L. Foscarnet, ®. Foscavir, and . Cidofovir, Vistide ® ) ont été respectivement fournis par les laboratoires AstraZeneca, ) et Pharmacia & Upjohn

. Burkitt, Elle contient deux copies du génome EBV par cellule (sous forme intégrée)

%. De and C. , Le milieu de culture était changé deux fois par semaine

B. 1. Abdulkarim, B. , S. Sabri, D. Zelenika, E. Deutsch et al., Antiviral agent Cidofovir decreases Epstein???Barr virus (EBV) oncoproteins and enhances the radiosensitivity in EBV-related malignancies, Oncogene, vol.22, issue.15, pp.2260-71, 2003.
DOI : 10.1038/sj.onc.1206402

H. Agut, J. M. Huraux, H. Collandre, and L. Montagnier, SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HUMAN HERPESVIRUS 6 TO ACYCLOVIR AND GANCICLOVIR, The Lancet, vol.334, issue.8663, p.626, 1989.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90754-X

K. Kimura, T. Koike, Y. Nikaido, H. Tezuka, and . Nishino, 24-trien-3beta-ol ("antiquol C") and other triterpenes from Euphorbia antiquorum latex and their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus activation, J Nat Prod, vol.7, issue.65, pp.158-62, 2002.

T. Akihisa, H. Tokuda, M. Ukiya, T. Suzuki, F. Enjo et al., 3-Epicabraleahydroxylactone and Other Triterpenoids from Camellia Oil and Their Inhibitory Effects on Epstein???Barr Virus Activation, CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, vol.52, issue.1, pp.153-159, 2004.
DOI : 10.1248/cpb.52.153

H. Albrecht, H. J. Stellbrink, D. Brewster, and H. Greten, Resolution of oral hairy leukoplakia during treatment with foscarnet, Aids, vol.8, pp.1014-1020, 1994.

C. Alfieri, A. C. Allison, and E. Kieff, Effect of mycophenolic acid on Epstein-Barr virus infection of human B lymphocytes., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.38, issue.1, pp.126-135, 1994.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.38.1.126

M. J. Allday and D. H. Crawford, ROLE OF EPITHELIUM IN EBV PERSISTENCE AND PATHOGENESIS OF B-CELL TUMOURS, The Lancet, vol.331, issue.8590, pp.855-862, 1988.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91604-2

I. Anagnostopoulos, M. Hummel, C. Kreschel, and H. Stein, Morphology, immunophenotype, and distribution of latently and/or productively Epstein-Barr virusinfected cells in acute infectious mononucleosis: implications for the interindividual infection route of Epstein-Barr virus, Blood, vol.85, pp.744-50, 1995.

J. Andersson, S. Britton, I. Ernberg, U. Andersson, W. Henle et al., Effect of Acyclovir on Infectious Mononucleosis: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.153, issue.2, pp.283-90, 1986.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/153.2.283

B. Gustavsson, S. Akerlund, I. Britton, and . Ernberg, Acyclovir treatment in infectious mononucleosis: a clinical and virological study, Infection, vol.15, pp.14-20, 1987.

T. H. Bacon and M. R. Boyd, Activity of penciclovir against Epstein-Barr virus, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.39, issue.7, pp.1599-602, 1995.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.39.7.1599

R. Baer, A. T. Bankier, M. D. Biggin, P. L. Deininger, P. J. Farrell et al., DNA sequence and expression of the B95-8 Epstein???Barr virus genome, Nature, vol.309, issue.5974, pp.207-218, 1984.
DOI : 10.1038/310207a0

C. Baykurt, K. Caglar, N. Ceviz, C. Akyuz, and G. Secmeer, Successful treatment of Epstein-Barr virus infection associated with myocarditis, Pediatrics International, vol.41, issue.4, pp.389-91, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0928-0197(97)00014-7

L. M. Beauchamp, B. L. Serling, J. E. Kelsey, K. K. Biron, P. Collins et al., Effect of acyclic pyrimidines related to 9-[(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxy)methyl]guanine on herpes viruses, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol.31, issue.1, pp.144-153, 1988.
DOI : 10.1021/jm00396a021

A. Borer, J. Gilad, H. Haikin, K. Riesenberg, A. Porath et al., Clinical features and costs of care for hospitalized adults with primary Epstein-Barr virus infection, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.107, issue.2, pp.144-152, 1999.
DOI : 10.1016/S0002-9343(99)00194-1

C. M. Borza and L. M. Hutt-fletcher, Alternate replication in B cells and epithelial cells switches tropism of Epstein???Barr virus, Nature Medicine, vol.8, issue.6, pp.594-603, 2002.
DOI : 10.1038/nm0602-594

M. Bargues, J. M. Bouzid, and . Seigneurin, Routine use of real-time quantitative PCR for laboratory diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infections, J Med Virol, vol.66, pp.360-369, 2002.

N. H. Brockmeyer, G. Pohl, and L. Mertins, Combination of chemotherapy and antiviral therapy for Epstein-Barr virus-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of high grade malignancy in cases of HIV infection, Eur J Med Res, vol.2, pp.133-138, 1997.

D. Burkitt, A sarcoma involving the jaws in african children, British Journal of Surgery, vol.30, issue.197, pp.218-241, 1958.
DOI : 10.1002/bjs.18004619704

A. J. Steven, A. B. Mcmichael, and . Rickinson, Direct visualization of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells during the primary immune response to Epstein-Barr virus In vivo, J Exp Med, vol.187, pp.1395-402, 1998.

R. S. Chang and H. D. Golden, Transformation of Human Leucocytes by Throat Washing from Infectious Mononucleosis Patients, Nature, vol.63, issue.5328, pp.359-60, 1971.
DOI : 10.1038/234359a0

Y. Chang, S. S. Chang, H. H. Lee, S. L. Doong, K. Takada et al., Inhibition of the Epstein-Barr virus lytic cycle by Zta-targeted RNA interference, Journal of General Virology, vol.85, issue.6, pp.1371-1380, 2004.
DOI : 10.1099/vir.0.79886-0

Y. Choi, L. Li, S. Grill, E. Gullen, C. S. Lee et al., )-5-(2-Bromovinyl)uracil and Related Pyrimidine Nucleosides as Antiviral Agents for Herpes Viruses, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol.43, issue.13, pp.2538-2584, 2000.
DOI : 10.1021/jm990543n

C. K. Chu, T. Ma, K. Shanmuganathan, C. Wang, Y. Xiang et al., Use of 2'-fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyluracil as a novel antiviral agent for hepatitis B virus and Epstein-Barr virus, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.39, issue.4, pp.979-81, 1995.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.39.4.979

M. Coker-vann and R. Dolin, Effect of Adenine Arabinoside on Epstein-Barr Virus in Vitro, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.135, issue.3, pp.447-53, 1977.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/135.3.447

K. Williams, K. F. Britton, and . Macsween, Sexual history and Epstein-Barr virus infection, J Infect Dis, vol.186, pp.731-737, 2002.

C. S. Crumpacker, Mechanism of action of foscarnet against viral polymerases, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.92, issue.2, pp.3-7, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90329-A

A. K. Datta and R. E. Hood, Mechanism of inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication by phosphonoformic acid, Virology, vol.114, issue.1, pp.52-61, 1981.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90251-8

A. K. Datta and J. S. Pagano, Phosphorylation of acyclovir in vitro in activated Burkitt somatic cell hybrids., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.24, issue.1, pp.10-14, 1983.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.24.1.10

. Marsh, Antiviral prophylaxis and the Epstein Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder, Clin Transplant, vol.9, pp.53-62, 1995.

D. Clercq and E. , Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonates in the Chemotherapy of DNA Virus and Retrovirus Infections, Intervirology, vol.40, issue.5-6, pp.295-303, 1997.
DOI : 10.1159/000150563

D. Clercq and E. , Antiviral drugs: current state of the art, Journal of Clinical Virology, vol.22, issue.1, pp.73-89, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1386-6532(01)00167-6

D. Clercq and E. , Antivirals for the treatment of herpesvirus infections, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.32, issue.suppl A, pp.121-153, 1993.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/32.suppl_A.121

D. Clercq and E. , Potential of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates in the treatment of DNA virus and retrovirus infections, Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, vol.1, issue.1, pp.21-43, 2003.
DOI : 10.1586/14787210.1.1.21

D. Clercq and E. , Therapeutic potential of Cidofovir (HPMPC, Vistide) for the treatment of DNA virus (i.e. herpes-, papova-, pox-and adenovirus) infections, Verh K Acad Geneeskd Belg, vol.58, pp.19-47, 1996.

L. T. Rothbarth and . Vlasveld, Successful treatment with ganciclovir of presumed Epstein-Barr meningo-encephalitis following bone marrow transplant, Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.16, pp.311-313, 1995.

B. Diallo, M. Vanhaelen, R. Vanhaelen-fastre, T. Konoshima, M. Kozuka et al., Studies on Inhibitors of Skin-Tumor Promotion. Inhibitory Effects of Triterpenes from Cochlospermum tinctorium on Epstein-Barr Virus Activation, Journal of Natural Products, vol.52, issue.4, pp.879-81, 1989.
DOI : 10.1021/np50064a039

. Epstein-barr, virus-related primary cutaneous amyloidosis. Successful treatment with acyclovir and interferon-alpha, Br J Dermatol, vol.134, pp.170-174

M. A. Epstein, B. G. Achong, and Y. M. Barr, VIRUS PARTICLES IN CULTURED LYMPHOBLASTS FROM BURKITT'S LYMPHOMA, The Lancet, vol.283, issue.7335, pp.702-705, 1964.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(64)91524-7

S. Genoulaz, M. Nicod, R. W. Jolivet, J. P. Ruigrok, J. M. Stahl et al., Long-term shedding of infectious epstein-barr virus after infectious mononucleosis, J Infect Dis, vol.191, pp.985-994, 2005.

K. I. Falk and I. Ernberg, Demethylation of the Epstein-Barr virus origin of lytic replication and of the immediate early gene BZLF1 is DNA replication independent, Archives of Virology, vol.144, issue.11, pp.2219-2246, 1999.
DOI : 10.1007/s007050050636

. Herrmann, Effect of (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-and 5-vinyl-1-beta-D- arabinofuranosyluracil on Epstein-Barr virus antigen expression in P3HR-1 cells: comparison with acyclovir, Acta Virol, vol.31, pp.13-21, 1987.

. Busuttil, Effectiveness of aggressive prophylatic and preemptive therapies targeted against cytomegaloviral and Epstein-Barr viral disease after human intestinal transplantation, Transplant Proc, vol.34, pp.948-957, 2002.

G. C. Faulkner, A. S. Krajewski, and D. H. Crawford, The ins and outs of EBV infection, Trends in Microbiology, vol.8, issue.4, pp.185-194, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0966-842X(00)01742-X

D. Karkas, W. T. Ashton, D. B. Johnston, and R. L. Tolman, 9-([2-hydroxy- 1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methyl)guanine: a selective inhibitor of herpes group virus replication, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.80, pp.4139-4182, 1983.

C. Friedrichs, J. Neyts, G. Gaspar, E. De-clercq, and P. Wutzler, Evaluation of antiviral activity against human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) and Epstein???Barr virus (EBV) by a quantitative real-time PCR assay, Antiviral Research, vol.62, issue.3, pp.121-124, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.antiviral.2003.12.005

T. Gardella, P. Medveczky, T. Sairenji, and C. Mulder, Detection of circular and linear herpesvirus DNA molecules in mammalian cells by gel electrophoresis, J Virol, vol.50, pp.248-54, 1984.

M. Ginevra, G. Ballout, J. M. Bargues, and . Seigneurin, Quantification of gp350/220 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) mRNA by real-time reverse transcription-PCR in EBV-associated diseases, Clin Chem, vol.50, pp.1814-1821, 2004.

E. Gershburg and J. S. Pagano, Phosphorylation of the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA Polymerase Processivity Factor EA-D by the EBV-Encoded Protein Kinase and Effects of the L-Riboside Benzimidazole 1263W94, Journal of Virology, vol.76, issue.3, pp.998-1003, 2002.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.76.3.998-1003.2002

K. Okamura, M. Yamamoto, K. Ito, T. Chihara, and . Matsui, Effective antiviral therapy for hemophagocytic syndrome associated with B-cell lymphoma, Leuk Lymphoma, vol.44, pp.1807-1817, 2003.

T. Lennette, V. Petersen, and J. S. Greenspan, Efficacy of desciclovir in the treatment of Epstein-Barr virus infection in oral hairy leukoplakia, J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr, vol.3, pp.571-579, 1990.

. Souza, Oral "hairy" leucoplakia in male homosexuals: evidence of association with both papillomavirus and a herpes-group virus, Lancet, vol.2, pp.831-835, 1984.

J. Sauer, F. Hermann, and . Zintl, Successful treatment of Epstein-Barr virusinduced transverse myelitis with ganciclovir and cytomegalovirus hyperimmune globulin following unrelated bone marrow transplantation, Bone Marrow Transplant, vol.24, pp.1355-1363, 1999.

E. A. Gustafson, A. C. Chillemi, D. R. Sage, and J. D. Fingeroth, The Epstein-Barr virus thymidine kinase does not phosphorylate ganciclovir or acyclovir and demonstrates a narrow substrate specificity compared to the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, vol.42, pp.2923-2954, 1998.

E. A. Gustafson, R. F. Schinazi, and J. D. Fingeroth, Human Herpesvirus 8 Open Reading Frame 21 Is a Thymidine and Thymidylate Kinase of Narrow Substrate Specificity That Efficiently Phosphorylates Zidovudine but Not Ganciclovir, Journal of Virology, vol.74, issue.2, pp.684-92, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.74.2.684-692.2000

K. M. Haan, W. W. Kwok, R. Longnecker, and P. Speck, Epstein-Barr Virus Entry Utilizing HLA-DP or HLA-DQ as a Coreceptor, Journal of Virology, vol.74, issue.5, pp.2451-2455, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.74.5.2451-2454.2000
URL : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC111730

T. J. Hallee, A. S. Evans, J. C. Niederman, C. M. Brooks, and H. Voegtly, Infectious mononucleosis at the United States Military Academy. A prospective study of a single class over four years, Yale J Biol Med, vol.47, pp.182-95, 1974.

M. Hanel, F. Fiedler, and C. Thorns, Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody (Rituximab) and Cidofovir as Successful Treatment of an EBV-Associated Lymphoma with CNS Involvement, Oncology Research and Treatment, vol.24, issue.5, pp.491-495, 2001.
DOI : 10.1159/000055132

H. Balfour, J. , R. L. Simmons, and J. S. Najarian, Epstein-Barr virusinduced B-cell lymphoma after renal transplantation: acyclovir therapy and transition from polyclonal to monoclonal B-cell proliferation, N Engl J Med, vol.306, pp.913-921, 1982.

W. Henle and G. Henle, Epstein-Barr virus and blood transfusions, Prog Clin Biol Res, vol.182, pp.201-210, 1985.

T. Grace and J. , Immunofluorescence and herpes-type virus particles in the P3HR- 1 Burkitt lymphoma cell line, J Virol, vol.1, pp.1045-51, 1967.

. Thorley-lawson, Acute infection with Epstein-Barr virus targets and overwhelms the peripheral memory B-cell compartment with resting, latently infected cells, J Virol, vol.78, pp.5194-204, 2004.

L. Hocqueloux, F. Agbalika, E. Oksenhendler, and J. M. Molina, Long-term remission of an AIDS-related primary effusion lymphoma with antiviral therapy, AIDS, vol.15, issue.2, pp.280-282, 2001.
DOI : 10.1097/00002030-200101260-00023

. Matsuda, Ganciclovir for chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection, Lancet, vol.341, pp.560-561, 1993.

H. Nishino and . Furukawa, Chemical constituents of Calophyllum brasiliensis: structure elucidation of seven new xanthones and their cancer chemopreventive activity, J Nat Prod, vol.65, pp.267-72, 2002.

A. Mukainaka, M. Tsuruta, J. Okuda, H. Takayasu, H. Tokuda et al., Inhibitory effect of Epstein-Barr virus activation by Citrus fruits, a cancer chemopreventor, Cancer Lett, vol.139, pp.227-263, 1999.

M. A. Karajannis, M. Hummel, I. Anagnostopoulos, and H. Stein, Strict lymphotropism of Epstein-Barr virus during acute infectious mononucleosis in nonimmunocompromised individuals, Blood, vol.89, pp.2856-62, 1997.

M. R. Keating, Antiviral Agents for Non-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections, Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol.74, issue.12, pp.1266-83, 1999.
DOI : 10.4065/74.12.1266

. Morishima, Clinical and virologic characteristics of chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection, Blood, vol.98, pp.280-286, 2001.

. Morishima, Vidarabine therapy for severe chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection, J Pediatr Hematol Oncol, vol.23, pp.294-303, 2001.

T. Kira, S. P. Grill, G. E. Dutschman, J. S. Lin, F. Qu et al., Anti-Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Activity of beta -L-5-Iododioxolane Uracil Is Dependent on EBV Thymidine Kinase, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.44, issue.12, pp.3278-84, 2000.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.44.12.3278-3284.2000

T. Konoshima, M. Takasaki, H. Tokuda, K. Masuda, Y. Arai et al., Anti-tumor-Promoting Activities of Triterpenoids from Ferns. I., Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol.19, issue.7, pp.962-967, 1996.
DOI : 10.1248/bpb.19.962

R. Kumar, L. I. Wiebe, and E. E. Knaus, Synthesis and antiviral activity of novel 5-(1-azido-2-haloethyl) and 5-(1-azido-, amino-, or methoxyethyl) analogs of 2'-deoxyuridine, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol.36, issue.17, pp.2470-2474, 1993.
DOI : 10.1021/jm00069a004

J. Chen, E. R. Zemlicka, and . Kern, Efficacy of methylenecyclopropane analogs of nucleosides against herpesvirus replication in vitro, Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids, vol.22, pp.2105-2124, 2003.

A. M. Lerner, S. H. Beqaj, R. G. Deeter, H. J. Dworkin, M. Zervos et al., A six-month trial of valacyclovir in the Epstein-Barr virus subset of chronic fatigue syndrome: Improvement in left ventricular function, Drugs of Today, vol.38, issue.8, pp.549-61, 2002.
DOI : 10.1358/dot.2002.38.8.820095

T. Dworkin, R. G. Fitgerald, and . Deeter, A small, randomized, placebocontrolled trial of the use of antiviral therapy for patients with chronic fatigue syndrome, Clin Infect Dis, vol.32, pp.1657-1665, 2001.

E. Klein and . Klein, Epstein-Barr virus-carrying B cells in the blood during acute infectious mononucleosis give rise to lymphoblastoid lines in vitro by release of transforming virus and by proliferation, Immunol Lett, vol.26, pp.59-65, 1990.

J. S. Li and Y. C. Cheng, Interaction of Epstein-Barr virus DNA polymerase with aphidicolin, phosphonoformate and 5?-GMP, Virus Genes, vol.1, issue.4, pp.369-75, 1988.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00257099

P. S. Lietman, Clinical pharmacology: Foscarnet, The American Journal of Medicine, vol.92, issue.2, pp.8-11, 1992.
DOI : 10.1016/0002-9343(92)90330-E

J. C. Lin, Mechanism of action of glycyrrhizic acid in inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication in vitro, Antiviral Research, vol.59, issue.1, pp.41-48, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-3542(03)00030-5

J. C. Lin, E. D. Clercq, and J. S. Pagano, Inhibitory effects of acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogs, including (S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine, on Epstein-Barr virus replication., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.35, issue.11, pp.2440-2443, 1991.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.35.11.2440

J. C. Lin, E. Declercq, and J. S. Pagano, Novel acyclic adenosine analogs inhibit Epstein-Barr virus replication., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.31, issue.9, pp.1431-1434, 1987.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.31.9.1431
URL : https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC174957/pdf

J. C. Lin and H. Machida, Comparison of two bromovinyl nucleoside analogs, 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-E-5-(2-bromovinyl)uracil and E-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine, with acyclovir in inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.32, issue.7, pp.1068-72, 1988.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.32.7.1068

J. C. Lin, D. J. Nelson, C. U. Lambe, and E. I. Choi, Metabolic activation of 9([2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methyl)guanine in human lymphoblastoid cell lines infected with Epstein-Barr virus, J Virol, vol.60, pp.569-73, 1986.

J. C. Lin, M. C. Smith, Y. C. Cheng, and J. S. Pagano, Epstein-Barr virus: inhibition of replication by three new drugs, Science, vol.221, issue.4610, pp.578-587, 1983.
DOI : 10.1126/science.6306771

J. C. Lin, M. C. Smith, and J. S. Pagano, Comparative efficacy and selectivity of some nucleoside analogs against Epstein-Barr virus., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.27, issue.6, pp.971-974, 1985.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.27.6.971

J. C. Lin, M. C. Smith, and J. S. Pagano, Prolonged inhibitory effect of 9- (1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine against replication of Epstein-Barr virus, J Virol, vol.50, pp.50-55, 1984.

M. Y. Liu, H. K. Yen, J. W. Chern, C. H. Tsai, C. S. Yang et al., Screening of drugs inhibiting Epstein-Barr virus replication, pp.80-89, 1996.

M. C. Long, D. J. Bidanset, S. L. Williams, N. L. Kushner, and E. R. Kern, Determination of antiviral efficacy against lymphotropic herpesviruses utilizing flow cytometry, Antiviral Research, vol.58, issue.2, pp.149-57, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-3542(02)00210-3

H. Gautheret-dejean and . Agut, Real-time PCR as a versatile tool for 170, 2003.

R. Macginley, P. B. Bartley, T. Sloots, and D. W. Johnson, Epstein-Barr virus encephalitis in a renal allograft recipient diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid and successfully treated with ganciclovir, Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, vol.16, issue.1, pp.197-205, 2001.
DOI : 10.1093/ndt/16.1.197

E. C. Mar, Y. C. Cheng, and E. S. Huang, Effect of 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine on human cytomegalovirus replication in vitro., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.24, issue.4, pp.518-539, 1983.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.24.4.518

E. C. Mar, C. K. Chu, and J. C. Lin, Some nucleoside analogs with antihuman immunodeficiency virus activity inhibit replication of Epstein-Barr virus, 1995.

M. Margalith, D. Manor, V. Usieli, and N. Goldblum, Phosphonoformate inhibits synthesis of epstein-barr virus (EBV) capsid antigen and transformation of human cord blood lymphocytes by EBV, Virology, vol.102, issue.1, pp.226-256, 1980.
DOI : 10.1016/0042-6822(80)90086-0

. Medveczky, Delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) inhibits lytic replication of gamma oncogenic herpesviruses in vitro, BMC Medicine, vol.75, issue.1, p.34, 2004.
DOI : 10.1128/JVI.75.19.9262-9273.2001

A. Meerbach, A. Holy, P. Wutzler, E. D. Clercq, and J. Neyts, Inhibitory Effects of Novel Nucleoside and Nucleotide Analogues on Epstein--Barr Virus Replication, Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, vol.9, issue.3, 1998.
DOI : 10.1177/095632029800900309

A. Meerbach, R. Klocking, C. Meier, A. Lomp, B. Helbig et al., Inhibitory effect of cycloSaligenyl-nucleoside monophosphates (cycloSal-NMP) of acyclic nucleoside analogues on HSV-1 and EBV, Antiviral Research, vol.45, issue.1, pp.69-77, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-3542(99)00076-5

C. Meier, A. Lomp, A. Meerbach, and P. Wutzler, Sal-BVDUMP Pronucleotides:?? How to Convert an Antiviral-Inactive Nucleoside Analogue into a Bioactive Compound against EBV, Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, vol.45, issue.23, pp.5157-72, 2002.
DOI : 10.1021/jm0209275

C. Meier, A. Lomp, A. Meerbach, and P. Wutzler, cycloSaligenyl-5-[(E)-2-bromovinyl]-2???-deoxyuridine Monophosphate (cycloSal-BVDUMP) Pronucleotides Active against Epstein-Barr Virus, ChemBioChem, vol.18, issue.4, pp.283-288, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/1439-7633(20010401)2:4<283::AID-CBIC283>3.0.CO;2-V

C. Meier, A. Lomp, A. Meerbach, and P. Wutzler, ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Hydrolysis and Anti-EBV Activity of a Series of 3???-Modified cycloSal-BVDUMP Pronucleotides, ChemInform, vol.20, issue.47, pp.307-321, 2001.
DOI : 10.1002/chin.200147194

A. F. Mangiavacchi, A. Finzi, and . Neri, Posttransplantation cutaneous B-cell lymphoma with monoclonal Epstein-Barr virus infection, responding to acyclovir and reduction in immunosuppression, J Heart Lung Transplant, vol.16, pp.964-972, 1997.

L. Naesens and E. De-clercq, Recent developments in herpesvirus therapy, Herpes, vol.8, pp.12-18, 2001.

J. Neyts and E. De-clercq, Mechanism of action of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates against herpes virus replication, Biochemical Pharmacology, vol.47, issue.1, pp.39-41, 1994.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90435-9

J. Neyts, L. Naesens, C. Ying, L. De-bolle, and E. De-clercq, Anti-herpesvirus activity of (1???S,2???R)-9-[[1???,2???-bis(hydroxymethyl)-cycloprop-1???-yl]methyl]guanine (A-5021) in vitro and in vivo, Antiviral Research, vol.49, issue.2, pp.115-135, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0166-3542(00)00144-3

G. Niedobitek, A. Agathanggelou, N. Steven, and L. S. Young, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in infectious mononucleosis: detection of the virus in tonsillar B lymphocytes but not in desquamated oropharyngeal epithelial cells, Molecular Pathology, vol.53, issue.1, pp.37-42, 2000.
DOI : 10.1136/mp.53.1.37

O. Nyormoi, D. A. Thorley-lawson, J. Elkington, and J. L. Strominger, Differential effect of phosphonoacetic acid on the expression of Epstein-Barr viral antigens and virus production., Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.73, issue.5, pp.1745-1753, 1976.
DOI : 10.1073/pnas.73.5.1745

B. Oberg, Antiviral effects of phosphonoformate (PFA, foscarnet sodium), 1989.

M. W. Bechstein, H. B. Hummel, and . Riess, Treatment of Epstein-Barr virusinduced posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder with foscarnet alone in an adult after simultaneous heart and renal transplantation, Transplantation, vol.67, pp.765-772, 1999.

H. Oettle, F. Wilborn, C. A. Schmidt, and W. Siegert, Treatment with ganciclovir and Ig for acute Epstein-Barr virus infection after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, Blood, vol.82, pp.2257-2265, 1993.

M. Okano, N. Fukamiya, K. Tagahara, H. Tokuda, A. Iwashima et al., Inhibitory effects of quassinoids on Epstein-Barr virus activation, Cancer Letters, vol.94, issue.2, pp.139-185, 1995.
DOI : 10.1016/0304-3835(95)03839-O

J. S. Pagano, J. W. Sixbey, and J. C. Lin, Acyclovir and Epstein--Barr virus infection, Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, vol.12, issue.suppl B, pp.113-134, 1983.
DOI : 10.1093/jac/12.suppl_B.113
URL : http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/short/12/suppl_B/113

Y. R. Pan, C. Y. Fang, Y. S. Chang, and H. Y. Chang, Analysis of Epstein-Barr virus gene expression upon phorbol ester and hydroxyurea treatment by real-time quantitative PCR, Archives of Virology, vol.150, issue.4, pp.755-70, 2004.
DOI : 10.1007/s00705-004-0431-7

M. J. Camargo, S. Angelo, and . Takimoto, A prospective clinical study of the mononucleosis syndrome in a developing country, Int J Epidemiol, vol.9, pp.349-53, 1980.

. Davies, Evidence for oral excretion of E.B. virus in infectious mononucleosis, Lancet, vol.1, pp.710-711, 1972.

M. Perkkio, P. Riikonen, R. Seuri, and M. Vornanen, Successful treatment of monoclonal, aggressive Epstein-Barr virus-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorder in a child with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Medical and Pediatric Oncology, vol.324, issue.6, pp.447-456, 1999.
DOI : 10.1002/(SICI)1096-911X(199906)32:6<447::AID-MPO12>3.0.CO;2-1

A. Pfleger, E. Eber, H. Popper, and M. S. Zach, Chronic interstitial lung disease due to Epstein-Barr virus infection in two infants, European Respiratory Journal, vol.15, issue.4, pp.803-809, 2000.
DOI : 10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15d28.x

F. O. Kalayoglu and . Belzer, Treatment of severe Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphoproliferative syndrome with ganciclovir: two cases after solid organ transplantation, Am J Med, vol.86, pp.241-245, 1989.

H. C. Pitot and Y. P. Dragan, Facts and theories concerning the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, Faseb J, vol.5, pp.2280-2286, 1991.

K. Prachova, J. Roubal, V. Vonka, B. Brichacek, and M. Reifova, Induction of Epstein-Barr virus antigens and DNA-polymerase activities in P3HR-1 cell line and its subline passaged in the presence of phosphonoformate, Acta Virol, vol.27, pp.329-365, 1983.

D. T. Purtilo, C. K. Cassel, J. P. Yang, and R. Harper, X-LINKED RECESSIVE PROGRESSIVE COMBINED VARIABLE IMMUNODEFICIENCY (DUNCAN'S DISEASE), The Lancet, vol.305, issue.7913, pp.935-975, 1975.
DOI : 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)92004-8

Y. L. Qiu, R. G. Ptak, J. M. Breitenbach, J. S. Lin, Y. C. Cheng et al., (Z)- and (E)-2-(Hydroxymethylcyclopropylidene)-Methylpurines and Pyrimidines as Antiviral Agents, Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy, vol.9, issue.4, pp.341-52, 1998.
DOI : 10.1177/095632029800900406

N. Raab-traub and K. Flynn, The structure of the termini of the Epstein-Barr virus as a marker of clonal cellular proliferation, Cell, vol.47, issue.6, pp.883-892, 1986.
DOI : 10.1016/0092-8674(86)90803-2

M. Lee and . Okano, Inhibitory effects of quassinoid derivatives on Epstein- Barr virus early antigen activation, Chem Pharm Bull, vol.45, pp.675-682, 1997.

V. Rajappan, S. W. Schneller, S. L. Williams, and E. R. Kern, The enantiomers of carbocyclic 5'-norguanosine, 2002.

T. D. Rea, J. E. Russo, W. Katon, R. L. Ashley, and D. S. Buchwald, Prospective study of the natural history of infectious mononucleosis caused by Epstein-Barr virus, J Am Board Fam Pract, vol.14, pp.234-276, 2001.

P. Reusser, Herpesvirus resistance to antiviral drugs: a review of the mechanisms, clinical importance and therapeutic options, Journal of Hospital Infection, vol.33, issue.4, pp.235-283, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/S0195-6701(96)90010-9

E. Rosenfeld, B. Salimi, M. R. O-'gorman, C. Lawyer, and B. Z. Katz, Potential in vitro activity of Kutapressin against Epstein-Barr virus, In Vivo, vol.10, pp.313-321, 1996.

H. Mukainaka and . Nishino, Inhibitory effects of lapachol derivatives on epstein-barr virus activation, Bioorg Med Chem, vol.11, pp.483-491, 2003.

R. N. Sawyer, A. S. Evans, J. C. Niederman, and R. W. Mccollum, Prospective Studies of a Group of Yale University Freshmen. I. Occurrence of Infectious Mononucleosis, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.123, issue.3, pp.263-70, 1971.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/123.3.263

J. Sayos, C. Wu, M. Morra, N. Wang, X. Zhang et al., The X-linked lymphoproliferative-disease gene product SAP regulates signals induced through the co-receptor SLAM, Nature, vol.395, issue.6701, pp.462-471, 1998.
DOI : 10.1038/26683

W. Schmidt, I. Anagnostopoulos, and H. Scherubl, Virostatic Therapy for Advanced Lymphoproliferation Associated with the Epstein???Barr Virus in an HIV-Infected Patient, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.342, issue.6, pp.440-441, 2000.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM200002103420617

U. Schneider, M. Ruhnke, H. J. Delecluse, H. Stein, and D. Huhn, Regression of Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative disorders in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome during therapy with foscarnet, Annals of Hematology, vol.79, issue.4, pp.214-220, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/s002770050581

E. O. Kenyon, R. H. Wheeler, and . Rubin, Chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection associated with fever and interstitial pneumonitis. Clinical and serologic features and response to antiviral chemotherapy, Ann Intern Med, vol.104, pp.636-679, 1986.

C. Schramm, J. F. Schlaak, and P. R. Galle, Rapid development of Epstein???Barr virus-associated Hodgkin's disease after cessation of foscarnet therapy in an HIV-infected patient, International Journal of STD & AIDS, vol.11, issue.9, pp.609-619, 2000.
DOI : 10.1258/0956462001916489

Y. Sergerie and G. Boivin, Evaluation of Susceptibility of Human Herpesvirus 8 to Antiviral Drugs by Quantitative Real-Time PCR, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, vol.41, issue.8, pp.3897-900, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/JCM.41.8.3897-3900.2003

J. W. Sixbey, S. M. Lemon, and J. S. Pagano, A second site for Epstein-Barr virus shedding: the uterine cervix, Lancet, vol.2, pp.1122-1126, 1986.

. Pagano, Treatment of life-threatening Epstein-Barr virus infection with acyclovir, Am J Med, vol.73, pp.262-268, 1982.

W. C. Summers and G. Klein, Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus DNA synthesis and late gene expression by phosphonoacetic acid, J Virol, vol.18, pp.151-156, 1976.

L. J. Swinnen, G. M. Mullen, T. J. Carr, M. R. Costanzo, and R. I. Fisher, Aggressive treatment for postcardiac transplant lymphoproliferation, Blood, vol.86, pp.3333-3373, 1995.
DOI : 10.3109/10428199709058335

M. Takasaki, T. Konoshima, T. Shingu, H. Tokuda, H. Nishino et al., Structures of euglobal-G1, -G2, and -G3 from Eucalyptus grandis, three new inhibitors of Epstein- Barr virus activation., CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN, vol.38, issue.5, pp.1444-1450, 1990.
DOI : 10.1248/cpb.38.1444

M. Takasaki, T. Konoshima, H. Tokuda, K. Masuda, Y. Arai et al., Anti-carcinogenic Activity of Taraxacum Plant. II., Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin, vol.22, issue.6, pp.606-616, 1999.
DOI : 10.1248/bpb.22.606

P. Tattevin, A. C. Cremieux, D. Descamps, and C. Carbon, Transfusion-related Infectious Mononucleosis, Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.87, issue.10, pp.777-785, 2002.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM200008173430707

D. Thorley-lawson and J. L. Strominger, Transformation of human lymphocytes by Epstein-Barr virus is inhibited by phosphonoacetic acid, Nature, vol.10, issue.5575, pp.332-336, 1976.
DOI : 10.1038/263332a0

D. Torre and R. Tambini, Acyclovir for treatment of infectious mononucleosis: a meta-analysis, Scand J Infect Dis, vol.31, pp.543-550, 1999.

P. P. Tung and W. C. Summers, Substrate specificity of Epstein-Barr virus thymidine kinase., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.38, issue.9, pp.2175-2184, 1994.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.38.9.2175

R. A. Goudsmit, F. Coutinho, M. H. Miedema, and . Van-oers, High prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus type 2 among homosexual men is caused by sexual transmission, J Infect Dis, vol.181, pp.2045-2054, 2000.

C. Van-der-horst, J. Joncas, G. Ahronheim, N. Gustafson, G. Stein et al., Lack of Effect of Peroral Acyclovir for the Treatment of Acute Infectious Mononucleosis, Journal of Infectious Diseases, vol.164, issue.4, pp.788-92, 1991.
DOI : 10.1093/infdis/164.4.788

C. M. Van-der-horst, J. C. Lin, N. Raab-traub, M. C. Smith, and J. S. Pagano, Differential effects of acyclovir and 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine on herpes simplex virus and Epstein-Barr virus in a dually infected human lymphoblastoid cell line, J Virol, vol.61, pp.607-617, 1987.

S. L. Williams, C. B. Hartline, N. L. Kushner, E. A. Harden, D. J. Bidanset et al., In Vitro Activities of Benzimidazole D- and L-Ribonucleosides against Herpesviruses, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.47, issue.7, pp.2186-92, 2003.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.47.7.2186-2192.2003

M. Yang and S. W. Schneller, Amino substituted derivatives of 5???-amino-5???-deoxy-5???-noraristeromycin, Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry, vol.13, issue.3, pp.877-82, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.10.031

G. Q. Yao, S. Grill, W. Egan, and Y. C. Cheng, Potent inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus by phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides without sequence specification., Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, vol.37, issue.7, pp.1420-1425, 1993.
DOI : 10.1128/AAC.37.7.1420

G. Q. Yao, S. H. Liu, E. Chou, M. Kukhanova, C. K. Chu et al., Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication by a novel l-nucleoside, 2???-fluoro-5-methyl-??-l-arabinofuranosyluracil, Biochemical Pharmacology, vol.51, issue.7, pp.941-948, 1996.
DOI : 10.1016/0006-2952(96)00049-4

Q. Y. Yao, P. Ogan, M. Rowe, M. Wood, and A. B. Rickinson, The epstein-barr virus: Host balance in acute infectious mononucleosis patients receiving acyclovir anti-viral therapy, International Journal of Cancer, vol.154, issue.1, pp.61-67, 1989.
DOI : 10.1002/ijc.2910430114

E. S. Chung, D. J. Huang, Y. C. Austin, and . Cheng, Synthesis and antiviral activity of helioxanthin analogues, J Med Chem, vol.48, pp.534-580, 2005.

L. Young, C. Alfieri, K. Hennessy, H. Evans, C. O-'hara et al., Expression of Epstein???Barr Virus Transformation???Associated Genes in Tissues of Patients with EBV Lymphoproliferative Disease, New England Journal of Medicine, vol.321, issue.16, pp.1080-1085, 1989.
DOI : 10.1056/NEJM198910193211604

V. L. Zacny, E. Gershburg, M. G. Davis, K. K. Biron, and J. S. Pagano, Inhibition of Epstein-Barr virus replication by a benzimidazole L-riboside: novel antiviral mechanism of 5, 6-dichloro-2-(isopropylamino)-1-beta-L-ribofuranosyl-1H- benzimidazole, J Virol, vol.73, pp.7271-7278, 1999.

H. Zur-hausen, H. Schulte-holthausen, G. Klein, W. Henle, G. Henle et al., Epstein???Barr Virus in Burkitt's Lymphoma and Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: EBV DNA in Biopsies of Burkitt Tumours and Anaplastic Carcinomas of the Nasopharynx, Nature, vol.2, issue.5276, pp.1056-1064, 1970.
DOI : 10.1038/2281056a0