.. Mesure-des-caractéristiques-linéaires, 98 4.5.1.1 Cas d'un plot unique, p.102

?. Attaque and @. , On désoxyde ainsi le GaAs. ? dépôt par évaporation de, pp.500-100

P. G. De-gennes, Boundary Effects in Superconductors, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.36, issue.1, p.225, 1964.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.36.225

P. G. De-gennes, Superconductivity of Metals and Alloys, Advanced Book program, 1966.

J. Torrès, T. Martin, and G. Lesovik, Effective charges and statistical signatures in the noise of normal metal???superconductor junctions at arbitrary bias, Physical Review B, vol.63, issue.13, p.134517, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.63.134517

H. Takayanagi and T. Kawakami, Superconducting Proximity Effect in the Native Inversion Layer on InAs, Physical Review Letters, vol.54, issue.22, p.2449, 1985.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.54.2449

A. Furusaki, H. Takayanagi, and M. Tsukuda, Theory of quantum conduction of supercurrent through a constriction, Physical Review Letters, vol.67, issue.1, p.132, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.132

H. Takayanagi, T. Akazaki, and J. Nitta, Observation of Maximum Supercurrent Quantization in a Superconducting Quantum Point Contact, Physical Review Letters, vol.75, issue.19, p.3533, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.3533

H. Takayanagi, J. B. Hansen, and J. Nitta, Localization Effects on the Critical Current of a Superconductor???Normal-Metal???Superconductor Junction, Physical Review Letters, vol.74, issue.1, p.162, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.162

H. Takayanagi, T. Akazaki, and J. Nitta, Interference effects on the critical current in a clean-limit superconductor???normal-metal???superconductor junction, Physical Review B, vol.51, issue.2, p.1374, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.51.1374

H. Takayanagi and T. Akazaki, Critical-Current Oscillations due to Interference Effects in a Clean-Limit Superconductor-Two-Dimensional-Electron-Gas-Superconductor Junction, Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, vol.34, issue.Part 1, No. 8B, p.4552, 1995.
DOI : 10.1143/JJAP.34.4552

T. Akazaki, H. Takayanagi, J. Nitta, and T. Enoki, As inverted modulation???doped structure, Applied Physics Letters, vol.68, issue.3, p.418, 1996.
DOI : 10.1063/1.116704

A. Furusaki, H. Takayanagi, and M. Tsukuda, Theory of quantum conduction of supercurrent through a constriction, Physical Review Letters, vol.67, issue.1, p.132, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.132

A. M. Marsh, D. A. Williams, and H. Ahmed, Supercurrent transport through a high-mobility two-dimensional electron gas, Physical Review B, vol.50, issue.11, p.8118, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.50.8118

A. M. Marsh, D. A. Williams, and H. Ahmed, Multiple Andreev reflection in buried heterostructure???alloy superconductor devices, Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol.203, issue.3-4, p.307, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0921-4526(94)90074-4

A. M. Marsh and D. A. Williams, Granular superconductor contacts to two???dimensional electron gases, Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films, vol.14, issue.4, p.2577, 1996.
DOI : 10.1116/1.579984

K. Lenssen, M. Matters, C. J. Harmans, J. E. Mooij, M. R. Leys et al., Andreev reflection at superconducting contacts to GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures, Applied Physics Letters, vol.63, issue.15, p.2079, 1993.
DOI : 10.1063/1.110598

K. Lenssen, M. R. Leys, and J. H. Wolter, Experimental signature of phase-coherent Andreev reflection, Physical Review B, vol.58, issue.8, p.4888, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.58.4888

G. E. Blonder, M. Tinkham, and T. M. Klapwijk, Transition from metallic to tunneling regimes in superconducting microconstrictions: Excess current, charge imbalance, and supercurrent conversion, Physical Review B, vol.25, issue.7, p.4515, 1982.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.25.4515

Y. Takane, H. Ebisawa, and J. , Conductance of Normal-Superconductor Contacts Due to the Andreev Reflection, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, vol.61, issue.10, p.3466, 1992.
DOI : 10.1143/JPSJ.61.3466

C. W. Beenakker, Quantum transport in semiconductor-superconductor microjunctions, Physical Review B, vol.46, issue.19, p.12841, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.46.12841

C. W. Beenakker, Universal limit of critical-current fluctuations in mesoscopic Josephson junctions, Physical Review Letters, vol.67, issue.27, p.3836, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3836

C. W. Beenakker and H. Van-houten, Josephson current through a superconducting quantum point contact shorter than the coherence length, Physical Review Letters, vol.66, issue.23, p.3056, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.3056

M. J. De-jong and C. W. Beenakker, Doubled shot noise in disordered normal-metal???superconductor junctions, Physical Review B, vol.49, issue.22, p.16070, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.49.16070

O. N. Dorokhov, On the coexistence of localized and extended electronic states in the metallic phase, Solid State Communications, vol.51, issue.6, p.381, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1098(84)90117-0

Y. Imry, Active Transmission Channels and Universal Conductance Fluctuations, Europhysics Letters (EPL), vol.1, issue.5, p.249, 1986.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/1/5/008

Y. V. Nazarov, Limits of universality in disordered conductors, Physical Review Letters, vol.73, issue.1, p.134, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.73.134

X. Jehl, M. Sanquer, R. Calemczuk, and D. , Detection of doubled shot noise in short normal-metal/ superconductor junctions, Nature, vol.405, issue.6782, p.50, 2000.
DOI : 10.1038/35011012

B. D. Josephson, Coupled Superconductors, Reviews of Modern Physics, vol.36, issue.1, p.216, 1964.
DOI : 10.1103/RevModPhys.36.216

G. Eilenberger, Transformation of Gorkov's equation for type II superconductors into transport-like equations, Zeitschrift f??r Physik A Hadrons and nuclei, vol.214, issue.2, p.195, 1968.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01379803

]. I. Giaver, Energy Gap in Superconductors Measured by Electron Tunneling, Physical Review Letters, vol.5, issue.4, p.147, 1960.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.5.147

]. M. Cohen, L. M. Falicov, and J. C. Phillips, Superconductive Tunneling, Physical Review Letters, vol.8, issue.8, p.316, 1962.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.8.316

]. A. Kastalsky, A. W. Kleinsasser, L. H. Greene, R. Bhat, F. P. Milliken et al., Observation of pair currents in superconductor-semiconductor contacts, Physical Review Letters, vol.67, issue.21, p.3026, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.3026

B. J. Van-wees, P. De-vries, P. Magnée, and T. M. Klapwijk, Excess conductance of superconductor-semiconductor interfaces due to phase conjugation between electrons and holes, Physical Review Letters, vol.69, issue.3, p.510, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.69.510

S. J. Bakker, E. Van-der-drift, T. M. Klapwiijk, H. M. Jaeger, and S. Radelaar, Observation of carrier-concentration-dependent reflectionless tunneling in a superconductor???two-dimensional-electron-gas???superconductor structure, Physical Review B, vol.49, issue.18, p.13275, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.49.13275

P. H. Magnée, N. Van-der-post, P. H. Kooistra, B. J. Van-wees, and T. M. Klapwijk, Enhanced conductance near zero voltage bias in mesoscopic superconductor-semiconductor junctions, Physical Review B, vol.50, issue.7, p.4594, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.50.4594

W. Poirrier, D. Mailly, and M. Sanquer, Finite Bias Anomaly in the Subgap Conductance of Superconductor-GaAs Junctions, Physical Review Letters, vol.79, issue.11, p.2105, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.2105

P. Dubos, H. Courtois, B. Pannetier, F. K. Wilhelem, A. D. Zaikin et al., Josephson critical current in a long mesoscopic S-N-S junction, Physical Review B, vol.63, issue.6, p.64502, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.63.064502

J. Clarke, U. Eckern, A. Schimd, G. Schön, and M. Thinkham, Branch-imbalance relaxation times in superconductors, Physical Review B, vol.20, issue.9, p.3933, 1979.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.20.3933

M. Büttiker, Four-Terminal Phase-Coherent Conductance, Physical Review Letters, vol.57, issue.14, p.1761, 1986.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.1761

T. Martin and R. Landauer, Wave-packet approach to noise in multichannel mesoscopic systems, Physical Review B, vol.45, issue.4, p.1742, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.45.1742

Y. P. Li, D. C. Tsui, J. J. Hermans, J. A. Simmons, and G. W. Weiman, Low???frequency noise in transport through quantum point contacts, Applied Physics Letters, vol.57, issue.8, p.774, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.104094

M. Reznikov, M. Heiblum, H. Shtrikman, and D. Mahalu, Temporal Correlation of Electrons: Suppression of Shot Noise in a Ballistic Quantum Point Contact, Physical Review Letters, vol.75, issue.18, p.3340, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.3340

A. Kumar, L. Saminadayar, D. C. Glattli, Y. Jin, and B. Etienne, Experimental Test of the Quantum Shot Noise Reduction Theory, Physical Review Letters, vol.76, issue.15, p.2778, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.2778

H. E. Van-der-brom and J. M. Van-ruitenbeek, Quantum Suppression of Shot Noise in Atom-Size Metallic Contacts, Physical Review Letters, vol.82, issue.7, p.1526, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1526

B. J. Wees, H. Van-houten, C. Beenaker, J. G. Williamson, L. P. Kouwenhoven et al., Quantized conductance of point contacts in a two-dimensional electron gas, Physical Review Letters, vol.60, issue.9, p.848, 1988.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.60.848

B. J. Van-wees, K. H. Lenssen, and C. J. Harmans, Transmission formalism for supercurrent flow in multiprobe superconductor-semiconductor-superconductor devices, Physical Review B, vol.44, issue.1, p.470, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.44.470

D. A. Wharam, T. J. Thornton, R. Newbury, M. Pepper, H. Ahmed et al., One-dimensional transport and the quantisation of the ballistic resistance, Journal of Physics C: Solid State Physics, vol.21, issue.8, p.209, 1988.
DOI : 10.1088/0022-3719/21/8/002

P. J. Paniez, J. A. Guinot, B. Mortini, C. Rosiliosee, P. J. Paniez et al., Microelectronic Engeene- ring41, pp.97-132, 1997.

I. O. Kulik and A. N. , Omel'yanchuk, Sov, J. Low. Temp. Phys, vol.3, p.459, 1977.

I. O. Kulik and A. N. , Omel'yanchuk, Sov, J. Low. Temp. Phys, vol.4, p.142, 1978.

B. K. Nicolic, J. F. Freericks, and P. Miller, Intrinsic reduction of Josephson critical current in short ballistic SNS weak links, Physical Review B, vol.64, issue.21, p.212507, 2001.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.64.212507

R. A. Anderson and D. M. Ginsberg, Penetration Depth and Flux Creep in Thin Superconducting Indium Films, Physical Review B, vol.5, issue.11, p.4421, 1972.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.5.4421

M. Octavio, M. Tinkham, G. E. Blonder, and T. M. Klapwijk, Subharmonic energy-gap structure in superconducting constrictions, Physical Review B, vol.27, issue.11, p.6739, 1983.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.27.6739

T. Hoss, C. Strunk, T. Nussbaumer, R. Huber, U. Staufer et al., Multiple Andreev reflection and giant excess noise in diffusive superconductor/normal-metal/superconductor junctions, Physical Review B, vol.62, issue.6, p.4079, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.62.4079

E. Akkermans, A. Auerbach, J. E. Avron, and B. Shapiro, Relation between persistent currents and the scattering matrix, Physical Review Letters, vol.66, issue.1, p.76, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.66.76

E. N. Bratus, V. S. Shumeiko, and G. Wendin, Theory of Subharmonic Gap Structure in Superconducting Mesoscopic Tunnel Contacts, Physical Review Letters, vol.74, issue.11, p.2110, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.2110

D. Averin and A. Bardas, ac Josephson Effect in a Single Quantum Channel, Physical Review Letters, vol.75, issue.9, p.1831, 1982.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.75.1831

P. Charlat, H. Courtois, P. Gandit, D. Mailly, A. F. Volkov et al., Reentrance of the Metallic Conductance in a Mesoscopic Proximity Superconductor, Physical Review Letters, vol.77, issue.24, p.4950, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.4950

A. A. Kozhevnikov, R. J. Schoelkopf, and D. E. Prober, Observation of Photon-Assisted Noise in a Diffusive Normal Metal???Superconductor Junction, Physical Review Letters, vol.84, issue.15, p.3398, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.84.3398

S. G. Den-hartog, C. M. Kapteyn, B. J. Van-wees, T. M. Klapwijk, and G. Borghs, Transport in MultiTerminal Normal-Superconductor Devices: Reciprocity Relations, Negative and Nonlocal Resistances, and Reentrance of the Proximity Effect, Physical Review Letters, vol.77, issue.24, p.4954, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.77.4954

S. G. Den-hartog, B. J. Van-wees, T. M. Klapwijk, Y. V. Nazarov, and G. Borghs, Reentrant behavior in the superconducting phase-dependent resistance of a disordered two-dimensional electron gas, Physical Review B, vol.56, issue.21, p.13738, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.56.13738

E. Toyoda, H. Takayanagi, and . Nakano, Systematic gate-controlled reentrant conductance of a superconductor-semiconductor two-dimensional electron gas junction, Physical Review B, vol.59, issue.18, p.11653, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.R11653

I. K. Marmorkos, C. W. Beenaker, and R. A. Jalabert, Three signatures of phase-coherent Andreev reflection, Physical Review B, vol.48, issue.4, p.2811, 1993.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.48.2811

J. A. Melsen and C. W. Beenaker, Reflectionless tunneling through a double-barrier NS junction, Physica B: Condensed Matter, vol.203, issue.3-4, p.219, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0921-4526(94)90062-0

B. R. Choi, A. E. Hansen, T. Kontos, S. Hoffmann, W. Oberholzer et al., Shot-noise and conductance measurements of transparent superconductor/two-dimensional electron gas junctions, Physical Review B, vol.72, issue.2, p.24501, 2005.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.72.024501

W. J. Skocpol, M. R. Beasley, and M. , Phase-slip centers and nonequilibrium processes in superconducting tin microbridges, Journal of Low Temperature Physics, vol.20, issue.1-2, p.145, 1974.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00655865

A. F. Morpurgo, B. J. Van-wees, T. M. Klapwijk, and G. Borghs, Phase Conjugated Andreev Backscattering in Two-Dimensional Ballistic Cavities, Physical Review Letters, vol.78, issue.13, p.2636, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2636

A. F. Morpurgo, B. J. Van-wees, T. M. Klapwijk, and G. Borghs, Submicron processing of InAs based quantum wells: A new, highly selective wet etchant for AlSb, Applied Physics Letters, vol.70, issue.11, p.1435, 1997.
DOI : 10.1063/1.118599

A. Chrestin, T. Matsuyama, and U. Merkt, Evidence for a proximity-induced energy gap in Nb/InAs/Nb junctions, Physical Review B, vol.55, issue.13, p.8457, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.55.8457

Y. Takagi and H. Takayanagi, Quantized conductance in semiconductor-superconductor-junction quantum point contacts, Physical Review B, vol.53, issue.21, p.14530, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.53.14530

C. W. Beenakker, J. A. Melsen, and P. W. Brouwer, Giant backscattering peak in angle-resolved Andreev reflection, Physical Review B, vol.51, issue.19, p.13883, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.51.13883

A. F. Volkov and A. V. Zaitsev, Phase-coherent conductance of a superconductor-normal-metal quantum interferometer, Physical Review B, vol.53, issue.14, p.9267, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.53.9267

O. N. Dorokhov, On the coexistence of localized and extended electronic states in the metallic phase, Solid State Communications, vol.51, issue.6, p.381, 1984.
DOI : 10.1016/0038-1098(84)90117-0

K. M. Schep and G. E. Bauer, Universality of Transport through Dirty Interfaces, Physical Review Letters, vol.78, issue.15, p.3015, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.3015

T. Y. Hsiang and D. K. Finnemore, Superconducting critical currents for thick, clean superconductor???normal-metal???superconductor junctions, Physical Review B, vol.22, issue.1, p.154, 1980.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.22.154

H. C. Yang and D. K. Finnemore, Pair-breaking mechanisms in superconductor???normal-metal???superconductor junctions, Physical Review B, vol.30, issue.3, p.1260, 1984.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.30.1260

S. B. Lee, D. G. Hasko, and H. Ahmed, Thermally switched superconducting weak-link transistor with current gain, Applied Physics Letters, vol.76, issue.16, p.2295, 2000.
DOI : 10.1063/1.126325

S. Nagata, H. C. Yang, and D. K. Finnemore, junctions, Physical Review B, vol.25, issue.9, p.6012, 1982.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.25.6012

F. W. Hekking and Y. V. Nazarov, Subgap conductivity of a superconductor???normal-metal tunnel interface, Physical Review B, vol.49, issue.10, p.6847, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.49.6847

T. Hoss, C. Strunk, T. Nussbaumer, R. Huber, U. Staufer et al., Multiple Andreev reflection and giant excess noise in diffusive superconductor/normal-metal/superconductor junctions, Physical Review B, vol.62, issue.6, p.4079, 2000.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.62.4079

T. Schäpers, J. Malindretos, K. Neurohr, S. Lachenmann, A. Van-der-hart et al., Demonstration of a current-controlled three-terminal Nb???InxGa1???xAs/InP Josephson contact, Applied Physics Letters, vol.73, issue.16, p.2348, 1998.
DOI : 10.1063/1.122457

V. Ambegaokar and A. Bratoff, Tunneling Between Superconductors, Physical Review Letters, vol.10, issue.11, p.486, 1963.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.486

J. J. Baselmans, A. F. Morpurgo, B. J. Van-wees, and T. M. Klapwijk, Tunable supercurrent in superconductor/normal metal/superconductor Josephson junctions, Superlattices and Microstructures, vol.25, issue.5-6, p.973, 1999.
DOI : 10.1006/spmi.1999.0720

G. L. Rikken, J. A. Van-haaren, W. Van-der-wel, A. P. Van-gelder, H. Van-kempen et al., Two-terminal resistance of quantum Hall devices, Physical Review B, vol.37, issue.11, p.6181, 1988.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.37.6181

R. Woltjer, M. J. De-blank, J. J. Harris, C. T. Foxon, and J. P. André, Influence of contacts on the magnetotransport in a two-dimensional electron gas, Physical Review B, vol.38, issue.18, p.13297, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.38.13297

T. D. Moore and D. A. Wiliams, Andreev reflection at high magnetic fields, Physical Review B, vol.59, issue.11, p.7308, 1999.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.7308

D. C. Tsui, A. C. Gossard, and G. J. Dolan, As heterostructures, Applied Physics Letters, vol.42, issue.2, p.180, 1983.
DOI : 10.1063/1.93867

]. T. Fink, D. D. Smith, and W. D. Braddock, Electron-beam-induced damage study in GaAs-AlGaAs heterostructures as determined by magnetotransport characterization, IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol.37, issue.6, p.1422, 1990.
DOI : 10.1109/16.106235

B. Das, S. Subramanian, and M. R. Melloch, Effects of electron-beam-induced damage on leakage currents in back-gated GaAs/AlGaAs devices, Semiconductor Science and Technology, vol.8, issue.7, p.1347, 1993.
DOI : 10.1088/0268-1242/8/7/025

Y. Takagaky, Transport properties of semiconductor-superconductor junctions in quantizing magnetic fields, Physical Review B, vol.57, issue.7, p.4009, 1998.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevB.57.4009