U. Spectrophotométrie-d-'absorption, 57 1.3.1, p.58

.. Caractérisation-morphologique-et-ultrastructurale, 59 2.1. Méthodes d'observation directe, p.61

M. La, Chapitre III -Caractérisation des whiskers individuels A Etude préliminaire sur la préparation des échantillons pour, p.73

I. Chapitre, 115 1. Evolution au cours du temps suivie par 116 1.1. Evolution par nucléation et croissance, p.121

.. Evolution-par-décomposition-spinodale, 123 1.2.1, p.125

.. Méthodes-pour-accélérer-la-séparation-de-phase, 129 2.1. Séparation de phase par centrifugation, 130 2.3. Evolution au cours du temps en présence de, p.133

.. Dans-le-domaine-de-coexistence, 137 1.1. Suspensions de whiskers de coton, Caractérisation par SAXS, p.140

V. Chapitre, Auto-organisation de whiskers de cellulose en suspension dans les solvants organiques A. Auto-organisation des whiskers de coton dans le cyclohexane, p.157

.. Séparation-de-phase-et-textures, 160 2.1. Evolution des suspensions au cours du temps 160 2.2. Les défauts de la texture cholestérique, ., vol.1633, issue.2, p.164

.. Suspensions-en-solvant-organique, 188 3.1. Phase anisotrope cholésterique 189 3.1.1. Cas d'une suspension de whiskers dans le toluène

C. F. Anderson and M. T. Et-record, Ion Distributions Around DNA and other Cylindrical Polyions: Theoretical Descriptions and Physical Implications, Annual Review of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, vol.19, issue.1, pp.423-465, 1990.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.bb.19.060190.002231

J. Araki, M. Wada, S. Kuga, and T. Et-okano, Flow properties of microcrystalline cellulose suspension prepared by acid treatment of native cellulose, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol.142, issue.1, pp.75-82, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0927-7757(98)00404-X

J. Araki, M. Wada, S. Kuga, and T. Et-okano, Influence of surface charge on viscosity behavior of cellulose microcrystal suspension, Journal of Wood Science, vol.65, issue.3, pp.258-261, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01177736

J. Araki, M. Wada, S. Kuga, and T. Et-okano, Influence of surface charge on viscosity anomaly of microcrystalline cellulose suspensions, pp.283-288, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-044450178-3/50035-4

J. Araki, M. Wada, S. Kuga, and T. Et-okano, Birefringent Glassy Phase of a Cellulose Microcrystal Suspension, Langmuir, vol.16, issue.6, pp.2413-2415, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/la9911180

J. Araki, M. Wada, and S. Et-kuga, Steric Stabilization of a Cellulose Microcrystal Suspension by Poly(ethylene glycol) Grafting, Langmuir, vol.17, issue.1, pp.21-27, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/la001070m

J. Araki and S. Et-kuga, Effect of Trace Electrolyte on Liquid Crystal Type of Cellulose Microcrystals, Langmuir, vol.17, issue.15, pp.4493-4496, 2001.
DOI : 10.1021/la0102455

R. H. Atalla and D. L. Vanderhart, Native Cellulose: A Composite of Two Distinct Crystalline Forms, Science, vol.223, issue.4633, pp.283-285, 1984.
DOI : 10.1126/science.223.4633.283

S. Azizi, F. Alloin, and A. Dufresne, Review of Recent Research into Cellulosic Whiskers, Their Properties and Their Application in Nanocomposite Field, Biomacromolecules, vol.6, issue.2, pp.612-626, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/bm0493685
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00305961

O. A. Battista and P. A. Smith, MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE, Industrial & Engineering Chemistry, vol.54, issue.9, pp.20-29, 1962.
DOI : 10.1021/ie50633a003

F. C. Bawden, N. W. Pirie, J. D. Bernal, and I. Et-fankuchen, Liquid Crystalline Substances from Virus-infected Plants, Nature, vol.138, issue.3503, pp.1051-1052, 1936.
DOI : 10.1038/1381051a0

S. Beck-candanedo, M. Roman, and D. G. Gray, Effect of Reaction Conditions on the Properties and Behavior of Wood Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspensions, Biomacromolecules, vol.6, issue.2, pp.1048-1054, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/bm049300p

E. Belamie, P. Davidson, and M. M. Et-giraud-guille, Structure and Chirality of the Nematic Phase in ??-Chitin Suspensions, The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol.108, issue.39, pp.14991-15000, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/jp048152u

P. S. Belton, S. F. Tanner, N. Cartier, and H. Et-chanzy, High-resolution solid-state carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of tunicin, an animal cellulose, Macromolecules, vol.22, issue.4, pp.1615-1617, 1989.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00194a019

T. N. Blanton, T. C. Huang, H. Toraya, C. R. Hubbard, S. B. Robie et al., JCPDS???International Centre for Diffraction Data round robin study of silver behenate. A possible low-angle X-ray diffraction calibration standard, Powder Diffraction, vol.2, issue.02, pp.91-95, 1995.
DOI : 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.79-82.17

R. Bonard, Kolloistrukturen in verstrecken Hochpolymeren, pp.14-33, 1966.

D. Bordel, Materiaux biomimétiques : Orientation sous champ électrique de whiskers de cellulose, 2003.

Y. Bouligand, Twisted fibrous arrangements in biological materials and cholesteric mesophases, Tissue and Cell, vol.4, issue.2, pp.189-217, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/S0040-8166(72)80042-9

Y. Bouligand, Recherches sur les textures des ??tats m??somorphes - 2. ??? Les champs polygonaux dans les cholest??riques, Journal de Physique, vol.33, issue.7, pp.715-736, 1972.
DOI : 10.1051/jphys:01972003307071500
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00207299/document

Y. Bouligand, Liquid Crystals and Their Analogs in Biological Systems. Solid state physics, supplement, pp.259-297, 1978.

R. Brandes and D. R. Et-kearns, Magnetic ordering of DNA liquid crystals, Biochemistry, vol.25, issue.20, pp.5890-5885, 1986.
DOI : 10.1021/bi00368a008

R. M. Brown and . Jr, The Biosynthesis of Cellulose, Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A, vol.151, issue.10, pp.1345-1373, 1996.
DOI : 10.1080/10601329608014912

P. A. Buining and H. N. Et-lekkerkerker, Isotropic-nematic phase separation of a dispersion of organophilic boehmite rods, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.97, issue.44, pp.11510-11516, 1993.
DOI : 10.1021/j100146a027

P. A. Buining, A. P. Philipse, and H. N. Et-lekkerkerker, Phase Behavior of Aqueous Dispersions of Colloidal Boehmite Rods, Langmuir, vol.10, issue.7, pp.2106-2114, 1994.
DOI : 10.1021/la00019a016

H. Chanzy, K. Imada, A. Mollard, R. Vuong, and F. Et-barnoud, Crystallographic aspects of sub-elementary cellulose fibrils occurring in the wall of rose cells culturedin vitro, Protoplasma, vol.13, issue.5, pp.303-316, 1979.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01279318

H. Chanzy and B. Et-henrissat, cellulose microcrystals subjected to cellulase action, FEBS Letters, vol.119, issue.2, pp.285-288, 1985.
DOI : 10.1016/0014-5793(85)80623-2
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00309707

H. Chanzy, Aspects of cellulose structure, in cellulose sources and expoitation, 1990.

A. H. Chowdhury and P. S. Et-russo, Late stages of phase separation/gelation of isotropic solutions of rod???like polymers by video microscopy, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.92, issue.9, p.5744, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.458505

P. Chu and J. A. Et-marinsky, Osmotic properties of poly(styrenesulfonates). I. Osmotic coefficients, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.71, issue.13, pp.4352-4359, 1967.
DOI : 10.1021/j100872a031

M. D. Dadmun and C. C. Han, A Neutron Scattering Study of the Orientation of a Liquid Crystalline Polymer by Shear Flow, Macromolecules, vol.27, issue.26, pp.7522-7532, 1994.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00104a004

P. Davidson, J. C. Gabriel, A. M. Levelut, and P. Batail, A New Nematic Suspension Based on All-Inorganic Polymer Rods, Europhysics Letters (EPL), vol.21, issue.3, pp.317-322, 1993.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/21/3/011

P. Davidson, A. Garreau, and J. Livage, in water???or Zocher phases revisited, Liquid Crystals, vol.50, issue.5, pp.905-910, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9797(91)90344-8

P. Davidson, C. Bourgaux, L. Schoutteten, P. Sergot, C. Williams et al., A Structural Study of the Lyotropic Nematic Phase of Vanadium Pentoxide Gels, Journal de Physique II, vol.5, issue.10, pp.1577-1596, 1995.
DOI : 10.1051/jp2:1995200
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00248256

M. M. De-souza-lima and R. Borsali, Rodlike Cellulose Microcrystals: Structure, Properties, and Applications, Macromolecular Rapid Communications, vol.25, issue.7, pp.771-787, 2004.
DOI : 10.1002/marc.200300268

E. M. Debzi, H. Chanzy, J. Sugiyama, P. Tekely, and G. Et-excoffier, The I?? ???I?? transformation of highly crystalline cellulose by annealing in various mediums, Macromolecules, vol.24, issue.26, pp.6816-6822, 1991.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00026a002

D. Demus, One hundred years of liquid crystals chemistry, Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst, vol.165, pp.45-84, 1988.

C. Destrade, N. H. Tinh, H. Gasparoux, J. Malthête, and A. M. Et-levelut, Disc-Like Mesogens: A Classification, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, vol.68, issue.1-2, pp.111-135, 1981.
DOI : 10.1080/00268948108072721

C. Destrade, J. Malthête, N. H. Tinh, and H. Gasparoux, Truxene Derivatives, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, vol.72, issue.1, pp.78-82, 1980.
DOI : 10.1080/00268948008073502

Z. Dogic and S. Et-fraden, Smectic Phase in a Colloidal Suspension of Semiflexible Virus Particles, Physical Review Letters, vol.78, issue.12, pp.2417-2420, 1997.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.2417

Z. Dogic and S. Et-fraden, Cholesteric Phase in Virus Suspensions, Langmuir, vol.16, issue.20, pp.7820-7824, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/la000446t

Z. Dogic, Surface Freezing and a Two-Step Pathway of the Isotropic-Smectic Phase Transition in Colloidal Rods, Physical Review Letters, vol.91, issue.16, pp.165701-165704, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.91.165701

H. Dolmetsch, Anzeichen für eine Kettenfaltung des Cellulosemoleküls, pp.106-119, 1962.

X. M. Dong, T. Kimura, J. Revol, and D. G. Et-gray, Effects of Ionic Strength on the Isotropic???Chiral Nematic Phase Transition of Suspensions of Cellulose Crystallites, Langmuir, vol.12, issue.8, pp.2076-2082, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/la950133b

X. M. Dong and D. G. Gray, Effect of Counterions on Ordered Phase Formation in Suspensions of Charged Rodlike Cellulose Crystallites, Langmuir, vol.13, issue.8, pp.2404-2409, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/la960724h

X. M. Dong and D. G. Gray, Induced Circular Dichroism of Isotropic and Magnetically-Oriented Chiral Nematic Suspensions of Cellulose Crystallites, Langmuir, vol.13, issue.11, pp.3029-3034, 1997.
DOI : 10.1021/la9610462

X. M. Dong, J. Revol, and D. G. Et-gray, Effect of microcrystallite preparation conditions on the formation of colloid crystals of cellulose, Cellulose, vol.5, issue.1, pp.19-32, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1009260511939

J. Dubochet, M. Adrian, J. J. Chang, J. C. Homo, J. Lepault et al., Cryo-electron microscopy of vitrified specimens, Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics, vol.1, issue.3, pp.129-228, 1988.
DOI : 10.1038/164666a0

D. B. Dupre and R. W. Et-duke, Temperature, concentration, and molecular weight dependence of the twist elastic constant of cholesteric poly????????benzyl???L???glutamate, The Journal of Chemical Physics, vol.63, issue.1, pp.143-148, 1975.
DOI : 10.1063/1.431066

V. Durrieu, J. Putaux, R. Passas, and A. Gandini, Polymer nanoparticle dispersions studied by cryo-TEM coupled with image analysis, Microsc. Anal. (Europ, pp.19-21, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00306821

W. L. Earl and D. L. Vanderhart, Observations by high-resolution carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance of cellulose I related to morphology and crystal structure, Macromolecules, vol.14, issue.3, pp.570-574, 1981.
DOI : 10.1021/ma50004a023

J. Engelhart, Carbohydrates in Europe, 1995.

B. C. Whistler, butyl acrylate styrene) latex based nanocomposite materials: Percolation effect on mechanical properties, Cellulose whiskers and poly Proceedings of the International Conference on Composite Materials, 10th, pp.251-258, 1995.

H. P. Fink, B. Philipp, D. Paul, R. Serrima, and T. Et-paakkari, The structure of amorphous cellulose as revealed by wide-angle X-ray scattering, Polymer, vol.28, issue.8, pp.1265-1270, 1987.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-3861(87)90435-6

T. Folda, H. Hoffmann, H. Chanzy, and P. Smith, Liquid crystalline suspensions of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) 'whiskers', Nature, vol.333, issue.6168, pp.55-56, 1988.
DOI : 10.1038/333055a0
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00310040

A. Frey-wyssling, The Fine Structure of Cellulose Microfibrils, Science, vol.119, issue.3081, pp.80-82, 1954.
DOI : 10.1126/science.119.3081.80

G. Friedel, Etats mésomorphes de la matière, Annales de Physique, vol.18, pp.273-474, 1922.

T. Furuta, E. Yamahara, T. Konishi, and N. Et-ise, Ordering in Aqueous Cellulose Hydrolysate Dispersions:?? An Ultra-Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Study, Macromolecules, vol.29, issue.27, pp.8994-8995, 1996.
DOI : 10.1021/ma9612790

J. C. Gabriel, C. Sanchez, and P. Et-davidson, Observation of nematic liquid-crystal textures in aqueous suspensions of smectite clays. Book of Abstracts, p.298, 1996.

M. M. Giraud-guille, Liquid crystalline phases of sonicated type I collagen, Biology of the Cell, vol.67, issue.1, pp.97-101, 1989.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1768-322X.1989.tb03014.x

O. Glatter, Data tretement, Small Angle X-ray Scattering, 1982.

E. Grelet and S. Et-fraden, What Is the Origin of Chirality in the Cholesteric Phase of Virus Suspensions?, Physical Review Letters, vol.90, issue.19, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.90.198302

H. Grigoriew and A. G. Et-chmielewski, Capabilities of X-ray methods in studies of processes of permeation through dense membranes, Journal of Membrane Science, vol.142, issue.1, pp.87-95, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0376-7388(97)00311-6

H. Hasegawa, T. Hashimoto, H. Kawai, T. P. Lodge, E. J. Amis et al., SANS and SAXS studies on molecular conformation of a block polymer in microdomain space, Macromolecules, vol.18, issue.1, pp.67-78, 1985.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00143a011

J. R. Harris, Negative staining and cryoelectron microscopy: the thin film techniques, 1997.

W. Helbert, J. Y. Cavaille, and A. Et-dufresne, Thermoplastic nanocomposites filled with wheat straw cellulose whiskers. Part I: Processing and mechanical behavior, Polymer Composites, vol.24, issue.4, pp.604-611, 1996.
DOI : 10.1002/pc.10650
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00310817

W. Helbert, J. Sugiyama, M. Ishihara, and S. Et-yamanaka, Characterization of native crystalline cellulose in the cell walls of Oomycota, Journal of Biotechnology, vol.57, issue.1-3, pp.29-37, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0168-1656(97)00084-9

K. Hess, H. Mahl, and E. Et-gütter, Elektronenmikroskopische Darstellung gro?er längsperioden in Zellulosefsern und ihr Vergleich mit den peroden andererfaserarten, pp.1-19, 1957.

L. Heux, E. Dinand, and M. R. Et-vignon, Structural aspects in ultrathin cellulose microfibrils followed by 13C CP-MAS NMR, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol.40, issue.2, pp.115-124, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0144-8617(99)00051-X

L. Heux and C. Et-bonini, Microfibrillated and/or microcrystalline dispersion, in particular of cellulose, in an organic solvent, Brevet International, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00306084

L. Heux, G. Chauve, and C. Et-bonini, Nonflocculating and Chiral-Nematic Self-ordering of Cellulose Microcrystals Suspensions in Nonpolar Solvents, Langmuir, vol.16, issue.21, pp.8210-8212, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/la9913957

A. Hirai, M. Tsuji, H. Yamamoto, and F. Et-horri, Influences of different polymeric additives on the formation of microfibrils as revealed by transmission electron microscopy, Cellulose, vol.5, issue.3, pp.201-213, 1998.
DOI : 10.1023/A:1009233323237

D. N. Hon, Cellulose: a random walk along its historical path, Cellulose, vol.59, issue.4, pp.1-25, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00818796

G. Honjo and M. Et-watanabe, Examination of Cellulose Fibre by the Low-Temperature Specimen Method of Electron Diffraction and Electron Microscopy, Nature, vol.11, issue.4605, pp.326-328, 1958.
DOI : 10.1002/hlca.19370200134

E. Iizuka and Y. Et-kondo, Magnetic-Field Orientation of the Liquid Crystals of Polyribonucleotide Complexes, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, vol.243, issue.3-4, pp.285-294, 1979.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01340060

A. Ishikawa, T. Okano, and J. Et-sugiyama, Fine structure and tensile properties of ramie fibres in the crystalline form of cellulose I, II, III I and IV I . Polymer, pp.463-468, 1997.

A. Isogai, Allomorphs of the cellulose and other polysaccharides, dans Cellulosic Polymers, Blends and Composites, 1994.

P. Keates, G. R. Mitchell, E. Peuvrel-disdier, and P. Navard, In situ X-ray scattering study of anisotropic solutions of hydroxypropylcellulose subjected to shear flow, Polymer, vol.34, issue.6, pp.1316-1319, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/0032-3861(93)90792-9
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00672042

F. Kimura, T. Kimura, T. Moritaka, A. Hirai, M. Ikuno et al., Magnetic Alignment of the Chiral Nematic Phase of a Cellulose Microfibril Suspension, Langmuir, vol.21, issue.5, pp.2034-2037, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/la0475728

A. A. Kornyshev, S. Leikin, and S. V. Malinin, Chiral electrostatic interaction and cholesteric liquid crystals of DNA, The European Physical Journal E, vol.7, issue.1, pp.83-93, 2002.
DOI : 10.1007/s10189-002-8220-3

A. Leforestier and F. Et-livolant, Cholesteric liquid crystalline DNA; a comparative analysis of cryofixation methods, Biology of the Cell, vol.71, issue.1-2, pp.115-122, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0248-4900(91)90058-U

A. Leforestier and F. Et-livolant, Distortion of DNA cholesteric liquid crystal quenched at low temperature : geometrical analysis and models, Journal de Physique II, vol.2, issue.10, pp.1853-1880, 1992.
DOI : 10.1051/jp2:1992240
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00247772

A. Leforestier and F. Et-livolant, Supramolecular ordering of DNA in the cholesteric liquid crystalline phase: an ultrastructural study, Biophysical Journal, vol.65, issue.1, pp.56-72, 1993.
DOI : 10.1016/S0006-3495(93)81063-4

A. Leforestier and F. Et-livolant, Deformations of cholesteric liquid crystals under compressive stress: artifacts of slam-freezing process analyzed on freeze-fracture. Electron Microscopy, Proceedings of the International Congress on Electron Microscopy, pp.33-34, 1994.

A. Leforestier, K. Richter, F. Livolant, and J. Et-dubochet, Comparison of slam-freezing and high-pressure freezing effects on the DNA cholesteric liquid crystalline structure, Journal of Microscopy, vol.184, issue.1, pp.4-13, 1996.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1365-2818.1996.1090666.x

J. Li, J. F. Revol, and R. H. Et-marchessault, Effect of degree of deacetylation of chitin on the properties of chitin crystallites, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.65, issue.2, pp.373-380, 1997.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4628(19970711)65:2<373::AID-APP18>3.0.CO;2-0

P. Lindner and T. Zemb, Neutron, X-Rays and Light Scattering, 1991.

F. Livolant, Cholesteric organization of DNA in vivo and in vitro, Euro. J. Cell. Biol, vol.33, pp.300-311, 1984.

F. Livolant and Y. Et-bouligand, Liquid crystalline phases given by helical biological polymers (DNA, PBLG and xanthan). Columnar textures, Journal de Physique, vol.47, issue.10, pp.1813-1827, 1986.
DOI : 10.1051/jphys:0198600470100181300
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00210378

F. Livolant and A. Et-leforestier, Condensed phases of DNA: Structures and phase transitions, Progress in Polymer Science, vol.21, issue.6, pp.1115-1164, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0079-6700(96)00016-0

J. Malthete and A. Collet, Inversion of the cyclotribenzylene cone in a columnar mesophase: a potential way to ferroelectric materials, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.109, issue.24, pp.7544-7545, 1987.
DOI : 10.1021/ja00258a057

R. H. Marchessault, Liquid Crystal Systems from Fibrillar Polysaccharides, Nature, vol.10, issue.4686, pp.632-633, 1959.
DOI : 10.1085/jgp.25.1.111

R. H. Marchessault, F. F. Morehead, and M. J. Koch, Some hydrodynamic properties of neutral suspensions of cellulose crystallites as related to size and shape, Journal of Colloid Science, vol.16, issue.4, pp.327-344, 1961.
DOI : 10.1016/0095-8522(61)90033-2

R. H. Marchessault and P. R. Et-sundararajan, Cellulose, dans The Polysaccharide, 1983.

G. Maret, M. Milas, and M. Et-rinaudo, Cholesteric order in aqueous solutions of the polysaccharide Xanthan, Polymer Bulletin, vol.4, issue.5, pp.291-297, 1981.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00255106
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00309307

R. E. Mark, P. N. Kaloni, R. C. Tang, and P. P. Et-gillis, Cellulose: Refutation of a Folded-Chain Structure, Science, vol.164, issue.3875, pp.72-73, 1969.
DOI : 10.1126/science.164.3875.72

M. Marx-figini and G. V. Schultz, Zur Biosynthese der Cellulose, Die Naturwissenschaften, vol.53, issue.18, pp.466-474, 1966.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00601746

G. H. Meeten and P. Et-navard, Cholesteric hydroxypropylcellulose solutions: Microscopy and small-angle light scattering, Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, vol.26, issue.2, pp.413-419, 1988.
DOI : 10.1002/polb.1988.090260214

J. Mewis, Thixotropy - a general review, Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, vol.6, issue.1, pp.1-20, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0377-0257(79)87001-9

K. H. Meyer and L. L. Et-misch, Positions des atomes dans le nouveau mod??le spatial de la cellulose, Helvetica Chimica Acta, vol.4, issue.1, pp.232-245, 1937.
DOI : 10.1002/hlca.19370200134

A. F. Miller and A. M. Donald, Surface and Interfacial Tension of Cellulose Suspensions, Langmuir, vol.18, issue.26, pp.10155-10162, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/la0258300

A. F. Miller and A. M. Donald, Imaging of Anisotropic Cellulose Suspensions Using Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy, Biomacromolecules, vol.4, issue.3, pp.510-517, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/bm0200837

S. Montanari, M. Roumani, L. Heux, and M. R. Et-vignon, Topochemistry of Carboxylated Cellulose Nanocrystals Resulting from TEMPO-Mediated Oxidation, Macromolecules, vol.38, issue.5, pp.1665-1671, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/ma048396c
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00305974

K. Mühlethaler, Fine structure of natural polysaccharide systems, Journal of Polymer Science Part C: Polymer Symposia, vol.14, issue.1, pp.305-316, 1969.
DOI : 10.1002/polc.5070280124

S. M. Mukherlee and H. J. Woods, X-ray and electron microscope studies of the degradation of cellulose by sulphuric acid, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, vol.10, pp.499-511, 1953.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3002(53)90295-9

S. Neveu-prin, Synthèse et caractérisation de nanoparticules magnétiques, élaboration de ferrofluides et de capsules magnétiques, Thèse de doctorat, 1992.

. Neville, Biology Fibrous Composites, 1993.
DOI : 10.1017/CBO9780511601101

. Newman, Estimation of the lateral dimensions of cellulose crystallites using 13 C NMR signal strengths, Solide state NMR, pp.21-29, 1999.

Y. Nishio, T. Kai, N. Kimura, K. Oshima, and H. Suzuki, Controlling the Selective Light Reflection of a Cholesteric Liquid Crystal of (Hydroxypropyl)cellulose by Electrical Stimulation, Macromolecules, vol.31, issue.7, pp.2384-2386, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/ma9717101

Y. Nishiyama, P. Langan, and H. Et-chanzy, Crystal Structure and Hydrogen-Bonding System in Cellulose I?? from Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Fiber Diffraction, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.124, issue.31, pp.9074-9082, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/ja0257319
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00306874

Y. Nishiyama, J. Sugiyama, H. Chanzy, and P. Et-langan, from Synchrotron X-ray and Neutron Fiber Diffraction, Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol.125, issue.47, pp.14300-14306, 2003.
DOI : 10.1021/ja037055w
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00307326

T. Odijk, Theory of lyotropic polymer liquid crystals, Macromolecules, vol.19, issue.9, pp.2313-2329, 1986.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00163a001

T. Odijk, Pitch of a polymer cholesteric, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.91, issue.23, pp.6060-6062, 1987.
DOI : 10.1021/j100307a048

R. Oldenburg, X. Wen, R. B. Meyer, and D. L. Caspar, Orientational Distribution Function in Nematic Tobacco-Mosaic-Virus Liquid Crystals Measured by X-Ray Diffraction, Physical Review Letters, vol.61, issue.16, 1988.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.61.1851

L. Onsager, THE EFFECTS OF SHAPE ON THE INTERACTION OF COLLOIDAL PARTICLES, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, vol.62, issue.4, pp.627-659, 1949.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1949.tb27296.x

W. J. Orts, L. Godbout, R. H. Marchessault, and J. F. Et-revol, Enhanced Ordering of Liquid Crystalline Suspensions of Cellulose Microfibrils:?? A Small Angle Neutron Scattering Study, Macromolecules, vol.31, issue.17, pp.5717-5725, 1998.
DOI : 10.1021/ma9711452

G. Oster and A. D. Et-mclaren, THE ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT AND PHOTOSENSITIZED INACTIVATION OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS, The Journal of General Physiology, vol.33, issue.3, pp.215-228, 1950.
DOI : 10.1085/jgp.33.3.215

P. Oswald and P. Et-pieranski, Les cristaux liquides, Concepts et propriétés physiques illustrés par des expériences, 2000.

R. M. Pashley, DLVO and hydration forces between mica surfaces in Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+ electrolyte solutions: A correlation of double-layer and hydration forces with surface cation exchange properties, Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, vol.83, issue.2, pp.531-546, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0021-9797(81)90348-9

R. Pelcovits, Cholesteric pitch of rigid and semi-flexible chiral liquid crystals, Liquid Crystals, vol.28, issue.3, p.361, 1996.
DOI : 10.1088/0034-4885/55/8/003

B. Philipp, V. Jacopian, F. Loth, . Hirte, and G. Schulz, Influence of Cellulose Physical Structure on Thermohydrolytic, Hydrolytic, and Enzymatic Degradation of Cellulose, Hydrolysis of Cellulose : Mechanisms of Enzymatic and Acid Catalysis, 1979.
DOI : 10.1021/ba-1979-0181.ch006

A. Philipse, P. Nechifor, A. Et-pathmamanoharan, and C. , Isotropic and Birefringent Dispersions of Surface Modified Silica Rods with a Boehmite-Needle Core, Langmuir, vol.10, issue.12, pp.4451-4458, 1994.
DOI : 10.1021/la00024a013

S. J. Picken, J. Aerts, R. Visser, and M. G. Northolt, Structure and rheology of aramid solutions: x-ray scattering measurements, Macromolecules, vol.23, issue.16, pp.3849-3854, 1990.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00218a021

V. Ponsinet, F. Pascale, M. Veyssie, and L. Auvray, A small-angle neutron scattering study of the ferrosmectic phase, Journal de Physique II, vol.3, issue.7, pp.1021-1039, 1993.
DOI : 10.1051/jp2:1993179
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00247880

R. D. Preston, E. Nicolai, R. Reed, and A. Millard, An Electron Microscope Study of Cellulose in the Wall of Valonia Ventricosa, Nature, vol.162, issue.4121, pp.665-667, 1948.
DOI : 10.1038/162665a0

R. D. Preston and J. Et-cronshaw, Constitution of the Fibrillar and Non-Fibrillar Components of the Walls of Valonia Ventricosa, Nature, vol.119, issue.4604, pp.248-250, 1958.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-3002(58)90295-6

K. R. Purdy, Z. Dogic, S. Fraden, A. Ruhm, L. Lurio et al., Measuring the nematic order of suspensions of colloidal fd virus by x-ray diffraction and optical birefringence, Physical Review E, vol.67, issue.3, p.31708, 2003.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevE.67.031708

F. Reinitzer, Contributions to the knowledge of cholesterol, Liquid Crystals, vol.94, issue.1, 1889.
DOI : 10.1080/02678298908026349

J. Revol, On the cross-sectional shape of cellulose crystallites in Valonia ventricosa, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol.2, issue.2, pp.123-134, 1982.
DOI : 10.1016/0144-8617(82)90058-3

J. F. Revol, J. Giasson, J. X. Guo, S. J. Hanley, B. Harkness et al., Cellulose-based chiral nematic structures, Cellulosics: Chemical, Biochemical and Material Aspects, pp.115-122, 1993.

J. F. Revol, W. J. Orts, L. Godbout, and R. H. Et-marchessault, SANS study of chirality and order in cellulose liquid crystals, Polymeric Materials Science and Engineering, vol.71, pp.334-335, 1994.

J. F. Revol, L. Godbout, and D. G. Gray, Solid self-assembled films of cellulose with chiral nematic order and optically variable properties, J. Pulp Pap. Sci, vol.24, pp.146-149, 1998.

R. L. Rill, T. E. Strzelecka, M. W. Davidson, and D. H. Et-van-winkle, Ordered phases in concentrated DNA solutions, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, vol.176, issue.1, pp.87-116, 1991.
DOI : 10.1016/0378-4371(91)90435-F

M. Roman and D. G. Gray, Parabolic Focal Conics in Self-Assembled Solid Films of Cellulose Nanocrystals, Langmuir, vol.21, issue.12, pp.5555-5561, 2005.
DOI : 10.1021/la046797f

M. Roumani, Modification Chimique de Surface de Cristaux de Cellulose : Oxydation TEMPO et Couplage avec des amines, Thèse de doctorat, 2004.

S. P. Rowland and E. J. Et-roberts, The nature of accessible surfaces in the microstructure of cotton cellulose, Journal of Polymer Science Part A-1: Polymer Chemistry, vol.10, issue.8, pp.2447-2461, 1972.
DOI : 10.1002/pol.1972.150100819

T. Ruiz, I. Erk, and J. Lepault, Electron cryo-microscopy of vitrified biological specimens: towards high spatial and temporal resolution, Biology of the Cell, vol.80, issue.2-3, pp.203-210, 1994.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1768-322X.1994.tb00931.x

T. Saito, Y. Nishiyama, J. L. Putaux, M. Vignon, and A. Isogai, Homogeneous Suspensions of Individualized Microfibrils from TEMPO-Catalyzed Oxidation of Native Cellulose, Biomacromolecules, vol.7, issue.6, 2006.
DOI : 10.1021/bm060154s
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00305809

A. Sarko and R. Et-muggli, Packing Analysis of Carbohydrates and Polysaccharides. III. Valonia Cellulose and Cellulose II, Macromolecules, vol.7, issue.4, pp.486-494, 1974.
DOI : 10.1021/ma60040a016

J. Sassi and H. Et-chanzy, Ultrastructural aspects of the acetylation of cellulose, Cellulose, vol.76, issue.Suppl., pp.111-127, 1995.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00816384
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00310744

E. Senechal, G. Maret, and K. Dransfeld, Long-range order of nucleic acids in aqueous solutions, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, vol.2, issue.4, pp.256-262, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0141-8130(80)90085-9

E. Sjoström, Wood chemistry fundamentals and applications, 1993.

J. P. Straley, Theory of piezoelectricity in nematic liquid crystals, and of the cholesteric ordering, Physical Review A, vol.14, issue.5, pp.14-1835, 1976.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.14.1835

R. St-john-manley, Fine Structure of Native Cellulose Microfibrils, Nature, vol.171, issue.4964, pp.1155-1157, 1964.
DOI : 10.1002/hlca.19370200134

A. Stroobants, H. N. Lekkerkerker, and T. Et-odijk, Effect of electrostatic interaction on the liquid crystal phase transition in solutions of rodlike polyelectrolytes, Macromolecules, vol.19, issue.8, pp.2232-2238, 1986.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00162a020

T. E. Strzelecka, M. W. Davidson, and R. L. Et-rill, Multiple liquid crystal phases of DNA at high concentrations, Nature, vol.331, issue.6155, pp.457-460, 1988.
DOI : 10.1038/331457a0

J. Sugiyama, T. Okano, H. Yamamoto, and F. Et-horri, Transformation of Valonia cellulose crystals by an alkaline hydrothermal treatment, Macromolecules, vol.23, issue.12, pp.3196-3198, 1990.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00214a029

J. Sugiyama, R. Vuong, and H. Et-chanzy, Electron diffraction study on the two crystalline phases occurring in native cellulose from an algal cell wall, Macromolecules, vol.24, issue.14, pp.4168-4175, 1991.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00014a033
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00310306

P. Terech, L. Chazeau, and J. Y. Et-cavaille, A Small-Angle Scattering Study of Cellulose Whiskers in Aqueous Suspensions, Macromolecules, vol.32, issue.6, pp.1872-1875, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/ma9810621
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00309811

N. H. Tinh, C. Destrade, and H. Gasparoux, Nematic disc-like liquid crystals Phys, 1979.
DOI : 10.1016/0375-9601(79)90019-7

M. P. Van-bruggen, J. K. Dhont, and H. N. Lekkerkerker, Morphology and Kinetics of the Isotropic???Nematic Phase Transition in Dispersions of Hard Rods, Macromolecules, vol.32, issue.7, pp.2256-2264, 1999.
DOI : 10.1021/ma981196e

Y. Van-daele, J. F. Revol, F. Gaill, and G. Et-goffinet, Characterization and supramolecular architecture of the cellulose-protein fibrils in the tunic of the sea peach (Halocynthia papillosa, Ascidiacea, Urochordata), Biology of the Cell, vol.76, issue.1, pp.87-96, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0248-4900(92)90198-A

D. L. Vanderhart and R. H. Et-atalla, Studies of microstructure in native celluloses using solid-state carbon-13 NMR, Macromolecules, vol.17, issue.8, pp.1465-1472, 1984.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00138a009

F. M. Van-der-kooij, K. Kassapidou, and H. N. Lekkerkerker, Liquid crystal phase transitions in suspensions of polydisperse plate-like particles, Nature, vol.406, pp.868-871, 2000.

R. J. Vietor, K. Mazeau, M. Lakin, and S. Et-perez, A priori crystal structure prediction of native celluloses, Biopolymers, vol.31, issue.5, pp.342-354, 2000.
DOI : 10.1002/1097-0282(20001015)54:5<342::AID-BIP50>3.0.CO;2-O

B. Vincent, The Effect of Adsorbed Polymers on the Stability of Dispersions Adv, Colloïd Interface Sci, pp.193-277, 1974.

G. J. Vroege and H. N. Et-lekkerkerker, Phase transitions in lyotropic colloidal and polymer liquid crystals, Reports on Progress in Physics, vol.55, issue.8, pp.1241-1309, 1992.
DOI : 10.1088/0034-4885/55/8/003

R. S. Werbowyj and D. G. Gray, Liquid Crystalline Structure In Aqueous Hydroxypropyl Cellulose Solutions, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals, vol.2, issue.4, pp.97-103, 1976.
DOI : 10.1002/macp.1973.021740117

H. Yamamoto and F. Et-horii, CPMAS carbon-13 NMR analysis of the crystal transformation induced for Valonia cellulose by annealing at high temperatures, Macromolecules, vol.26, issue.6, pp.1313-1317, 1993.
DOI : 10.1021/ma00058a020

R. A. Young and R. M. Et-rowell, Cellulose. Structure, modification and hydrolysis, 1986.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01204188