed into the soil by rainwater leaching a forest cover of Pinus maritima sp., European Journal of Soil Science, vol.46, issue.4, 1996.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01862.x

B. Corbet, M. Dastillung, P. Albrecht, and G. Et-ourisson, La géochimie des sédiments marins profonds. II : Acides des sédiments, 1975.

P. A. Cranwell, Lipid geochemistry of sediments from Upton Broad, a small productive lake, Organic Geochemistry, vol.7, issue.1, pp.25-37, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0146-6380(84)90134-7

J. W. De-leeuw and M. Et-baas, The behaviour of esters in the presence of tetramethylammonium salts at elevated temperatures; flash pyrolysis or flash chemolysis?, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.26, issue.3, pp.175-184, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-2370(93)80065-8

R. A. Demel and B. Et-de-kruyff, The function of sterols in membranes, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Reviews on Biomembranes, vol.457, issue.2, pp.109-132, 1976.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-4157(76)90008-3

P. L. Desbène, N. Jauseau-pierre, B. Desmazieres, and J. J. Et-basselier, Analytical study of various heavy oil residues using a transalkylation reaction, Chromatographia, vol.14, issue.1, pp.70-76, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02268127

P. L. Desbène, A. Abderrezag, B. Desmazieres, J. J. Basselier, F. Behar et al., The transalkylation reaction: Analytical tool for the study of heavy crude oil fractions. Application to asphaltenes of various types, Organic Geochemistry, vol.16, issue.4-6, pp.969-980, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0146-6380(90)90133-K

V. Dragojlovic, A. Ambles, and D. Vitoric, Characterization of ester and ether moities in the kerogen from Aleksinac oil shale by hydrolysis and ruthenium tetroxide oxidation, Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, vol.58, pp.25-38, 1993.

P. Dutartre, F. Bartoli, F. Andreux, J. M. Portal, and A. Et-ange, Influence of content and nature of organic matter on the structure of some sandy soils from West Africa, Geoderma, vol.56, issue.1-4, pp.459-478, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7061(93)90127-7

G. Eglinton, D. H. Hunneman, and K. Et-douraghi-zadeh, Gas chromatographic???mass spectrometric studies of long chain hydroxy acids???II, Tetrahedron, vol.24, issue.18, pp.5929-5941, 1968.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-4020(01)90979-2

R. M. Fakoussa and M. Hofrichter, Biotechnology and microbiology of coal degradation, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, vol.52, issue.1, pp.25-40, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s002530051483

W. H. Flaig, P. Beustelspacher, and E. Et-reitz, Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Humic Substances, Soil Component. (Gieseking J.E, vol.1, pp.1-219, 1975.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-65915-7_1
URL : https://openagrar.bmel-forschung.de/receive/timport_mods_00001658

S. J. Gaskell and G. Et-eglinton, Rapid hydrogenation of sterols in a contemporary lacustrine sediment, Nature, vol.12, issue.5497, pp.209-211, 1975.
DOI : 10.1038/254209b0

L. Grasset and A. Et-amblès, Structural study of soil humic acids and humin using a new preparative thermochemolysis technique, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.47, issue.1, pp.1-12, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0165-2370(98)00084-9

L. Grasset and A. Et-amblès, Structure of humin and humic acid from an acid soil as revealed by phase transfer catalyzed hydrolysis, Organic Geochemistry, vol.29, issue.4, pp.881-891, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00193-4

L. Grasset and A. Et-amblès, Aliphatic lipids released from a soil humin after enzymatic degradation of cellulose, Organic Geochemistry, vol.29, issue.4, pp.893-897, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(98)00146-6

P. G. Hatcher and D. J. Clifford, Flash pyrolysis and in situ methylation of humic acids from soil, Organic Geochemistry, vol.21, issue.10-11, pp.1081-1092, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0146-6380(94)90071-X

R. Hempfling and H. R. Et-schulten, Chemical characterization of the organic matter in forest soils by Curie point pyrolysis-GC/MS and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry, Organic Geochemistry, vol.15, issue.2, pp.131-145, 1990.
DOI : 10.1016/0146-6380(90)90078-E

S. Henin, G. Monnier, and A. Et-combeau, Méthode pour l' étude structurale des sols, 1958.

C. Hita, E. Parlanti, P. Jambu, J. Joffre, and A. Et-amblès, Triglyceride degradation in soil, Organic Geochemistry, vol.25, issue.1-2, pp.19-28, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00107-6

P. Jambu, G. Coulibaly, P. Bilong, P. Magnoux, and A. Et-amblès, Influence of lipids on physical properties of soils. Studies about Humus, Humus & Planta VIIIEd, pp.46-50, 1983.

P. E. Kolattukudy, Chemistry and biochemistry of natural waxes, 1976.

. Cutin, The biochemistry of plants : IV. Lipids, structure and function, pp.571-645

A. Kribii, L. Lemée, A. Chaouch, and A. Et-amblès, Structural study of the Moroccan Timahdit (Y-layer) oil shale kerogen using chemical degradations, Fuel, vol.80, issue.5, pp.681-691, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0016-2361(00)00145-9
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00155289

K. A. Kvenvolden, Normal fatty acids in sediments, Journal of the American Oil Chemist???s Society, vol.153, issue.11, pp.628-636, 1967.
DOI : 10.1007/BF02680031

C. Lapierre, B. Monties, and C. Et-rolando, Thioacidolysis of Lignin: Comparison with Acidolysis, Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, vol.27, issue.2, pp.277-292, 1985.
DOI : 10.1080/02773818508085193

A. B. Larsen, F. H. Funch, and H. A. Et-hamilton, The use of fermentation sludge as a fertilizer in agriculture, Water Science Technology, vol.24, issue.12, pp.33-42, 1991.

S. R. Larter and B. Horsfield, Determination of Structural Components of Kerogens by the Use of Analytical Pyrolysis Methods, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-2890-6_13

B. Ledesert, J. Joffre, A. Amblès, P. Sardini, A. Genter et al., Organic matter in the Soultz HDR granitic thermal exchanger (France): natural tracer of fluid circulations between the basement and its sedimentary cover, Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, vol.70, issue.3-4, pp.235-253, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0273(95)00058-5

J. W. Leeuw-de and M. Et-baas, The behaviour of esters in the presence of tetramethylammonium salts at elevated temperatures; flash pyrolysis or flash chemolysis?, Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, vol.26, issue.3, pp.175-184, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0165-2370(93)80065-8

R. F. Leo and P. L. Parker, Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in Sediments, Science, vol.152, issue.3722, pp.649-650, 1966.
DOI : 10.1126/science.152.3722.649

H. Matsuda, Early diagenesis of fatty acids in lacustrine sediments???III. Changes in fatty acid composition in the sediments from a brackish water lake, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.42, issue.7, pp.1027-1034, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(78)90291-0

P. Mayoungou-vembet, Dynamique et processus d' évolution d' un hydrocarbure (éicosane) dans le sol, Thèse de, 1989.

M. Carthy, R. D. Et-duthie, and A. H. , A rapid method for the separation of free fatty acids from other lipids, Journal of Lipid Research, vol.3, pp.117-119, 1962.

F. Mermoud, L. Wünsche, O. Clerc, F. Gulacar, and A. Et-buchs, Steroidal ketones in the early diagenetic transformations of ??5 sterols in different types of sediments, Organic Geochemistry, vol.6, pp.25-29, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0146-6380(84)90023-8

P. A. Meyers and N. Takeuchi, Fatty acids and hydrocarbons in surficial sediments of Lake Huron, Organic Geochemistry, vol.1, issue.3, pp.127-138, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0146-6380(79)90001-9

P. A. Meyers, R. A. Bourbonniere, and N. Takeuchi, Hydrocarbons and fatty acids in two cores of Lake Huron sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.44, issue.8, pp.1215-1221, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(80)90075-7

R. I. Morisson and J. Et-brick, Long chain methyl ketones in soils, Chemistry and Industry, pp.596-597, 1966.

M. M. Mulder, E. R. Van-der-hage, and J. J. Et-boon, Analyticalin source pyrolytic methylation electron impact mass spectrometry of phenolic acids in biological matrices, Phytochemical Analysis, vol.179, issue.4, pp.165-172, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/pca.2800030405

M. Okomé-mintsa, Etude des lipides complexes dans les sols acides : structure et origine, 1991.

J. Oudot, A. Amblès, S. Bourgeois, C. Gatellier, and N. Et-sebyera, Hydrocarbon infiltration and biodegradation in a landfarming experiment, Environmental Pollution, vol.59, issue.1, pp.17-40, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0269-7491(89)90019-5

G. Ourisson, P. Albrecht, and M. Et-rohmer, The hopanoïds. Paleochemistry and biochemistry of a group of natural product, Pure and Applied Chemistry, vol.51, pp.709-729, 1979.

G. Ourisson and M. Et-rohmer, Hopanoids. 2. Biohopanoids: a novel class of bacterial lipids, Accounts of Chemical Research, vol.25, issue.9, pp.403-408, 1992.
DOI : 10.1021/ar00021a004

M. Pagliai and L. Et-vittori-antisari, Influence of waste organic matter on soil micro-and macro-structure, 1993.

E. Parlanti, C. Riffé, P. Jambu, and A. Et-amblès, Xenobiotic compounds evolution in landfarming experiments. Use of organic markers, Organic Geochemistry. (Oygard K, pp.671-675, 1993.

J. J. Perry, J. K. Volkman, R. B. Johns, H. J. Et-bavor, and . Jr, Fatty acids of bacterial origin in contemporary marine sediments, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.43, issue.11, pp.1715-1725, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0016-7037(79)90020-6

A. Piccolo, THE SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF HUMIC SUBSTANCES, Soil Science, vol.166, issue.11, pp.810-832, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-200111000-00007

C. M. Preston, R. Hempfling, H. R. Schulten, M. Schnitzer, J. A. Trofymow et al., Characterization of organic matter in a forest soil of coastal British Columbia by NMR and pyrolysis-field ionization mass spectrometry, Plant and Soil, vol.117, issue.118, pp.69-82, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00007919

C. Reiss, P. Blanc, and P. Et-albrecht, New strutural information on Messel shale kerogen based on selective chemical degradation, Organic Geochemistry, pp.500-503, 1993.

M. Ries-kautt and P. Et-albrecht, Hopane-derived triterpenoids in soils, Chemical Geology, vol.76, issue.1-2, pp.143-151, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/0009-2541(89)90133-2

C. Saiz-gimenez, Applications of Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry to the Study of Soils, Plant Materials and Humic Substances. A Critical Appraisal, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-444-88980-5.50007-0

J. M. Schmitter, P. Arpino, and G. Et-guiochon, Investigation of high-molecular weight carboxylic acids in petroleum by different combinations of chromatography (gas and liquid) and mass spectroscopy (electron impact and chemical ionization), 1978.

M. Schnitzer and J. R. Et-wright, Studies on the oxidation of the organic matter of the A 0 and Bh horizons of a podzol, 1960.

M. Schnitzer, Alkaline cupric oxide oxidation of a methylated fulvic acid, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.6, issue.1, pp.1-6, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-0717(74)90003-0

M. Schnitzer and J. A. Et-neyroud, Further investigations on the chemistry of fungal ???humic acids???, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.7, issue.6, pp.365-371, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-0717(75)90051-6

M. Schnitzer and H. R. Et-schulten, The Analysis of Soil Organic Matter by Pyrolysis-Field Ionization Mass Spectrometry, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.56, issue.6, pp.1811-1817, 1992.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1992.03615995005600060027x

P. F. Van-bergen, I. D. Bull, P. R. Poulton, and R. P. Et-evershed, Organic geochemical studies of soils from the Rothamsted Classical Experiments???I. Total lipid extracts, solvent insoluble residues and humic acids from Broadbalk Wilderness, Organic Geochemistry, vol.26, issue.1-2, pp.117-135, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00134-9

A. Van-dorsselaer, P. Albrecht, and J. Et-connan, Changes in the composition of polycyclic alkanes by thermal maturation Advances in Organic Geochemistry, pp.53-59, 1977.

D. Vitoric, Structure elucidation of kerogen by chemical methods, 1980.

. Kerogen, Insoluble organic matter from sedimentary rocks, pp.301-338

D. Vitorovic, A. Amblès, S. Bajc, O. Cvetkovic, and P. Et-polic, Kerogen diversity demonstrated by oxidation. I. Type I kerogens, Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, vol.59, pp.75-85, 1994.

D. Vitorovic, A. Amblès, O. Cvetkovic, S. Bajc, and P. Et-polic, Kerogen diversity demonstrated by oxidation. II. Type II kerogens, Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, vol.61, pp.137-147, 1996.

J. D. Weete, Fungal lipid biochemistry. Distribution and metabolism. Monographs in lipids ResearchEd, pp.209-238, 1974.

O. Zemmouri and P. Et-broquet, Les grands traits géologiques et structuraux de la région de Timahdit (Moyen-Atlas, Maroc), 1977.