. Podolski-rosen, [19], où la corrélation concerne souvent des paires de spins 1/2. Ici la corrélation non locale est entre l'atome et le champ. Les deux états atomiques internes |f> et | e & # x 3 E

. Dans-la-suite, nous allons envoyer un second atome pour sonder l, p.102

L. Champ-dans and . Cavité, Il permet ainsi de faire une distinction entre l'état non classique précédent et l'état où le champ est dans un mélange statistique représenté par la matrice densité

S. Le and . Dans, Par contre s'il est dans l'état |e>, il induit deux effets. Le premier est de faire entrer dans la cavité un champ 03B1e -i0394T , où T est l'intervalle de temps qui sépare les instants d'arrivée du premier et du second atome à la cavité, la phase 0394 T est due au fait que la source évolue avec une fréquence différente de celle de la cavité. Le second effet de l'atome est de produire un déphasage 0394 t int sur un champ qui existerait déjà à l

S. Chu, Laser Manipulation of Atoms and Particles, Science, vol.20, issue.4, p.861, 1991.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.64.408

R. Blümel, J. M. Chen, E. Peik, W. Quint, W. Schleich et al., Phase transitions of stored laser-cooled ions, Nature, vol.334, issue.6180, p.309, 1988.
DOI : 10.1038/334309a0

W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, and D. J. Wineland, Laser Spectroscopy of Trapped Atomic Ions, Science, vol.237, issue.4815, p.612, 1987.
DOI : 10.1126/science.237.4815.612

W. D. Phillips, P. L. Gould, and P. D. Lett, Cooling, Stopping, and Trapping Atoms, Science, vol.239, issue.4842, p.877, 1988.
DOI : 10.1126/science.239.4842.877

C. Cohen-tannoudji and W. D. Phillips, New Mechanisms for Laser Cooling, Physics Today, vol.43, issue.10, p.33, 1990.
DOI : 10.1063/1.881239

W. M. Itano, . F. Norman, and . Ramsey, Accurate Measurement of Time, Scientific American, vol.269, issue.1, p.46, 1993.
DOI : 10.1038/scientificamerican0793-56

C. Monroe, D. M. Meekhof, B. E. King, and D. J. Wineland, A ``Schrodinger Cat'' Superposition State of an Atom, Science, vol.272, issue.5265, p.1131, 1996.
DOI : 10.1126/science.272.5265.1131

C. Cohen-tannoudji, J. Dalibard, J. M. Raimond, and J. Zinn-justin, Atomic motion in laser light, éditeurs, Fundamental Systems in Quantum Optics, Les Houches Summer School, Session LIII, p.1, 1992.

S. Haroche and D. Kleppner, Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics, Physics Today, vol.42, issue.1, 1989.
DOI : 10.1063/1.881201
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00001585

J. Raimond and S. Haroche, Atoms in Cavities, Weisbuch et E. Burnstein, éditeurs, Confined Electrons and Photons, p.383
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4615-1963-8_14

S. Haroche and J. Raimond, Manipulation of non-classical field states in a cavity by atom interferometry Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics, p.123, 1994.

N. Bohr, The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory, Nature, vol.121, issue.3050, p.580, 1928.
DOI : 10.1038/121580a0

N. Bohr, Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality be Considered Complete?, Physical Review, vol.48, issue.8, p.696, 1935.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.48.696

W. Heisenberg, ???ber den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik, Zeitschrift f???r Physik, vol.43, issue.3-4, p.172, 1927.
DOI : 10.1007/BF01397280

A. Einstein, B. Podolski, and E. N. Rosen, Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?, Physical Review, vol.47, issue.10, p.777, 1935.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.47.777

D. Bohm, Quantum Theory. prentice-Hall, 1951.

J. S. Bell, Speakable and Unspeakable in Quantum Mechanzcs, 1987.

J. D. Franson, Bell inequality for position and time, Physical Review Letters, vol.62, issue.19, p.2205, 1989.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.62.2205

D. M. Greenberger, M. A. Horne, and E. A. Zeilinger, Bell???s theorem without inequalities, American Journal of Physics, vol.58, issue.12, p.1131, 1990.
DOI : 10.1119/1.16243

N. D. Mermim, Extreme quantum entanglement in a superposition of macroscopically distinct states, Physical Review Letters, vol.65, issue.15, p.1838, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.1838

E. Schrödinger, Die Gegenwärtige Situation in der Quantenmechanzk, Naturwissenschaften, vol.23823, issue.807, p.844, 1935.

S. R. Jefferts, C. Monroe, E. W. Bell, and D. J. Wineland, Coaxial-resonator-driven rf (Paul) trap for strong confinement, Physical Review A, vol.51, issue.4, p.3112, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.51.3112

D. M. Meekhof, C. Monroe, B. E. King, W. M. Itano, and D. J. Wineland, Ceneration of Non Classical Motional States of a Trapped Ion

S. Haroche, Cavity quantum optics, Physics World, vol.4, issue.3, p.33, 1991.
DOI : 10.1088/2058-7058/4/3/28

S. Haroche, Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics, Physics Today, vol.42, issue.1
DOI : 10.1063/1.881201
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00001585

E. J. Raimond and . Zinn-justin, Fundamental Systems in Quantum Optics, Les Houches Summer School, Session LIII, page 767, 1992.

S. Haroche, J. Raimond, and E. M. Brune, Manipulation of quantum fieds in a cavity by atomic interferometry, Dans Quantum Interferometry . World Scientific, 1993.

S. Haroche, Measuring Photons Non Destructively, Europhys. News, vol.24, p.51, 1993.

S. Haroche, M. Brune, J. Raimond, and E. L. Davidovich, Mesoscopic quantum coherences in cavity QED, Ehlotzky, éditeur, Fundamentals of Quantum Optics III, p.223, 1993.
DOI : 10.1007/BFb0113568

S. Haroche, M. Brune, and J. Raimond, Atomic motion in the field of a few photons stored in a high Q cavity and matter-wave interferometry, AIP Conference Proceedings
DOI : 10.1063/1.43777

H. Dans and . Walther, éditeur, Atomic Physics 13, World Scientific, 1993.

E. S. Raimond and . Haroche, Quantum Rabi Oscillation: a Direct Test of Field Quantization in a Cavity, Phys. Rev. Lett, vol.76, p.1800, 1996.

M. O. Scully, M. Sargent, and I. , The concept of the photon, Physics Today, vol.25, issue.3, p.38, 1972.
DOI : 10.1063/1.3070771

W. H. Richardson, S. Machida, and E. Y. Yamamoto, Squeezed Photon- Number Noise and Sub-Poissonian Electrical Partition Noise in a

S. Machida and Y. Yamamoto, Observation of Sub-Poissonian Photoelectron Statistics in a Negative Feedback Semiconductor Diode Laser

P. Grangier, A. Aspect, and G. Roger, Experimental Evidence for a Photon Anticorrelation Effect on a Beam Splitter: A New Light on Single-Photon Interferences, Europhysics Letters (EPL), vol.1, issue.4, p.173, 1986.
DOI : 10.1209/0295-5075/1/4/004

J. F. Roch, J. P. Poizat, and E. P. Grangier, Sub-Shot-Noise Manipulation of Light Using Semiconductor Emitters and Recievers, Phys. Rev. Lett, vol.71, 1993.

G. Rempe, M. O. Scully, and E. H. Walther, The One-Atom Maser and the Generation of Non Classical Lzghr, Physica Scripta, issue.5, 1991.

C. Cohen-tannoudji, Cours de physique atomique et mol'éculaire au collége de France, 1979.

L. Davidovich, M. Brune, J. Raimond, and E. S. Haroche, Mesoscopic quantum coherences in cavity QED: Preparation and decoherence monitoring schemes, Physical Review A, vol.53, issue.3, p.1295, 1996.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.53.1295

J. Raimond, M. Brune, S. Haroche, F. Schmidt-kaler, L. Davidovich et al., Measuring and Manipulating Quantum Fields in a Cavity by Atom Interferometry, p.297, 1995.
DOI : 10.1063/1.2946012

W. Zurek, Decoherence and the Transition from Quantum to Classical, Physics Today, vol.44, issue.10
DOI : 10.1063/1.881293

W. H. Zurek, Pointer basis of quantum apparatus: Into what mixture does the wave packet collapse?, Physical Review D, vol.24, issue.6, p.1516, 1981.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.24.1516

G. J. Milburn and C. A. Holmes, Dissipative Quantum and Classical Liouville Mechanics of the Anharmonic Oscillator, Physical Review Letters, vol.56, issue.21, pp.2237-132, 1986.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.2237

C. Cohen-tannoudji, Cours de physique atomique et mol'éculaire au collége de France, 1989.

W. H. Zurek, Environment-induced superselection rules, Physical Review D, vol.26, issue.8, p.1862, 1982.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.26.1862

L. Davidovich, A. Maali, M. Brune, J. Raimond, and E. S. Haroche, Quantum Switches and Non-Local Microwave Fields, Phys. Rev. Lett, pp.71-2360, 1993.
DOI : 10.1103/physrevlett.71.2360

E. T. Jaynes and F. W. Cummings, Comparison of quantum and semzclasszcal radiation theories with application to the beam Maser, Proc

C. Cohen-tannoudji, J. Dupont-roc, and E. G. Grynberg, Photons and Atoms, 1992.
DOI : 10.1002/9783527618422

R. J. Thompson, G. Rempe, and H. J. Kimble, Observation of normal-mode splitting for an atom in an optical cavity, Physical Review Letters, vol.68, issue.8, p.1132, 1992.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.68.1132

R. J. Glauber, The Quantum Theory of Optical Coherence, Physical Review, vol.130, issue.6, p.2529, 1963.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRev.130.2529

R. J. Glauber-de-witt and A. Blandin, Optical coherence and photon statistics Cohen-Tannoudji, éditeurs, Quantum Optzcs and Electronics, Les Houches Summer School, 1965.

J. H. Eberly, N. B. Narozhny, and J. J. Sanchez-mondragon, Periodic Spontaneous Collapse and Revival in a Simple Quantum Model, Physical Review Letters, vol.44, issue.20
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.1323

P. L. Knight and P. M. Radmore, Quantum origin of dephasing and revivals in the coherent-state Jaynes-Cummings model, Physical Review A, vol.26, issue.1, p.676, 1982.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.26.676

S. Haroche, Rydberg atoms and radiation in a resonant cavity Grynberg et R. Stora, éditeurs, New Trends in Atomic Physics, Les Houches Summer School Session XXXVIII, p.347, 1984.

R. Freeeman and D. Kleppner, Core polarization and quantum defects in high-angular-momentum states of alkali atoms, Physical Review A, vol.14, issue.5, p.1614, 1976.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.14.1614

P. Nussenzveig, F. Bernardot, M. Brune, J. Hare, J. Raimond et al., Preparation of high-principal-quantum-number ??????circular?????? states of rubidium, Physical Review A, vol.48, issue.5, pp.48-3991, 1993.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.48.3991

F. Bernardot, Tèse de Doctorat, Université Paris, vol.6, 1994.

J. Liang, Tèse de Doctorat, Université Paris, vol.6, 1986.

P. Nussenzveig, Tèse de Doctorat, Université Paris, vol.6, 1994.

H. Kogelnik and T. Li, Laser beams and resonators, Proceedings of the IEEE, vol.54, issue.10, p.1312, 1966.
DOI : 10.1109/PROC.1966.5119

W. Winkler, R. Schilling, K. Danzmann, J. Mizuno, and K. A. Strain, Light scttering descrzbed in the mode picture, Applied Optics, 1984.

S. Isagawa, Hydrogen absorption and its effect on low???temperature electric properties of niobium, Journal of Applied Physics, vol.51, issue.8, p.4460, 1984.
DOI : 10.1063/1.328267

H. E. Bennett and J. O. Porteus, Relation Between Surface Roughness and Specular Reflectance at Normal Incidence, Journal of the Optical Society of America, vol.51, issue.2, pp.123-134, 1961.
DOI : 10.1364/JOSA.51.000123
URL : http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=AD0262572

A. L. Cullen and P. K. Yu, Complexe source-poznt Theories of the electromagnetic open resonator, Proc.R.Soc, p.155, 1979.

G. Rempe, H. Walther, and E. N. Klein, Observation of quantum collapse and revival in a one-atom maser, Physical Review Letters, vol.58, issue.4, p.353, 1987.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.58.353

J. I. Cirac, A. S. Parkins, R. Blatt, and E. P. Zoller, ??????Dark?????? squeezed states of the motion of a trapped ion, Physical Review Letters, vol.70, issue.5, p.556, 1993.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.556

J. I. Cirac, R. Blatt, A. S. Parkins, and E. P. Zoller, Preparation of Fock states by observation of quantum jumps in an ion trap, Physical Review Letters, vol.70, issue.6, p.762, 1993.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.762

P. J. Bardroff, E. Mayr, and W. P. Schleich, Quantum state endoscopy: Measurement of the quantum state in a cavity, Physical Review A, vol.51, issue.6, pp.51-4963, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.51.4963

M. Brune, S. Haroche, V. Lefevre, J. Raimond, and E. N. Zagury, Quantum nondemolition measurement of small photon numbers by Rydberg-atom phase-sensitive detection, Physical Review Letters, vol.65, issue.8, p.976, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.976

M. Brune, S. Haroche, J. Raimond, L. Davidovich, and E. N. Zagury, Manipulation of Photons in a Cavzty by Dispersive Atom-Fzeld Couplzng: Quantum Non Demolition Measurements and Generation of Schrödinger Cat States, Phys. Rev, pp.45-5193, 1992.

M. Brune, P. Nussenzveig, F. Schmidt-kaler, F. Bernardot, A. Maali et al., From Lamb shift to light shifts: Vacuum and subphoton cavity fields measured by atomic phase sensitive detection, Physical Review Letters, vol.72, issue.21, pp.72-3339, 1994.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.72.3339

J. Jacobson, G. Björk, I. Chuang, and E. Y. Yamamoto, Photonic de Broglie Waves, Physical Review Letters, vol.74, issue.24, p.4835, 1995.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.74.4835

S. Haroche and J. Raimond, Radiative properties of Rydberg states in resonant cavities Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics, p.347, 1985.

P. A. Martin and F. Rothen, Problemes N-Corps et Champs Quantiques, Presses Polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes, 1990.

J. Perina, Quantum Statistics of Linear and non Linear Optical Phenomena, 1984.

J. S. Bell, On the Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox, Physics, vol.1, p.195, 1964.

A. Aspect, J. Dalibard, and E. G. Roger, Experimental Test of Bell's Inequalities Using Time- Varying Analyzers, Physical Review Letters, vol.49, issue.25, p.1804, 1982.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.1804

A. Aspect, P. Grangier, and E. G. Roger, : A New Violation of Bell's Inequalities, Physical Review Letters, vol.49, issue.2, p.91, 1982.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.49.91

Z. Y. Ou, X. Y. Zou, L. J. Wang, and E. L. Mandel, Observation of nonlocal interference in separated photon channels, Physical Review Letters, vol.65, issue.3, p.321, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.65.321

P. G. Kwiat, W. A. Veraka, C. K. Hong, H. Nathel, and R. Y. Chiao, Correlated two-photon interference in a dual-beam Michelson interferometer, Physical Review A, vol.41, issue.5, p.2910, 1990.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevA.41.2910

D. C. Burnham and D. Weinberg, Observation of Simultaneity in Parametric Production of Optical Photon Pairs, Physical Review Letters, vol.25, issue.2, p.84, 1970.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.25.84

C. A. Kocher and E. D. Commins, Polarization Correlation of Photons Emitted in an Atomic Cascade, Physical Review Letters, vol.18, issue.15, p.575, 1967.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.18.575

J. F. Clauser and M. A. Horne, Experimental consequences of objective local theories, Physical Review D, vol.10, issue.2, p.526, 1974.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevD.10.526

M. Zukowski, A. Zeillinger, M. A. Horne, and A. K. Ekert, Event- Ready-Detectors

S. J. Freedman and J. S. Clauser, Experimental Test of Local Hidden-Variable Theories, Physical Review Letters, vol.28, issue.14, p.938, 1972.
DOI : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.28.938

J. Dreyer, Tèse de Doctorat, Université Paris, vol.6, 1997.

O. De, R. Quantiques, . Test, . De, and . Quantification, stocké dans une cavité supraconductrice de très grand facteur de qualité constituent un système simple, bien isolé de son environnement et permettant d'étudier l'interaction rayonnement-matiére. Dans ce mémoire nous présentons une expérience réalisé dans une situation où l'atome et le champ sont en résonance. Le signal de Rabi correspondant à l'évolution de la population atomique présente des composantes de Fourier dont les fréquences sont proportionnelles aux racines carrées des entiers successifs ; ceci met directement en évidence la quantification du champ dans la cavité. Nous montrons également que l'analyse des signaux permet de remonter aux propriétés statistiques du champ. Enfin, en analysant l'interaction non résonante de l'atome avec la cavité, nous montrons que dans un futur proche, il sera possible de préparer des superpositions quantiques d'états du champ présentant des différences mésoscopiques, Ces états sont de type "chat de Schrödinger". L'étude de la décohérence de ces états en fonction du nombre de photons que contient le champ permet d'explorer la frontière qui existe entre le monde quantique et le monde classique

. Mots-clefs, Atome à deux niveaux