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. Kraepiel, Ce modèle, basé sur la théorie de la double couche de Gouy et Chapman, suppose que la charge électrostatique de surface du solide résulte de réactions acide-base de surface. Ces réactions sont décrites uniquement par l'équation de conservation de masse, 1992.

. Davranche, On peut donc obtenir les charges de surface du solide en fonction du pH, 2003.

A. Thermique and L. , ATD) permet la mise en évidence de toute réaction chimique (dissociation, oxydation, déshydratation, combinaison) ou de changement d'état (fusion) s'

. Néanmoins, étude de la désorption a montré que l'argile pontée au fer était le seul support régénérable quasiment à 100%