S. A. Ackerman and H. Chung, Radiative Effects of Airborne Dust on Regional Energy Budgets at the Top of the Atmosphere, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.31, issue.2, pp.223-233, 1992.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0223:REOADO>2.0.CO;2

A. S. Ackerman, O. B. Toon, D. E. Stevens, A. J. Heymsfield, V. Ramanathan et al., Reduction of Tropical Cloudiness by Soot, Science, vol.288, issue.5468, pp.1042-1047, 2000.
DOI : 10.1126/science.288.5468.1042

F. J. Alcantara-ruiz and L. , Alados-Arboledas, Langely calibration of sunphotometer at Sierra Nevada, Granada. Spain. Optica pura y aplicada, p.3, 2004.

G. Almeida, A Model for Saharan Dust Transport, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, vol.25, issue.7, pp.903-916, 1986.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<0903:AMFSDT>2.0.CO;2

M. O. Andreae, Climatic effects of changing atmospheric aerosol levels, pp.341-392, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-6321(06)80033-7

A. Française-de-sécurité-sanitaire and . Environnementale, Impact sanitaire de la pollution atmosphérique, 90 pages, 2004.

M. N. Bellouin, Estimation de l'effet direct des aérosols à partir de la modélisation et de la télédétection passive, Thèse de doctorat, 2003.

N. Bellouin, O. Boucher, M. Vesperini, and D. Tanré, Estimating the direct aerosol radiative perturbation: Impact of ocean surface representation and aerosol non-sphericity, Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, vol.30, issue.601, pp.2217-2232, 2004.
DOI : 10.1256/qj.03.136

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00821790

M. H. Bergin, S. E. Schwartz, R. N. Halthore, J. A. Ogren, and D. L. Hlavka, Comparison of aerosol optical depth inferred from surface measurements with that determined by Sun photometry for cloud-free conditions at a continental U.S. site, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.17, issue.4, pp.6807-6816, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999JD900454

M. Bevis, S. Businger, T. A. Herring, C. Rocken, R. A. Anthes et al., GPS meteorology: Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor using the global positioning system, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.91, issue.6, pp.15787-15801, 1992.
DOI : 10.1029/92JD01517

. Browell, Ozone and aerosol distributions over the Amazon Basin during the wet season, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.90, issue.D10
DOI : 10.1029/JD095iD10p16887

R. W. Bergstrom, P. B. Et, and . Russell, Estimation of aerosol direct radiative effects over the mid-latitude North Atlantic from satellite and in situ measurements, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.102, issue.12, pp.1731-1734, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1999GL900330

O. Boucher, Estimation of the aerosol perturbation to the Earth's Radiative Budget over oceans using POLDER satellite aerosol retrievals, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.102, issue.8, pp.1103-1106, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999GL010963

O. A. Chadwick, L. A. Derry, P. M. Vitousek, B. J. Huebert, and L. O. Et, Hedin: Changing sources of nutrients during four million years of ecosystem development, Nature, vol.397, issue.6719, pp.491-497, 1999.
DOI : 10.1038/17276

M. T. Chahine, The hydrological cycle and its influence on climate, Nature, vol.359, issue.6394, pp.373-380, 1992.
DOI : 10.1038/359373a0

I. Abuhassan, T. F. Slutsker, and . Eck, Pietras: Analysis of the performance characteristics of the five-channel Microtops II Sun photometer for measuring aerosol optical thickness and precipitable water vapour, J. Geophys. Res, vol.107, issue.D13, pp.10-1029, 2002.

. Hofmann, Climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosol, Sciences, vol.255, pp.423-430, 1992.

R. J. Charlson, Heintzenberg: Aerosol forcing of climate, 1995.

M. D. Cheng, T. M. Nash, and S. E. Kopetz, RETRIEVAL OF AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS BY MEANS OF THE LEAST-MEDIAN-SQUARES ROBUST ALGORITHM, Journal of Aerosol Science, vol.30, issue.6, pp.805-817, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-8502(98)00765-4

Y. Chen, S. M. Kreidenweis, L. M. Mcinnes, D. C. Rogers, and P. J. Demott, Single particle analyses of ice nucleating aerosols in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.21, issue.9, pp.1391-1394, 1998.
DOI : 10.1029/97GL03261

I. Chiapello, P. Goloub, D. Tanré, A. Marchand, J. Herman et al., Aerosol detection by TOMS and POLDER over oceanic regions, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.103, issue.D6, pp.7133-7142, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999JD901048

S. A. Christopher, J. Chou, J. Zhang, X. Li, T. A. Berendes et al., Shortwave direct radiative forcing of biomass burning aerosols estimated using VIRS and CERES data, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.77, issue.15, pp.2197-2200, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/1999GL010923

S. A. Christopher, J. Et, and . Zhang, Short wave aerosol radiative forcing from MODIS and CERES observations over the oceans, Geophy. Res. Lett, vol.29, pp.1850-1860, 2002.

W. F. Cooke, C. Liousse, H. Cachier, and J. Feichter, Construction of a 1?? ?? 1?? fossil fuel emission data set for carbonaceous aerosol and implementation and radiative impact in the ECHAM4 model, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.22, issue.D18, pp.22137-22162, 1999.
DOI : 10.1029/1999JD900187

D. 'almeida and G. A. , A Model for Saharan Dust Transport, Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, vol.25, issue.7, pp.903-916, 1986.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<0903:AMFSDT>2.0.CO;2

C. N. Davies, Particles in the atmosphere: A review, Journal of Aerosol Science, vol.18, issue.5, pp.469-477, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-8502(87)90062-0

K. K. Dani, R. S. Maheskvmar, and P. C. Devara, Study of totale column atmospheric aerosol optical depth, ozone and precipitable water content over Bay of Bengal during BOBMEX-99, Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Earth planet. Sci.), pp.205-221, 2003.

A. Deepak, G. Et, and . Gali, The international global aerosol program (IGAP) Plan

P. Deschamps, M. Bréon, A. Leroy, A. Podaire, J. Bricaud et al., The POLDER mission: instrument characteristics and scientific objectives, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.32, issue.3, pp.598-615, 1994.
DOI : 10.1109/36.297978

P. C. Devara, Investigations of aerosol optical depth variations using spectroradiometer at an urban station, Pune, India, Journal of Aerosol Science, vol.27, issue.4, pp.621-632, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-8502(95)00550-1

M. Diouri, I. S. And, and . Sanda, Deduction of particle size distribution from aerosol optical depth CLEOPATRE - I code, Journal of Aerosol Science, vol.28, p.459, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-8502(97)85229-9

M. Diouri, L. Amraoui, R. Jaenicke, and L. Shutz, Atmospheric turbidity over the Angad area of Morocco, Journal of Aerosol Science, vol.31, p.663, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0021-8502(00)90289-1

R. Duce, Distributions and fluxes of mineral aerosol In Aerosol Forcing of Climate, pp.43-72, 1995.

R. M. Goody and Y. L. Yung, Atmospheric Radiation. Theoretical Basis, 2 nd Edt, 1989.

R. Goody, Principales of atmospheric physics and chemistry, 1995.

J. Güldner and D. Spankuck, Results of Year-Round Remotely Sensed Integrated Water Vapor by Ground-Based Microwave Radiometry, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.38, issue.7, pp.981-988, 1999.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0981:ROYRRS>2.0.CO;2

R. N. Halthor, C. J. Bruegge, and B. Harkhan, Aerosol optical thickness measurements during FIFE " 89, symposium On FIFE, pp.121-125, 1990.

R. N. Halthore, T. F. Eck, B. N. Holben, and B. L. Markhan, Sun photometric measurements of atmospheric water vapor column abundance in the 940-nm band, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.376, issue.9, pp.4343-4352, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD03247

R. A. Hansell, S. Tsay, Q. Ji, K. N. Liou, and S. Ou, Surface aerosol radiative forcing derived from collocated ground-based radiometric observations during PRIDE, SAFARI, and ACE-Asia, Applied Optics, vol.42, issue.27, p.27, 2003.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.42.005533

E. J. Hansen and A. A. Lacis, Sun and dust versus greenhouse gases: An Assessment of their radiative roles in climate change, Nature, vol.364, pp.713-719, 1990.

J. E. Hansen, M. Sato, R. Et, and . Ruedy, Radiative forcing and climate response, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.351, issue.D6, pp.6831-6864, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD03436

J. R. Herman, P. K. Bhartia, O. Torres, C. Hsu, C. Seftor et al., Global distribution of UV-absorbing aerosols from Nimbus 7/TOMS data, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.96, issue.D14, pp.16911-16922, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD03680

. Zibordi, An emerging ground-based aerosol climatology: Aerosol optical depth from AERONET, J. Geophys. Res, vol.106, issue.12, pp.67-12097, 2001.

R. B. Husar, J. M. Prospero, and L. L. Stowe, Characterization of tropospheric aerosols over the oceans with the NOAA advanced very high resolution radiometer optical thickness operational product, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.7, issue.12, pp.16889-16909, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD04009

T. Ingold and C. Matzler, Four years of columnar water vapour measurements above the suiss central plain using radiosondes and microwave radiometer, 2000.

I. Muhammad, An Introduction to solar radiation, 1983.

I. Climate-change, The scientific basis, contribution of working group I to the third assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2001.

I. Jankowiak, D. Et, and . Tanré, Satellite Climatology of Saharan Dust Outbreaks: Method and Preliminary Results, Journal of Climate, vol.5, issue.6, pp.646-656, 1992.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1992)005<0646:SCOSDO>2.0.CO;2

M. Azzaoui and . Hitmy, Sahara-Staubtransport uber Marokko nach Mitteleuropa Saharan dust transport over into central Europe

E. J. Jensen and O. B. Et, The potential impact of soot particles from aircraft exhaust on cirrus clouds, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.26, issue.3, pp.249-252, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/96GL03235

J. M. Et and M. King, Observed land impacts on clouds, water vapour, and rainfall at continental scales, Submitted to Quarterly J. Royal Meteor. Scales, 2005.

F. Kasten and A. T. Young, Revised optical air mass tables and approximation formula, Applied Optics, vol.28, issue.22, pp.4735-4738, 1989.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.28.004735

A. J. Kettle, M. O. Et, and . Andreae, Flux of dimethylsulfide from the oceans: A comparison of updated data sets and flux models, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.28, issue.D22, pp.26793-26808, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD900252

M. D. King, D. M. Byrne, B. M. Herman, and J. A. Reagan, Aerosol Size Distributions Obtained by Inversions of Spectral Optical Depth Measurements, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, vol.35, issue.11, pp.2153-2167, 1978.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0469(1978)035<2153:ASDOBI>2.0.CO;2

M. D. King, D. M. Byrne, J. A. Reagan, and B. M. Herman, Spectral variation of optical depth at Tucson, Arizona between, J. Apl. Meteor, vol.29, pp.723-732, 1975.

M. D. King, Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanré, and T. Nakajima, Remote Sensing of Tropospheric Aerosols from Space: Past, Present, and Future, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.80, issue.11, pp.2222-2259, 1999.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0477(1999)080<2229:RSOTAF>2.0.CO;2

M. D. King, W. P. Menzel, Y. J. Kaufman, D. Tanre, B. C. Gae et al., Cloud and aerosol properties, precipitable water, and profiles of temperature and water vapor from MODIS, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.41, issue.2, pp.442-458
DOI : 10.1109/TGRS.2002.808226

S. Kinne, Monthly averages of aerosol properties: A global comparison among models, satellite data, and AERONET ground data, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.93, issue.12, p.20, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2001JD001253

D. Lavoué, C. Liousse, H. Cachier, B. J. Stocks, and J. G. Goldammer, Modeling of carbonaceous particles emitted by boreal and temperate wildfires at northern latitudes, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.69, issue.1, pp.26871-26890, 2000.
DOI : 10.1029/2000JD900180

J. Lenoble, Atmospheric radiative transfer, A, 1993.

F. Li, A. M. Vogelmann, and V. Ramanathan, Saharan Dust Aerosol Radiative Forcing Measured from Space, Journal of Climate, vol.17, issue.13, pp.13-2558, 2004.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2558:SDARFM>2.0.CO;2

C. Liousse, J. E. Penner, C. Chuang, J. J. Walton, H. Eddleman et al., A global three-dimensional model study of carbonaceous aerosols, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.23, issue.43, pp.19411-19432, 1996.
DOI : 10.1029/95JD03426

R. L. Miller, Climate Response to Soil Dust Aerosols, Journal of Climate, vol.11, issue.12, pp.3247-3267, 1998.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<3247:CRTSDA>2.0.CO;2

R. M. Mitchell and B. W. Forgan, Aerosol measurement in the Australian outback: Intercomparison of sunphotometers, J. Atmosph. Ocean Tech, vol.20, pp.4500-4512, 1995.

T. Nakajima, M. Tanaka, and T. Yamauchi, Retrieval of the optical properties of aerosols from aureole and extinction data, Applied Optics, vol.22, issue.19, pp.2951-2959, 1983.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.22.002951

T. Nakajima, G. Tonna, R. Rao, P. Boi, Y. Kaufman et al., Use of sky brightness measurements from ground for remote sensing of particulate polydispersions, Applied Optics, vol.35, issue.15, pp.2672-2686, 1983.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.35.002672

T. Nakajima, A. Et, and . Higurashi, AVHRR remote sensing of aerosol optical properties in the Persian Gulf region, summer 1991, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.97, issue.D14, pp.935-951, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/96JD01935

S. E. Radke, E. L. Scwartz, and . Travis, Quantifying and minimizing uncertainty of climate forcing by anthropogenic aerosols, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc, vol.75, pp.375-400, 1994.

R. Pincus, Effect of precipitation on the albedo susceptibility of clouds in the marine boundary layer, Nature, vol.372, issue.6503, pp.250-252, 1994.
DOI : 10.1038/372250a0

V. Ramanathan, P. J. Crutzen, J. T. Kiehl, and D. Rosenfeld, Aerosols, Climate, and the Hydrological Cycle, Science, vol.294, issue.5549, pp.2119-2124, 2001.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1064034

URL : http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.521.1770&rep=rep1&type=pdf

V. Ramanathan, The Indian Ocean Experiment, An Integrated Assessment of the Climate Forcing and Effects of the Great Indo-Asian Haze, J. Geophys. Res, vol.106, issue.28, pp.371-28399, 2001.

J. Reagan, K. Thome, and B. Herman, A simple instrument and technique for measuring columnar water vapor via near IR differential solar transmission measurements, IEEE Trans

. Geosci, Remote sens, pp.825-831, 1992.

M. L. Salby, Fundamentals of atmospheric physics

I. S. Sanda, Inter seasonal variability of the aerosol concentration at banizoumbou

B. Schmid and C. Wehrli, Comparison of Sun photometer calibration by use of the Langley technique and the standard lamp, Applied Optics, vol.34, issue.21, pp.4500-4512, 1995.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.34.004500

S. Seinfeld, D. A. Gasso, E. Hegg, K. J. Ostrom, E. J. Noone et al., Clear sky closure studies of lower tropospheric aerosol and water vapour during ACE-2 Using airborne sun photometer, airborne in situ, space borne, and ground-based measurements, Tellus, 52 ser, pp.568-593, 2000.

E. J. Holben, J. R. Welton, O. Campbell, R. A. Torres, D. J. Kahn et al., Coordinated airborne, spaceborne, and ground-based measurements of massive, thick aerosol layers during the dry season in Southern Africa, J. Geophys. Res, vol.8496, issue.D13, p.10810, 1029.

S. E. Schwartz, The whitehouse effect???Shortwave radiative forcing of climate by anthropogenic aerosols: an overview, Journal of Aerosol Science, vol.27, issue.3, pp.359-382, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-8502(95)00533-1

S. W. Seemann, J. Li, W. P. Menzel, and L. E. Gumley, Operational Retrieval of Atmospheric Temperature, Moisture, and Ozone from MODIS Infrared Radiances, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.42, issue.8, pp.1072-1091, 2003.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(2003)042<1072:OROATM>2.0.CO;2

M. Shiobara, J. D. Spinhirne, A. Uchiyama, and S. Asano, Optical Depth Measurements of Aerosol Cloud, and Water Vapor Using Sun Photometers during FIRE Cirrus IFO II, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.35, issue.1, pp.36-46, 1995.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1996)035<0036:ODMOAC>2.0.CO;2

R. Swap, M. Garstang, and S. Greco, Saharan dust in the Amazon Basin, Tellus, 44 ser, pp.133-149, 1992.

R. J. Swap, H. J. Annegarn, J. Suttles, . Timothy, M. D. King et al., Africa burning: A thematic analysis of the Southern African Regional Science Initiative, J. Geophys. Res, vol.108, issue.D13, pp.8465-8475, 2000.

M. Tanaka and T. Nakajima, Calibration of a sunphotometer by simultaneous measurements of direct-solar and circumsolar radiations, Applied Optics, vol.25, issue.7, pp.1170-1176, 1986.
DOI : 10.1364/AO.25.001170

D. Tanré, F. Bréon, J. Deuzé, M. Herman, P. Goloub et al., Global observation of anthropogenic aerosols from satellite, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.103, issue.24, pp.4555-4558, 2001.
DOI : 10.1029/2001GL013036

D. Tanre, J. Haywood, J. Pelon, J. F. Le´on, B. Chatenet et al., Measurement and modeling of the Saharan dust radiative impact: Overview of the Saharan Dust Experiment (SHADE), Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.77, issue.12, 2003.
DOI : 10.1029/2002JD003273

K. J. Thome, B. M. Herman, and J. A. , Determination of Precipitable Water from Solar Transmission, Journal of Applied Meteorology, vol.31, issue.2, pp.157-165, 1992.
DOI : 10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<0157:DOPWFS>2.0.CO;2

S. Twomey, On the Numerical Solution of Fredholm Integral Equations of the First Kind by the Inversion of the Linear System Produced by Quadrature, Journal of the ACM, vol.10, issue.1, pp.97-101, 1963.
DOI : 10.1145/321150.321157

S. Twomey, Pollution and the planetary albedo, Atmospheric Environment (1967), vol.8, issue.12, pp.1251-1256, 1974.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-6981(74)90004-3

M. Vesperini, F. M. Bréon, and D. Tanré, Atmospheric water vapor content from spaceborne POLDER measurements, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol.37, issue.3, pp.1613-1619, 1999.
DOI : 10.1109/36.763275

V. Vitale, K. Tomasi, A. Lupi, A. Cacciari, and S. Marani, Retrieval of columnar aerosol size distributions and radiative-forcing evaluations from sun-photometric measurements taken during the CLEARCOLUMN (ACE 2) experiment, Atmospheric Environment, vol.34, issue.29-30, pp.5095-5095, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00269-7

V. Hoyningen-huene, W. , and M. Wendisch, Variability of aerosol optical parameters by advective processes, Atmospheric Environment, vol.28, issue.5, pp.923-933, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/1352-2310(94)90250-X

V. Hoyningen-huene, W. Et, and P. Psse, Nonsphericity of aerosol particles and their contribution to radiative forcing, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, vol.57, issue.5, pp.651-668, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0022-4073(96)00153-7

K. J. Voss, E. J. Welton, P. K. Quinn, J. Johnson, A. M. Thompson et al., Lidar measurements during Aerosols 99, J. Geophys. Res, vol.106, pp.18821-18839, 2001.

U. Armbruster and W. Leiterer, Hoyningen-Huene, and A. Petzold, Aerosol-radiation interaction in the cloudless atmùosphere during LACE 98, 2. Aerosol-induced solar irradiance changes determined from airborne pyranometers measurements and calculations

K. Whitby, Physical characterization of aerosol, in methods and standards for Environmental measurement, Proceedings of 8th IMR Symposium, pp.165-163, 1976.

K. Whitby, The physical characteristics of sulfur aerosols, Atmospheric Environment (1967), vol.12, issue.1-3, pp.135-159, 1978.
DOI : 10.1016/0004-6981(78)90196-8

M. E. Wolf, G. M. Et, and . Hidy, Aerosols and climate: Anthropogenic emissions and trends for 50 years, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, vol.369, issue.D10, pp.11113-11121, 1997.
DOI : 10.1029/97JD00199

J. Zhang, S. A. Christopher, L. A. Remer, and Y. J. Kaufman, Shortwave aerosol radiative forcing over cloud-free oceans from Terra: 2. Seasonal and global distributions, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.109, issue.D13, 2005.
DOI : 10.1029/2004JD005009

A. Figure, 2 Schéma des sources des principaux types d'aérosols et de leur transport En haut, les poussières désertiques. En bas, l'aérosol de combustion de biomasse (noir) et la pollution industrielle et urbaine (gris), 2003.